• Title/Summary/Keyword: 염화

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Prediction of Damages and Evacuation Strategies for Gas Leaks from Chlorine Transport Vehicles (염소 운송차량 가스누출시 피해예측 및 대피방안)

  • Yang, Yong-Ho;Kong, Ha-Sung
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.407-417
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    • 2024
  • The objective of this study is to predict and reduce potential damage caused by chlorine gas leaks, a hazardous material, when vehicles transporting it overturn due to accidents or other incidents. The goal is to forecast the anticipated damages caused by chlorine toxicity levels (ppm) and to design effective response strategies for mitigating them. To predict potential damages, we conducted quantitative assessments using the ALOHA program to calculate the toxic effects (ppm) and damage distances resulting from chlorine leaks, taking into account potential negligence of drivers during transportation. The extent of damage from toxic gas leaks is influenced by various factors, including the amount of the leaked hazardous material and the meteorological conditions at the time of the leak. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of damage distances was conducted by examining various scenarios that involved variations in the amount of leakage and weather conditions. Under intermediate conditions (leakage quantity: 5 tons, wind speed: 3 m/s, atmospheric stability: D), the estimated distance for exceeding the AEGL-2 level of 2 ppm was calculated to be 9 km. This concentration poses a high risk of respiratory disturbance and potential human casualties, comparable to the toxicity of hydrogen chloride. In particular, leaks in urban areas can lead to significant loss of life. In the event of a leakage incident, we proposed a plan to minimize damage by implementing appropriate response strategies based on the location and amount of the leak when an accident occurs.

The influence with buddhist music appearing in PanYeombul out of Ogu exorcism of East coast - focused on the song by Kim Janggil - (동해안 오구굿 중 판염불에 나타난 불교음악의 영향 - 김장길의 소리를 중심으로 -)

  • Seo, Jeong-mae
    • (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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    • no.34
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    • pp.277-313
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    • 2017
  • This study is to find out the correlation with buddhist music after analyzing the rhythm of six pieces of PanYeombul sung by Kim Janggil out of Ogu exorcism of East coast the findings summarized are as follows. First, PanYeombul by Kim Janggil, performed on Oct, 16, 2016, was composed of , , , , , , , , , , and . Still, even if PanYeombul is performed by the same male shaman, the composition can be added or left out depending on some circumstances, which means the procedures are flexible. Seeing that there is common component of in additoin to compared with Kimyongtaek, it can be said that the component of is an important part in PanYeombul of Ogu exorcism of East coast Second, is usually referred to 'SinmyojangguDaedalani' in buddhist ritual, While Kim yongtaek accepts this practice in title, Kim Janggil uses 'YeomhwajangguDaedalani' as the title which makes his song different from others. Yeomhwa means "picking up flowers with fingers" which has been used in buddhism, not in common Considering this fact, the conclusion can be reached that by using the term 'Daedalani' from a buddhist chant, but making differentiation from buddhism, Kim Janggil is making the effort to be different from buddhist rituals. give some unique meaning to shaman rituals. Third, PanYeombul of Ogu exorcism of East coast may be divided into two main parts - the former part is PanYeombul and the latter part is Jiokga. In performing PanYeombul, male shaman sits singing alone and playing Jing himself, on the other hand, in case of Jiokga, he stands singing a solo with gwaeggwari in his hand accompanied by other musicians with the rhythm of Samgongjaebi. As the song and the accompaniment are in the form of giving and taking like duet. it is in peak in terms of music. Accordingly, PanYeombul can be divided into PanYeombul and Jiokga, But since it is performed by one male shaman and sung a solo, it is usually seen as one procedure. Jing, which is a kind of accompaniment in PanYeombul by Kim Janggil, has the role to distinguish a phrase and settle the musical paragraph. When the buddhist chant with one word-one note is performed. it requires the performer to catch his or her breath or clear throat. Just then, Jing comes out for filling out the intervals. Also, its role to distinguish a phrase and settle the musical paragraph helps make it clear to deliver words. The rhythm of Jing is mostly made up of small triple time except equal small binary time, comes out with overwhelmingly more frequency of Sutsoe(♪♩) than Amsoe(♩♪), and often shows syncopation. By often using Off Beat or short-long rhythm even in accompaniment of equal small binary time, he tris to give some variation to monotonous and equal rhythm for the musical vitality. These are similar to Sutsoe rhythm which can evoke tension and Kim Janggil makes these things his characierisiic of rhythm. Fifth, all the pieces consist of mi, sol, la, do, re and the descending melody like do'${\searrow}$la${\searrow}$sol${\searrow}$mi appears most frequently. The descending melody usually arouses the feeling of sorrow, so the sadness for the deceased is presented properly, which suggests his musical talent. Generally, pieces take on Menari-tori as a whole where the length of sol appears for a short time in descending la${\searrow}$sol${\searrow}$mi of perfect four degrees. Sixth, Even he accepts the lines of buddhist chant, he changes them in some degree. For example, he inserted some words between lines like 'Wonwangsaeng' and 'NamuAmitabul' and added Korean words like hapsosa to the lines of buddhist service written in Chinese character. Also, he inserted some words like 'iiiiiii~' to express the feeling of sadness. These are to maximize the desire of the deceased to go to the heaven and at the same time to diminish the sign of buddhism and strengthen the features of shamanism. Seventh, the effort to decrease the sign of buddhism is made in pasting lines of two songs. For example, Between the last words 'Wonsuaenapsu of Dage and the first words 'Jisimgwimyeongrye' of Chiljeongrye, there is usually a short pause to distinguish paragraphs, But he continues two songs without any pause to get rid of the feelings of buddhist chant. In terms of melody, he makes a distance from buddhist chant in an effort that he gives some traits to shaman rituals which are different from buddhist even if he uses the lines of buddhist rituals. Eighth, the analyzed pieces can be in four categories - no regular melody , , equal small binary time , eotmori melody of ten eighth time with 3+2+3+2 mixed small time . and Samgongjaebi melody 3+2+3 mixed small time . Each piece has its unique melody. Although of buddhist ritual is often performed, by using eotmori melody, he evokes the feeling of shaman and is another example of giving unique characteristic to the shaman of East coast by using Samgongjaebi melody.

Physicochemical Properties of Chicken Thigh Meat Batter Containing Various Concentrations of NaCl (닭다리살 유화물의 염화나트륨(NaCl) 첨가수준에 따른 이화학적 특성)

  • Park, Sin-Young;Kim, Hack-Youn
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.262-267
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    • 2016
  • Physicochemical characteristics of chicken-thigh emulsion manufactured with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%) were examined. Moisture and ash contents of samples containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl were significantly higher than those of the other samples (p<0.05). Protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH values of batters significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentration (p<0.05). The lightness values of uncooked and cooked samples showed an upward trend with increasing concentration of NaCl. Redness and yellowness values of uncooked batters containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl were significantly lower than other samples (p<0.05). The cooking yield and viscosity of the samples increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Samples containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl showed higher viscosities than the controls and samples containing 0.3-0.9% NaCl. Therefore, it can be concluded that addition 1.2% NaCl in chicken thigh products is beneficial.

Development of QSAR Model Based on the Key Molecular Descriptors Selection and Computational Toxicology for Prediction of Toxicity of PCBs (PCBs 독성 예측을 위한 주요 분자표현자 선택 기법 및 계산독성학 기반 QSAR 모델 개발)

  • Kim, Dongwoo;Lee, Seungchel;Kim, Minjeong;Lee, Eunji;Yoo, ChangKyoo
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.54 no.5
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    • pp.621-629
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    • 2016
  • Recently, the researches on quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) for describing toxicities or activities of chemicals based on chemical structural characteristics have been widely carried out in order to estimate the toxicity of chemicals in multiuse facilities. Because the toxicity of chemicals are explained by various kinds of molecular descriptors, an important step for QSAR model development is how to select significant molecular descriptors. This research proposes a statistical selection of significant molecular descriptors and a new QSAR model based on partial least square (PLS). The proposed QSAR model is applied to estimate the logarithm of partition coefficients (log P) of 130 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of 14 PCBs, where the prediction accuracies of the proposed QSAR model are compared to a conventional QSAR model provided by OECD QSAR toolbox. For the selection of significant molecular descriptors that have high correlation with molecular descriptors and activity information of the chemicals of interest, correlation coefficient (r) and variable importance of projection (VIP) are applied and then PLS model of the selected molecular descriptors and activity information is used to predict toxicities and activity information of chemicals. In the prediction results of coefficient of regression ($R^2$) and prediction residual error sum of square (PRESS), the proposed QSAR model showed improved prediction performances of log P and $LC_{50}$ by 26% and 91% than the conventional QSAR model, respectively. The proposed QSAR method based on computational toxicology can improve the prediction performance of the toxicities and the activity information of chemicals, which can contribute to the health and environmental risk assessment of toxic chemicals.

Effect of Calcium Ion and Initial pH on Phosphorus Removal using TiCl4 Coagulant (칼슘이온과 초기 pH가 TiCl4 응집제의 인 제거에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Seong Hyeon;Kang, Jang Hyeon;Kim, Han Gyul;Jeong, Hee Hoon;Kim, Jong Ho;Ahn, Johng-Hwa
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.164-168
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    • 2017
  • This study experimentally determined the effect of calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) (0-0.55 mM) and intial pH (4.0-10.0) on phosphorus (P) removal in synthetic wastewater (2 mg P/L) using titanium tetrachloride ($TiCl_4$) (0.12-0.18 mM). At TiCl4 concentration ([$TiCl_4$]) = 0.12 mM, the P removal efficiency was the highest (95.1%) at pH 7 but the efficiency decreased to 51.4% at pH 8. The P removal efficiency was 55.6% at $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ([$Ca^{2+}$]) = 0 mM but the efficiency increased to 90.5% at [$Ca^{2+}$] = 0.045 mM at [$TiCl_4$] = 0.12 mM. On the other hand, the P removal efficiency difference was not large (96.5-99.5%) with [$Ca^{2+}$] at [$TiCl_4$] = 0.15-0.18 mM. Within the design boundaries of $0.00{\leq}[Ca^{2+}]{\leq}0.18mM$ and $7.0{\leq}initial$ $pH{\leq}9.0$ at [$TiCl_4$] = 0.12 mM, the 90% P removal efficiency could be achieved at $[Ca2+]{\geq}0.10mM$ with pH 8.0 and $[Ca2+]{\geq}0.12mM$ with pH 9.0.

Synthesis of ${\alpha}$-Alumina Nanoparticles Through Partial Hydrolysis of Aluminum Chloride Vapor (염화알미늄 증기의 부분가수분해를 통한 알파 알루미나 나노입자 제조)

  • Park, Hoey Kyung;Yoo, Youn Sug;Park, Kyun Young;Jung, Kyeong Youl
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.49 no.5
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    • pp.664-668
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    • 2011
  • Spherical alumina precursors represented by $AlO_xCl_y(OH)_z$, 30~200 nm in particle diameter, were prepared by partial hydrolysis of $AlCl_3$ vapor in a 500 ml reactor. Investigated on the particle morphology and size were the effects of the reaction time, the stirring speed and the reaction temperature. The particle morphology and size was insensitive to the reaction time in the range 20 to 300 s. The variation of the stirring speed from 0 to 300 and 800 rpm showed that the particle size was the largest at 0 rpm. As the temperature was varied from 180 to 190, 200, $140^{\circ}C$, the particle size showed a maximum at $190^{\circ}C$. By calcination of the as-produced particles at $1,200^{\circ}C$ for 6h with a heating rate of $10^{\circ}C$/min, ${\alpha}$-alumina particles 45 nm in surface area equivalent diameter were obtained. The particle shape after calcination turned wormlike due to sintering between neighboring particles. A rapid calcination at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 0.5 h with a higher heating rate of $50^{\circ}C$/min reduced the sintering considerably. An addition of $SiCl_4$ or TMCTS(2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclosiloxane) to the $AlCl_3$ reduced the sintering effectively in the calcination step; however, peaks of ${\gamma}$ or mullite phase appeared. An addition of $AlF_3$ to the particles obtained from the hydrolysis resulted in a hexagonal disc shaped alumina particles.

Antioxidant Activities of Citrus unshiu Extracts obtained from Different Solvents (추출용매에 따른 진피 추출물의 항산화 활성)

  • Lee, Sung-Gu;Oh, Sung-Cheon;Jang, Jae-Seon
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.458-464
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    • 2015
  • In this study, the total polyphenol content, electron donating ability (EDA) and inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) of freeze-dried Citrus unshiu extracts were examined. The Citrus unshiu extracts was obtained from four solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetone, methyl chloride and methanol, to evaluate its functional properties. Total polyphenol contents were measured in the two different extracts, and the extracts were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using tests such as electron donating ability (EDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST). The total polyphenol contents of Citrus unshiu extracts were $928.48{\pm}1.19{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in ethyl acetate (EA), $886.03{\pm}0.44{\mu}g\;RE/mL$ in acetone (AC), $413.08{\pm}1.39{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methylene chloride (MC), $12,648.60{\pm}0.56{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methanol (MeOH), respectively. Also, the total polyphenol contents of EtOH Citrus unshiu extracts were $664.64{\pm}0.74{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in EA, $702.67{\pm}0.85{\mu}g\;RE/mL$ in AC, $429.64{\pm}0.61{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in MC, $16,108{\pm}0.73{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in MeOH, respectively. The total polyphenol contents were significantly difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating ability of Citrus unshiu extracts were $62.80{\pm}0.36%$ in EA, $97.43{\pm}0.51%$ in AC, $52.20{\pm}0.30%$ in MC, $97.63{\pm}0.46%$ in MeOH, respectively. Also, the electron donating ability of EtOH Citrus unshiu extracts were $51.49{\pm}0.26%$ in EA, $63.17{\pm}0.31%$ in AC, $67.68{\pm}0.55%$ in MC, $96.18{\pm}0.41%$ in MA, respectively. The electron donating ability were significantly difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase in Citrus unshiu extracts were $76.22{\pm}0.65%$ in EA, $31.73{\pm}0.48%$ in MC, $97.48{\pm}0.56%$ in MeOH, respectively. Also, inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase in EtOH Citrus unshiu extracts were $75.54{\pm}0.55%$ in EA, $73.53{\pm}0.38%$ in MC, $48.70{\pm}0.46%$ in MeOH, respectively. The inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase were significantly difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. These results indicated that the Citrus unshiu extracts is a high-valued food ingredient and the extraction with methanol will be useful as a nutritional source with natural antioxidant activities. Considering high consumer demand beneficial health effects, Citrus unshiu extracts can be utilized to develop functional food health- promoting and natural antioxidant agents.

Enhancement of Stem Firmness in Standard Chrysanthemum 'Baekma' by Foliar Spray of Liquid Calcium Compounds (액상 칼슘 화합물 엽면살포에 의한 스탠다드 국화 '백마'의 줄기 경도 강화)

  • Lee, Chang-Hee;Nam, Mi-Kyong
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.298-305
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to enhance the stem firmness of standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' bred in Korea for commercial quality improvement and inhibition of stem breaking during transportation through foliar spray with calcium agents. Calcium agent screening 'Baekma' was examined using $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and OS-Ca (natural liquid calcium compounds extracted from oyster shell) depending on each concentration (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%, respectively). All calcium agents sprayed with 1.0% caused chemical injury such as stem bending or leaf burn. OS-Ca also showed more sensitive response to chemical injury than the other calcium agents because OS-Ca was absorbed very well by 'Baekma' leaves. Maximum stem firmness measured during the final harvest was greater in OS-Ca than in the other calcium agents. Especially, maximum stem firmness was greatest in 0.01% OS-Ca. However, elastic strength and maximum bending stress were greater in 0.001% OS-Ca than in the others. Thus, OS-Ca ranged from 0.005 to 0.05%, which did not show any chemical injury, was finally selected as the first candidate for hardening the stem of 'Baekma'. The next experiment using OS-Ca was conducted with the concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05%, respectively. From the results, 0.05% OS-Ca showed better plant growth and parameters such as plant height, stem diameter (upper and middle part), the number of leaves, and dry weights of each part than the other concentrations of OS-Ca and control. As for stem firmness depending on OS-Ca concentration, the Ca content within stem, maximum firmness, elastic strength, and maximum bending stress of stem in 'Baekma' sprayed with 0.05% OS-Ca showed the highest values among all the treatments and it turned out to be very high level of significance between control and OS-Ca treatments. However, the area and percentage of the inside cavity within horizontal stem section in 'Baekma' did not show any significance between any treatments including control. Thus, stem firmness of 'Baekma' did not show any correlation with the inside cavity area of stem. In conclusion, we recommend foliar sprays with 0.05% OS-Ca at vegetative growth stage to enhance stem firmness of 'Baekma' during transportation.

The Protective Effect of Lonicerae flos Extract on Cultured C6 Glioma Cells Damaged by Aluminum of Dementia Inducer (치매유발제인 알루미늄으로 손상된 배양 C6 Glioma 세포에 대한 금은화 추출물의 보호 효과)

  • Jung, Jai-Yun;Jung, In-Ju;Jekal, Seung-Joo
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.271-278
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    • 2017
  • This study was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$), and the protective effect of Lonicerae flos (LF) extract on $AlCl_3-induced$ cytotoxicity in the cultured C6 glioma cells. Here, the cell viability and antioxidative effects, such as DPPH-radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and lipid peroxidation (LP), were assessed. $AlCl_3$ significantly decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner; the $XTT_{50}$ value was measured at $128.8{\mu}M$ of $AlCl_3$. The cytotoxicity of $AlCl_3$ was determined as highly toxic the y Borenfreund and Puerner's toxic criteria. The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and antioxidant both significantly increased the cell viability, which was damaged by $AlCl_3-induced$ cytotoxicity in these cultures. In the protective effect of LF extract on $AlCl_3-induced$ cytotoxicity, the LF extract significantly increased the superoxide anion scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of LP, as well as the DPPH-radical scavenging activity. From these results, it is suggested that the oxidative stress may have been involved in the cytotoxicity of $AlCl_3$, and LP extract effectively protected $AlCl_3-induced$ cytotoxicity through the antioxidative effects. Conclusively, the natural resources, like LP extract, may be a putative therapeutic agent for the treatment of dementia induced by allergen like aluminum correlated with the oxidative stress.

Extractive Nitrogenous Constituents in Commercial Tohajeot, a Salted and Fermented Freshwater Shrimp (Caridina denticulata denticulata), and their Quality Index (시판(市販) 토하(土蝦)젓의 함질소(含窒素) 엑스성분(成分) 조성(組成) 및 품질지표(品質指標)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Choon-Kyu;Park, Jung-Nim
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.230-239
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    • 1997
  • In order to investigate the composition and the actual condition of extractive nitrogenous constituents in Tohajeot (a salted and fermented freshwater shrimp, Caridina denticulata denticulata) and in seasoned Tohajeot which were sold in the markets, the extract was analyzed separately into extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds, using specimens collected at the fish markets of Yosu and Naju cities in 1994 and 1995. The salinity of Tohajeot was very high $(23.6{\sim}25.1)%$, but seasoned Tohajeot was relatively low $(8.4{\sim}11.4%)$. The extractive nitrogen in the extracts of Tohajeot and seasoned Tohajeot was $311{\sim}531\;mg\;and\;256{\sim}429\;mg$, and the total of free amino acids in them were $1,159{\sim}2,584\;mg\;and\;1,012{\sim}1,672\;mg$ respectively. Glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, histidine, alanine, ornithine, and tyrosine were the major amino acids in Tohajeot extract, and glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, histidine, leucine and alanine were the main amino acids in seasoned Tohajeot. As for nucleotides and related compounds in them were $2.64{\sim}4.82\;{\mu}mol\;and\;1.08{\sim}1.93\;{\mu}mol$ respectively. Homarine, trigonelline, glycinebetaine and ${\beta}-alaninebetaine$ were detected in them. Homarine was the most abundant, ranging from 18 mg to 86 mg, but the others were very low. The content of major nitrogenous constituents in Tohajeot extract, such as extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, and betaines, was more abundant than that in seasoned Tohajeot extract. But the nitrogenous constituents of Tohajeot extract were poorer than those of anchovy sauce which was sold in the markets. Possibly, the extractive nitrogenous components, which consisted of total betains, total free amino acids, and phenylalanine might be recommended as the quality indices of standardizing Tohajeot and seasoned Tohajeot.

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