• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.54 no.3
• /
• pp.310-314
• /
• 2016

The search for natural antioxidants as alternatives to synthetic products is growing. Microalgae have emerged as a source of natural antioxidants with significant and diverse health-promoting properties. In this study, the effects of hot-water extraction conditions on total polyphenol compounds (TPC) production were investigated for lipid extracted microalgae (LEA). In order to enhance the polyphenol productivity, the extraction variables including solvents, temperature, time and ethanol concentration were optimized. The results showed hot-water extraction provided a higher extraction efficiency than the organic solvents and extraction at high temperatures showed a better extraction efficiency. While hot-water extract showed a higher extraction efficiency compared to 98% ethanol extraction, the mixture of water and ethanol (40:60 v/v) showed the highest production of polyphenols. The maximum polyphenols of 3.35 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g DM were obtained at the optimized extraction time of 10 min, $100^{\circ}C$ and 40% ethanol, respectively. Although Tetraselmis KCTC 12236BP was preprocessed by hexane to remove lipid for bio-diesel production, the results showed LEA contains relatively high level of polyphenols compared to untreated microalgae which can be used in the production of value-added materials. The predictions obtained from the developed Peleg's model were compared with the experimental data under the same operating conditions. The predicted and experimental data were consistent, indicating the reliability of the model.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.537-541
• /
• 1999

Fish heads of the main by-product is fishery processing were treated to extract nutrients by heating the fish heads with 1.5 or 3.0 times added water during 9, 12 or 15 hours. The yield, chemical compositions and physical properties of the hydrothermal extracts were studied. The yield was increased with the amount of water added and the extracting hours. The extract contained about $80\%$ protein in solid basis, but has no lipid. In essential amino acid, glutamic acid was most abundant and Iysine was abundant. In free amino acid, $\delta$-hydroxylysine and L-histidine in Cypyrinus carpio linnaeus had 5 times more than those in Onchorhynchus keta, The solution of the extracts was known as Newtonian fluid and the color of the extracts showed lower whiteness, higher redness and higher yellowness.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 2003

Neutral salt soluble [0.9% NaCl (Fr. NaCl)], hot water soluble (Fr. HW) and methanol soluble (Fr. MeOH) materials were extracted from Paecilomyces sinclairii. In vitro cytotoxicity tests. Fr. HW was not cytotoxic against MH3T3, Sarcoma 180 and HepG2 cancer cell lines at the concentration of $0{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, while HT-29 cell line was cytotoxic at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH were slightly cytotoxic to the cell lines. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH exhibited antitumor activity with life prolongation effect of 32.3% in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NaCl improved proliferation of spleen cells and the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing spleen cell numbers and the alkaline phosphatase activity by $2.4{\sim}2.6\;and\;2.7{\sim}3.9$ folds, respectively. Fr. NaCl generated $89\;{\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7, a mouse macrophage cell line, at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$, while iipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced $79\;{\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl showed the hightest antitumor effect and activation of B lymphocytes and macrophage. From these results, antitumor effect of P. sinclaitii was likely due to immunopotentiation activity.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 1993

Mineralogical characteristics of tosudite from the Sungsan and Bubson mines were studied and correlated using X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical analysis and electron microscopy. Tosudite occurs as an alteration product of Cretaceous volcanoclastic rocks in both mines. It is associated with microcrystalline quartz, dickite, illite/smectite or mica/smectite mixed-layer mineral. It forms cryptocrystalline aggregates with flaky habit. XRD analysis suggests that tosudite is an 1:1regularly interstratified dioctahedral smetite/dioctahedral chlorite. Bubsoo tosudite has more(00ℓ ) reflections and more periodice stacking sequence than Syngsan tosudite. Chemical analysis shows that tosudite is a Li-bearing aluminous 1:1 regularly interstrattified mineral composed of K-bedellite and donbassite. Cookeite component may be present in the chlorite layer. Bubsoo tosudite is more Al in tetrahedral site and Ca in interlayer, but less Al in octahedral site than Sugsan tosudite. Tosudite may be formed as the intermediate alteration products, forming after muscovite and before illite/smectite or mica/s$^{\circ}C$mectite, with the range from 100 $^{\circ}C$ to 360 ~ 480 $^{\circ}C$. The hydrothermal solution forming tosudite may be acidic solution with high activities of Si and Al.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.108-118
• /
• 1991

경남 울산군 농소면의 울산사문석광산에서 세피오라이트(sepiolite)가 발견되었다. 그래서 이 세피오라이트시료에 대해 X-선회절분석, 열분석, 적외선분광분석, 투과전자현미경관찰 및 화학분석을 행하여 그 결과를 기술하였다. 본 세피오라이트는 사문암과 염기성암체와의 접촉부에 발달된 열극충진상 세맥에서 산출된다. 이 세맥내에서 많은 암편들이 포함되어 있는데, 그 기질부분은 회백색을 띠며 연질이고 부드러운 가죽같은 느낌을 준다. 이 기질부분이 거의 순수한 세피오라이트로 구성되어 있다. X-선회절분석의 결과로부터 이 광물시료가 결정도가 높은 {{{{ alpha }}-세피오라이트에 해당된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이 세피오라이트의 화학성분은 Mg를 많이 함유하는 일반적인 세피오라이트와 유사하였다. 산상 및 광물학적 특성으로 볼 때 이 세피오라이트는 열수용액에서 직접 침전하여 형성된 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.597-602
• /
• 1992

To improve utilization of boxthorn (Lycii Fructus), the boxthron and mixed boxthron (Lycii Fructus, Schizandrae Fructus, Corni Fructus, Zizyphi Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Cinnamami Cortex) hot-water extractable concentrates were prepared by vaccum evaporation and its rheological properties were investigated. The rheological properties of concentrates $(20{\sim}50^{\circ}Bx)$ followed power low model and showed a pseudoplastic behavior at the temperature range of $20{\sim}60^{\circ}C$. The apparent viscosity of $20^{\circ}Bx$, $30^{\circ}Bx$, $40^{\circ}Bx$ and $50^{\circ}Bx$ boxthron hot-water extractable concentrate was 0.0074 Pa s, 0.0175 Pa s, 0.0431 Pa s and 0.0988 Pa s, that of mixed boxthorn hot-water extractable concentrate was 0.0099 Pa s, 0.0328 Pa s, 0.0720 Pa s and 0.1940 Pa s at $20^{\circ}C$ and 1500 l/s, respectively. The yield stress of boxthron and mixed boxthron hot-water extractable concentrates ranged from 0.045 to 6.253 Pa and from 0.022 to 8.891 Pa, respectively. The activation energy for the flow of boxthron and mixed boxthorn hot-water extractable concentrates increased from 1.6182 to $2.0543{\times}10^7\;J/kg{\cdot}mol$ and from 1.7057 to $2.1462{\times}10^7\;J/kg{\cdot}mol$ with the concentrations of concentrates, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.764-772
• /
• 2011

Hot-water and 70%-ethanol Smilax china leaf extracts were prepared, and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH-radical-scavenging ability, nitrite-scavenging ability, and antimicrobial activity were determined. The total polyphenol contents of the hot-water and ethanol extract were $5.433{\pm}0.171$ and $13.060{\pm}0.110mg/g$, respectively; their flavonoid contents were $1.599{\pm}0.017$ and $3.005{\pm}0.084mg/g$; their DPPH-radical-scavenging abilities, assayed at 1.0 mg/mL, were 33.6 and 92.3%; and their nitrite-scavenging abilities, assayed at 0.1-2.0 mg/mL, were 37.9-61.6 and 38.4-77.8%. The 70%-ethanol extract showed higher antimicrobial activity than the hot-water extract. The antimicrobial activities were high in Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella typhymurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, in that order. The antimicrobial substances in the two extracts were maintained after heating at $65-125^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.25-39
• /
• 1994

The Deogbong napseok clay deposit which is composed mainly of dickite and pyrophyllite has been formed by hydrothermal alteration of the Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks consisting of andesitic tuff and andesite. The mineralogy of the napseok ores and the hydrothermal alteration processes have been studied in order to know the nature of the interaction between minerals and fluids for the formation of the deposit. Chemical distribution shows that alkali elements and silica were mobile but alumina was relatively immobile during the hydrothermal processes. It is evident that enrichment of alumina and leaching of silica from the host rock led to the formation of the napseok ore, whereas the enrichment of silica in the outer zone of the deposit gave rise to the silica zone. A large amount of microcrystalline quartz closely associated with dickite and pyrophyllite suggests the increasing activity of silica. Thus Si which was released away from the argillic zone by the increasing activity of silica. Thus Si which was released away from the argillic zone by the increasing activity of silica solubility moved out precipitating in the margin of the deposit to form the silica zone. Variation in dickite crystallinity implies the local change in the stability of the system. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the invariant point of pyrophyllite-dickite (kaolinite)-diaspore-quartz assemblages at 500 bars in the system $Al_{2}O_{3}-SiO_{2}-H_{2}O$ is about 300 $^{\circ}C$. Based on the mineral assemblages and the experimental data reported, it is estimated that the main episode of hydrothermal alteration occurred at least above 270 to 300 $^{\circ}C$ and $X_{CO_2}$ <0.025. Mineral occurrence and chemical variation indicate that the activity of Al is high in the upper part of the deposit, whereas the activity of Si is high in the lower part and the margin of the deposit. The nonequilibrium phase relations observed in the Deogbong deposit might be due to local change in intensive thermodynamic variables and fluid transport properties that resulted in the formation of nonequilibrium phases b of several stages.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2006

Tremella fuciformis, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to Tremellaceae of Basidiomycota, has been known to have a curative effect on sarcoma 180 of mice and lowering high blood pressure of human beings. Neutral salt soluble [0.9% NaCl (Fr. NaCl)], hot water soluble (Fr. HW) and methanol soluble (Fr. MeOH) substances were extracted from Tremella fuciformis. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, Fr. HW and Fr. NaCl were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as NIH3T3, Sarcoma 180, and HT-29 at the concentration of $2000{\mu}g/ml$, while Fr. MeOH was cytotoxic to NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl showed antitumor effect with life prolongation of 53% in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NaCl improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $3.0{\sim}8.1$ folds, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl increased the numbers of peritoneal exudated cells and circulating leukocytes by 7.4 folds and 1.6 folds, respectively, than in the control group. The antitumor effect of T. fuciformis against Sarcoma 180 of mice was likely due to immunopotentiation activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.419-424
• /
• 2007

The optimum sanitization conditions for fresh red pepper were acquired with hot water, ozone water, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. At this condition, the sanitized red pepper was frozen at $-70^{\circ}C$, stored at $-30^{\circ}C$ for 30 days and then changes of quality in each treatment were measured. Escherichia coli and coliform group were found to be negative with the conditions of 4 min hot water treatment at $95^{\circ}C$, 6 min ozone water (0.5 ppm) treatment, 12 min sanitization for 2%-hydrogen peroxide and of 4 min 3%-sodium hypochlorite treatment. Drip loss was generated highest at the hot water treatment to be 15%. The content of ascorbic acid was less than 40% of the control at all treatments except ozone water treatment. The content of cartenoids was 124.16-182.87 mg% at ozone water treatment which was found to be the least loss. The sensory evaluation showed that most treatments except ozone water treatment were significantly different to the control (p < 0.05). Therefore, ozone treatment was evaluated to be the best method for producing the sanitized fresh red pepper.