• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2008

The objective of this investigation was to examine oxygen consumption (OC) and operculum movement number (OMN) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as a function of changes in water temperature (WT). The WT of the rearing facility was increased from $4^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$ stepwise at $1^{\circ}C$ day at each WT (5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 23, 26, and $28^{\circ}C$) then OC and OMN were measured. The OC of the fish increased linearly with WT: O=25.0240 WT+17.5400 in the range of $4{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ However, at 26 and $28^{\circ}C$ the OC declined to around the level at $10^{\circ}C$. The OMN also increased linearly with temperature: OMN=4.4847 WT+59.2150 in the range of $4{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ but at 26 and $28^{\circ}C$ the OMN of the fish dropped slightly. The OC and OMN of the fish showed peak at $23^{\circ}C$ with the lowest values at $4^{\circ}C$. In the range of $4{\sim}23^{\circ}C$, the relationship between OC and OMN of the fish was expressed as a linear equation: OC=0.0923 OMN-308.2100. The OC of fish transferred from $15^{\circ}C$ to certain temperatures without acclimation showed a lower OC at 5 and $10^{\circ}C$ but above $15^{\circ}C$ the OC increased/decreased with temperature. The trout died in temperatures above $28^{\circ}C$ even when acclimated step by step with a $1^{\circ}C$ day increase in WT. In this experiment, a negative physiological changs occurred in the experimental fish at $23^{\circ}C$ suggesting that the optimal physiological temperature range of rainbow trout is $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.255-272
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• 1996

소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 ${\ll}$화제국방(和劑局方)${\gg}$에 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)에 정열해독약(淸熱解毒藥)인 와송(瓦松) 금은화(金銀花) 포공영(蒲公英)을 가미(加味)한 처방(處方)으로, 본방(本方)인 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)은 비위허약(脾胃虛弱), 음식부진(飮食不振), 다곤소력(多困少力) 중만비대(中滿痺臺), 심정기천(心柾氣喘), 구토(嘔吐), 설사(泄瀉), 상한해수(傷寒咳嗽)를 치료목적(治療目的)으로 쓰여 온 이래(以來) 임상에서는 대편부실(大便不實), 구설(久泄), 옹달궤후(癰疸潰後) 불사식자(不思食者)를 치료(治療)하는데 다용(多用)되어 왔다. 종양(腫瘍)(Neoplasia)은 새로운 성장(成長)(New+ Glowth) 이라는 세포학적(細胞學的)으로 비정상세포(非正常細胞)의 과다증식(過多增殖)으로 인해 실질장기(實質臟器), 유강장기(有腔腸器), 및 골격(骨格), 피부조직(皮膚組織)에 비정상조직(非正常組織)을 형성(形成)하는 질환(疾患)이다. 현대적(現代的) 종양(腫瘍)과 유사(類似)한 한의학적(韓醫學的)인 병증(病症)은 ${\ll}$소문(素問)${\gg}$에서는 "궐산(厥疝), 복량(伏梁), 식적(息積)"으로 ${\ll}$영추(靈樞)${\gg}$에서는 "장담(腸覃), 석가"로 표시(表示)된 이후(以後)로 소원방(巢元方)은 징가, 식일, 석옹(石癰), 완저(緩疽), 석저(石疽) 등으로 표현(表現)하였다. 원인(原因)에 대(對)해서는 ${\ll}$내경(內經)${\gg}$에서는 허(虛)와 한기(寒氣), 한(寒) 열(熱)로 보았고, 그 외(外)의 학자(學者)들은 내허(內虛)와 기혈불순(氣血不順), 화(火), 한(寒), 기울(氣鬱), 음양불화(陰陽不和)등으로 보았다. 치료(治療)는 ${\ll}$내경(內經) 자법론(刺法論)${\gg}$에서 "정기재내(正氣在內) 사불가우(邪不可于)" 이라 하여 생명활동(生命活動)의 원동력(原動力)인 정기(正氣)의 역할(役割)을 강조(强調)하였고, ${\ll}$육원정기대론(六元正氣大論)${\gg}$에서는 "대적대취(大積大聚) 불가범야(不可犯也) 쇠기태반이지(衰其太半而止)"라 하여 공벌약(攻伐藥)을 과용(過用)하여 정기(正氣)를 손상(損傷)시켜서는 안된다고 하는 등 부정위주(扶正爲主), 거사위주(祛邪爲主) 혹은 부정거사(扶正祛邪) 겸용(兼用)의 방법(方法)이 혼용(混用)되고 있다. 현대(現代) 서양의학(西洋醫學)의 항암제(抗癌劑)는 치료효과(治療效果)는 우수(優秀)하지만 악심(惡心), 구토(嘔吐)를 비롯하여 골수억제효과(骨髓抑制效果)와 간(肝), 심(心), 신(腎), 폐(肺)의 손상(損傷)을 초래(招來)하는 등(等)의 부작용(副作用)을 나타내며, 빈번(頻繁)한 화학요법제(化學療法劑)의 투여(投與)로 인(因)한 암세포(癌細胞)의 약제저항성(藥劑抵抗性) 출현(出現)등이 항암제(抗癌劑)의 문제점(問題點)으로 제시(提示)되고 있다. 이에 저자(著者)는 비위기능(脾胃機能)을 강화(强化)시켜 정기형성(正氣形成)에 깊이 관여(關與)하는 삼령백출산(蔘笭白朮散)에 청열해독(淸熱解毒), 소종산결지제(消腫散結之劑)인 금은화(金銀花), 포공영(浦公英), 와송(瓦松)을 가미(加味)하여 암발생(癌發生) 백서(白鼠)에 투약(投藥)한 후(後) sarcoma 180암세포(癌細胞)에 대(對)한 생명연장효과(生命延長效果)와 항암제(劑)의 일종(一種)인 cis-platin을 이용(利用)하여 양방항암제(洋方抗癌劑)의 부작용(副作用)에 대(對)한 본(本) 방(方)의 효과(效果)를 실험(實驗)하여 관찰(觀察)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 sarcoma 180 암세포(癌細胞) 이식종양(移植腫瘍)에 대(對)해 생명연장효과(生命延長效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 2. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 치암제(治癌劑)인 cis-platin 치사독성(致死毒性)에 대(對)해 생존연장효과(生存延長效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 3. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(腎毒性) 생쥐 및 흰쥐에 있어서 유의성(有意性) 있는 체중감소억제효과(體重減少抑制效果) 및 serum BUN 상승억제효과(上昇抑制效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 4. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(賢毒性) 흰쥐에 대(對)해 유의성(有意性) 있는 serum creatinine 상승억제효과(上昇抑制效果)가 나타났으며, cis-platin의 혈액학적(血液學的) 부작용(副作用)인 RBC, WBC 감소(減少)에 대(對)해 감소억제효과(減少抑制效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 5. 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 cis-platin 현독성(腎毒性) 흰쥐에 대(對)해 뇨량감소억제(尿量減少抑制) 효과(效果) 및 ureanitrogen과 creatinine 배수감소억제효과가 관찰(觀察)되었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 소적백출산(消積白朮散)은 악성종양치료(惡性腫瘍治療) 및 항암제(劑)의 부작용(副作用)을 경감(輕減)시키는 데 응용(應用)할 수 있을 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the stability of the implant by comparing the effects of the change of implant diameter, length and design on implant stability quotient. Materials and methods: To remove the variable due to the difference of bone quality, the uniform density (0.48 g/$cm^3$) Polyuretane foam blocks (Sawbones$^{(R)}$, Pacific Research Laboratories Inc, Vashon, Washington) were used. Implants (Implantium$^{(R)}$, Dentium, Seoul, Korea) were placed with varying diameters (${\phi}3.8$, ${\phi}4.3$ and ${\phi}4.8$) and length (8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm), to assess the effect on implant stability index (ISQ). Also the influence of the design of the submerged and the non-submerged (SimplelineII$^{(R)}$, Dentium, Seoul, Korea) on ISQ was evaluated. To exclude the influence of insertion torque, a total of 60 implants (n = 10) were placed with same torque to 35 N. Using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor (Integration Diagnostic AB, Sweden) ISQ values were recorded after measuring the resonant frequency, one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test results were analyzed. (${\alpha}$=0.05). Results: 1. The change of the diameter of the implant did not affect the ISQ (P>.05), but the increase of implant length increased the ISQ(P<.001). 2. The change in implant design were correlated with the ISQ, and the ISQ of submerged design was significantly higher than that of the non-submerged design(P<.05). Conclusion: In order to increase implant stability, the longer implant is better to be selected, and on the same length of implant, submerged design is thought to be able to get a higher ISQ than the non-submerged.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2015

The calculation method of infiltration loss in greenhouse has different ideas in each design standard, so there is a big difference in each method according to the size of greenhouses, it is necessary to establish a more accurate method that can be applied to the domestic. In order to provide basic data for the formulation of the calculation method of greenhouse heating load, we measured the infiltration rates using the tracer gas method in plastic greenhouses equipped with various thermal curtains. And then the calculation methods of infiltration loss in greenhouses were reviewed. Infiltration rates of the multi-span and single-span greenhouses were measured in the range of $0.042{\sim}0.245h^{-1}$ and $0.056{\sim}0.336h^{-1}$ respectively, single-span greenhouses appeared to be slightly larger. Infiltration rate of the greenhouse has been shown to significantly decrease depending on the number of thermal curtain layers without separation of single-span and multi-span. As the temperature differences between indoor and outdoor increase, the infiltration rates tended to increase. In the range of low wind speed during the experiments, changes of infiltration rate according to the outdoor wind speed could not find a consistent trend. Infiltration rates for the greenhouse heating design need to present the values at the appropriate temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. The change in the infiltration rate according to the wind speed does not need to be considered because the maximum heating load is calculated at a low wind speed range. However the correction factors to increase slightly the maximum heating load including the overall heat transfer coefficient should be applied at the strong wind regions. After reviewing the calculation method of infiltration loss, a method of using the infiltration heat transfer coefficient and the greenhouse covering area was found to have a problem, a method of using the infiltration rate and the greenhouse volume was determined to be reasonable.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.636-644
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• 2004

Recently, self-etching adhesive system have been developed and bonding procedures simplified into one or two steps, which are simultaneously applied to both enamel and dentin. These systems are easy to use and have the potential for good clinical success. The purpose of this study is to evaluate in vitro the microleakage on the cementum/dentin and enamel walls in composite resin restoration of Class V cavities, regarding the use of different adhesive systems. 30 human premolars were divided into 3 groups. A standardized Class V preparation was prepared on the buccal and lingual surface of each premolar. The preparation were made parallel to the cementoenamel junctions, with the gingival half of the preparation extending 1mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. After adhesive system was applied to teeth as manufacture's recommendation, hybrid resin composite was filled in bulk into the preparation and light polymerized according to manufacturer's recommendations. Specimen were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days and thermocycled 1000 times ($5^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$, then immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for 12 hours. After sectioning mesio distally through the restorations, the degree of dye penetration was scored under a stereomicroscope at ${\times}\;25$ magnification. The data were analyzed statistically using t-test and one-way ANOVA. The results were as follows: ${\cdot}$ There is no adhesive system which can prevent microleakage perfectly. ${\cdot}$ There is significant difference in microleakage between enamel margin and dentin margin (p<0.0001). ${\cdot}$ In enamel margin, self-etching primer systems did not show any significant difference comparing total-etching system. In denin margin, self-etching primer systems did not show any significant difference comparing one-bottle adhesive system used in combination with total-etching.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2011

The remnant of temporary cement on the intaglio surface of cast restoration may have a negative effect on the retentive strength of permanent cement. This study was to evaluate the effect of temporary cement cleaning methods on the retentive strength of cementation type implant prostheses. Prefabricated implant abutments - height 5.5mm, diameter 4.5mm, 6 degree axial wall taper with chamfer margins were used. Forty copings-abutment specimens were divided into four groups(each n=10) according to the cleaning methods for temporary cement(Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$) as follows : no temporary cementation(the control group), orange solvent, ultrasonic cleaning, air borne-particle abrasion. After the application of temporary cement and the separation, the cleaning procedure was performed according to the protocol of each group. The specimens were cemented with $Premier^{(R)}$ Implant $Cement^{TM}$. After the permanent cementation, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling and pulled out from the specimens with a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min. After the retentive strength test, all the specimens were cleaned using ultrasonic cleaning, abraded with air borne-particles, and steam-cleaned. Likewise, the specimens were temporarily cemented(Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$ NE), cleaned according to the protocol of each group, cemented with $Premier^{(R)}$ Implant $Cement^{TM}$ and subjected to thermocycling and measurement of their retentive strength. The mean of group with orange solvent were significantly lower than those of other groups(p<0.05). There was no significance between group with ultrasonic cleaning and group with air borne-particle abrasion. Group with ultrasonic cleaning and group with air-particle abrasion were no significance at control group. There was no significance between group cemented with Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$ and group cemented with Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$ NE. Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that the temporary cement cleaning method with only orange solvent may have a negative effect on the retentive strength of permanent cement. Ultrasonic cleaning and air borne-particle abrasion methods are recommended for the temporary cement cleaning method on cementation type implant prostheses.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of diffused light materials on marketable yield and quality of sunlight dried red pepper in plastic film house. The after ripening methods were composed of 3 treatments; using electric bulk dryer (Bulk), sealing house (House), and PE sealing. The diffused light materials were control, tent, shading 35% (Shading net), white polypropylene (PP (white)), and black polypropylene (PP (Black)). The marketable yield was high in order of Bulk as 300 g, House as 275 g, and PE sealing as 112 g. The redness of PE sealing was the highest as 17.85 and that of Bulk was the lowest as 10.65. There was significant difference in redness among the treatments. The moisture content of red pepper was the most rapidly reduced in control, and was the most slowly reduced in Shading net treatment. The marketable yield index was the higher in PP (white) as 114% than control. The redness had a significant difference in PP (Black) and tent compared to the other treatments. The capsaicin content showed the highest as $160mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ in PP (white) treatment. Conclusively, the most effective method for sunlight drying red pepper was House with PP (White) treatment. It delayed drying for 2 days but increased marketable yield at 114% than control when sunlight dried red pepper in plastic house. Our results also provided an optimized method for improvement of drying red pepper with sunlight, and will be useful for further drying red pepper research.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1993

The chemical and optical absorption spectroscopic characters of pink and colorless tourmalines from San Diego mine in California, U.S.A., blue/green tourmalines from anonymous mine, Brazil, and brownis black tourmalines from Uncheon and Haksan mines in Korea have been studied using X-ray diffractometer, electron microprobe, optical absorption spectroscopy, and heat treatment. Least-squares refinements give unit cell diminsions : a = 15.96-16.01 ${\AA}$, c = 7.15-7.16 ${\AA}$ for the brownish black tourmalines, a = 15.82 - 15.87 ${\AA}$, c = 7.09 - 7.10 ${\AA}$ for pink tourmalines, and a = 15.88 - 15.94 ${\AA}$, c = 7.12 - 7.15 ${\AA}$ for blue green tourmalines. The colors of tourmalines are responsible for the transition elements. The pink color is attributed to the $Mn^{3+}$ ions, the blue-green to $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$, bluish green to $Cu^{2+}$, and the brownish black to $Fe^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$ - $Fe^{3+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$ - $Ti^{4+}$. The $Mn^{3+}$ ions of pink color tourmalines are stabilized in the Y sites compressed along the O(1)H-O(3)H axis by Jahn-Teller distortion. Heating removes the pink or red component from tourmalines, producing the colorless stones from the pink and red ones. The bluish green samples change into the greenish blue ones and a certain yellowish green samples change into the light green ones by heat treatment. In the elbaite-schorl series, the concentration of Fe and Mn are variable depending on the color zones. The green zone is characterrized by the high content of Fe and Mn are variable depending on the color zones. The green zone is characterized by the high content of Fe, whereas the pink zone by the high content of Mn. Mn increases in deep yellow zone compared with yellow or colorless zones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.955-965
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• 2007

Safety helmets are used widely in various industries by workers since they are legally required to wear them. However, thermal discomfort is one of the major complaints from helmet users. To relieve this problem, frozen gelled packs can be considered for use inside the helmets. In this paper, tests were performed on humans to evaluate the physiological strains of wearing safety helmets and to investigate the effects of using frozen gelled packs inside the helmets. Experiments were conducted in a climatic chamber of WBGT $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under four differed experimental conditions: 1) not wearing a safety helmet(NH); 2) wearing a safety helmet with frozen gelled pack A(HA); 3) wearing a safety helmet with frozen gelled pack B(HB); and 4) wearing only a safety helmet(OH). The results were as follows. First, when comparing NH with OH, physiological responses such as $\bar{T}_{sk},\;T_r$, HR and sweat rate were significantly higher in OH and subjective sensations were reported as less hot and more comfortable than NH(p<.05). Second, in regard to the frozen gelled packs inserted inside the safety helmets, some physiological responses in HA were different from those in HB, according to the two different types of packs. HA was hotter, more uncomfortable and less exhausted than HB. However, result from both HA and HB were lower than those from OH in terms of temperature and humidity inside safety helmet, sweat rate, $T_r$ increase, heat storage(p<.05). When wearing safety helmets with frozen gelled packs, it was shown that heat strain can be alleviated. These results are expected to help millions of workers who complain that wearing safety helmets is uncomfortable and messy.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: For commercial production of greenhouse crops under shorter day length condition, supplementary radiation has been usually achieved by the artificial light source with higher electric consumption such as high-pressure sodium, metal halide, or incandescent lamps. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with several characteristics, however, have been considered as a novel light source for plant production. Effects of supplementary lighting provided by the artificial light sources on growth of Kale seedlings during shorter day length were discussed in this experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kale seedlings were grown under greenhouse under the three wave lamps (3 W), sodium lamps (Na), and red LEDs (peak at 630 nm) during six months, and leaf growth was observed at intervals of about 30 days after light exposure for 6 hours per day at sunrise and sunset. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of supplementary red LEDs on the plant canopy was maintained at 0.1 (RL), 0.6 (RM), and $1.2(RH){\mu}mol/m^2/s$ PPF. PPF in 3 W and Na treatments was measured at $12{\mu}mol/m^2/s$. Natural light (NL) was considered as a control. Leaf fresh weight of the seedlings was more than 100% increased under the 3 W, Na and RH treatment compared to natural light considering as a conventional condition. Sugar synthesis in Kale leaves was significantly promoted by the RM or RH treatment. Leaf yield per $3.3m^2$ exposed by red LEDs of $1.2{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ PPF was 9% and 16% greater than in 3W or Na with a higher PPF, respectively. CONCLUSION: Growth of the leafy Kale seedlings were significantly affected by the supplementary radiation provided by three wave lamp, sodium lamp, and red LEDs with different light intensities during the shorter day length under greenhouse conditions. From this study, it was suggested that the leaf growth and secondary metabolism of Kale seedlings can be controlled by supplementary radiation using red LEDs of $1.2{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ PPF as well as three wave or sodium lamps in the experiment.