• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2022

Unlike the semi-public system of city buses, Seoul's townbus are operated on a private operating system, which is poor condition to the changes in the environment. Sales decreased due to a decrease in the number of passengers due to COVID-19 and a demand for conversion due to the advent of competitive transportation methods, and the financial support of Seoul Metropolitan Government is continuously increasing. In this study, to analyze the characteristics of townbus operated by a private operating system, the townbus sales and surplus companies were analyzed by what factors were affected. For the analysis data, townbus financial statements of Seoul in 2018 were used, and townbus sales and surplus companies were applied as dependent variables, and townbus operation system, satisfaction survey, humanities and social variables, and subway and public bicycle characteristics were applied as independent variables. As a result of the analysis, the sales is affected by operating hours per vehicle, in-vehicle safety, the number of households, the number of elderly people, and public bicycle variables, and surplus companies are affected by in-vehicle safety, reliability, and public bicycle variables. In particular, public bicycles, a competitive means of transportation, had an impact on industry sales, and the townbus business environment is expected to become more difficult as time goes by. The industry is seeking self-rescue measures, and Seoul is required to strengthen financial support so that townbus can operate stably.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
• /
• no.34
• /
• pp.383-421
• /
• 2017

Because the Jitsori and the Hotsori of the Beompae(the Korean Budhhist chant) has no meter and no Jangdan(a Rhythmic cycle of the Korean Music), so it is hard to analyze the melody of the Beompae. Also the melody of the Beompae is different from that of the other Korean traditional music, so studying of the Beompae has been out of the limelight of many scholars, studying the Korean music. But the melody of Beompae had been handed down for thousands of years in Korea, it and other Korean trditional music, had exchanged the impacts each other for a longtime. So I thinks that the Korean Beomapae have shared the similarity of the musical features with the other Korean traditional music. Because the Beompae of the Bulmosan Yeongsanjae on the Geongsangnamdo province has also no meters and no Jangdan, it is difficult to understand, too. But because the Onghoge of Bulmosan Yeongsanjae have a well-regulated melodic structure in comparison with the Beompae of the Seoul province, so called Geongjae Beompae, it seem to be easy to analyze its melody. So I will analyze the melody of Bulmosan Yeongsanjae Onghoge. This analyze should be contribute to investigate the rule of the melodic progress method on the convoluted Beompae melody. Onghoge has been sung on the procedure for Siryeon, Samsiniun(Goebuliun), Jojeonjeoman, Sinjungjakbeop. And the monk for the ritual has sung the chant first to purify the ritual place and to protect the soul. They has called the song, Onghoge a Jitsori at the Bulmosan Yeongsanjae preservation society of the Gyeongnam province. Commonly, there were Jitsori and Hotsori in the Beompae melody, and the melody of Jitsori is longer than that of the Hotsori. So, the melody of Onghoge is lengthened. In other word, the melody of the Onghoge show the lengthened and curved melodic feture of the Beompae very well. Hahn Manyeong, who had studied on the Beompae, Budhhist chant, said that the Hotsori has five letters in a phrase, and there were 4 phrases in a song. And he had insisted that the form of the song, Hotsori, is ABAB. I analyze the melody of the Onghoge by the Hahn's method. I will extract the Wonjeom(a primary tone of a skeletal melodic structure) from the melody of Onghoge, and in the progress of the Wonjeom of Onghoge melodies, I will arrange the repeat of the Wonjeom melody. It is a structural melody of Onghoge. The first phrase of Bulmosan Yeongsanjae Onghoge, 'Pal bu geum gang ho do ryang(八部金剛護道場)' have 4 structural melodies, the second phrase 'Gong sin sog bu bo cheon wang(空神速赴報天王)', the third phrase 'Sam gye je cheon ham le jip(三界諸天咸來集)', the firth phrase 'Yeo geum bul chal bo jeong sang(如今佛刹補禎祥)' have 2 structural melodies each. The structural melodies of Onghoge are 10 in total. And the structural melody of the Onghoge is formed the shape of 'Mi - La - do - La - Mi'. All of the Onghoge melodies is repeated 10 times by the melodic shape. The form of the Onghoge is not ABAB by Hahn, but is 10 times repeat of the shape.