• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.11 no.4 s.42
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• pp.137-145
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• 2006

A user remembers a melody as not the combination of pitch and duration which is written in score but the contour which is composed of the relative pitch and duration. Because of the way of remembering a melody the previous Music Information Retrieval Systems which uses keyboard Playing or score as the main input melody are not easily acceptable in Query By Humming Systems. In this paper, we mention about the considerable checkpoints for Query By Humming System and previous researches. And we propose the feature extraction which is similar with the way of remembering a melody and similarity computation algorithms between melody in humming and melody in music. The proposed similarity computation algorithms solves the problem which can be happened when only uses the relative pitches by using relative durations.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2015

This study was carried out in order to investigate the mineralogical characteristics of the core sediments (03GHP-02 and HB13-2), obtained from the Ulleung Basin and Hupo Basin, Korea. The results on mineral compositions, clay mineral compositions, and the total contents and sequential extraction of different fractions of the phosphorus in core samples showed that those values are different in two cores and also at different depths. In both samples, mineral compositions were the same, composed mainly of quartz, microcline, albite, calcite, opal A, pyrite, and clay minerals (illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite). However, the sample from Hupo Basin contains more opal A. Both samples, especially the ones from Hupo Basin contains more smectite than those reported from East Sea, indicating the influence of paleo-Hwangwei River and the Tertiary Formation of Korea Peninsula. For the samples from Uleung Basin, at 0.7-3.5 m range in depth, the low content of opal A and the low illite crystallinity index can be inferred to indicate the relatively cool climate, corresponding to the ice age. Also, the content of total phosphorus was low in those samples. It was reported that East Sea at that time was isolated from the neighboring seas due to the decrease of the sea level, and as a result, the influx of sediments was supposed to be little through the strait and rivers. For the samples from Hupo Basin, there is no significant changes in clay mineral composition and the distribution of phosphorus with increasing depth. This little change can be interpreted to indicate that the sediments comprising the core might be deposited in a relatively short period of time or deposited in sedimentary environment in which there's no significant changes in sediment supplies. The values of crystallinity index of clay minerals are high in those samples, indicating that it was relatively warm during that time. Although the increase of fluctuation pattern can be observed, showing that the climate of this period often changed, it is supposed that it was generally warm.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.301-310
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• 2014

To investigate the role of fault gauge in the behavior of heavy metals caused by the acid rock drainage in the area of pyrite-rich andesite, XRD, pH measurement, XRF, SEM-EDS, ICP, and sequential extraction method were used. Bed rock consists of quartz, pyrophyllite, pyrite, illite, and topaz, but the brown-colored fault gouge is composed of quartz, illite, chlorite, smectite, goethite, and cacoxenite. The mineral composition of bed rock suggests that it is heavily altered by hydrothermal activity. The concentrations of heavy metals in the bed rock are as follows, Zn > As > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd, and those in fault gouge are As > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the fault gouge are generally higher than those in the bed rock, especially for Pb, As, and Cr, which were more than twice as those in the bed rock. It is believed that the difference in the amount of heavy metals between the bed rock and the fault gouge is mainly due to the existence of goethite which is the main mineral composition in the fault gouge and can play important role in sequestering these metals by coprecipitation and adsorption. The low pH, caused by oxidation of pyrite, also plays significant role in fixation of those metals. It is confirmed that the fractions of labile (step 1) and acid-soluble (step 2), which can be easily released into the environment, were higher in the bed rock. Those fractions were relatively low in fault gauge, suggesting that fault gauge can play important role as a sink of heavy metals to prevent those ones from being released in the area where the acid rock drainage can have an influence.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.736-745
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• 2002

In network delivery of compressed video, packets may be lost if the channel is unreliable like Internet. Such losses tend to of cur in burst like continuous bit-stream error. In this paper, we propose an effective error-concealment approach to which an error resilient video encoding approach is applied against burst errors and which reduces a complexity of error concealment at the decoder using data hiding. To improve the performance of error concealment, a temporal and spatial error resilient video encoding approach at encoder is developed to be robust against burst errors. For spatial area of error concealment, block shuffling scheme is introduced to isolate erroneous blocks caused by packet losses. For temporal area of error concealment, we embed parity bits in content data for motion vectors between intra frames or continuous inter frames and recovery loss packet with it at decoder after transmission While error concealment is performed on error blocks of video data at decoder, it is computationally costly to interpolate error video block using neighboring information. So, in this paper, a set of feature are extracted at the encoder and embedded imperceptibly into the original media. If some part of the media data is damaged during transmission, the embedded features can be extracted and used for recovery of lost data with bi-direction interpolation. The use of data hiding leads to reduced complexity at the decoder. Experimental results suggest that our approach can achieve a reasonable quality for packet loss up to 30% over a wide range of video materials.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2016

The volatile flavor components of the fruit pulp and peel of orange (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using a solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total volatile flavor contents in the pulp and peel of orange were 120.55 and 4,510.81 mg/kg, respectively, while those in the pulp and peel of grapefruit were 195.60 and 4,223.68 mg/kg, respectively. The monoterpene limonene was identified as the major voltile flavor compound in both orange and grapefruit, exhibiting contents of 65.32 and 3,008.10 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of orange, respectively, and 105.00 and 1,870.24 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of grapefruit, respectively. Limonene, sabinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, linalool, (Z)-limonene oxide, and (E)-limonene oxide were the main volatile flavor components of both orange and grapefruit. The distinctive component of orange was valencene, while grapefruit contained (E)-caryophyllene and nootkatone. $\delta$-3-Carene, ${\alpha}$-terpinolene, borneol, citronellyl acetate, piperitone, and ${\beta}$-copaene were detected in orange but not in grapefruit. Conversely, grapefruit contained ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-terpinyl acetate, bicyclogermacrene, nootkatol, ${\beta}$-cubebene, and sesquisabinene, while orange did not. Phenylacetaldehyde, camphor, limona ketone and (Z)-caryophyllene were identified in the pulp of both fruits, while ${\alpha}$-thujene, citronellal, citronellol, ${\alpha}$-sinensal, ${\gamma}$-muurolene and germacrene D were detected in the peel of both fresh fruit samples.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a fast video retargeting method which preserves the contents of a video and converts the image size. Since the conventional Seam Carving which is the well-known content-aware image retargeting technique uses the dynamic programming method, the repetitive update procedure of the accumulation energy is absolutely needed to obtain seam. The energy update procedure cannot avoid the processing time delay because of many operations by the image full-searching. By applying the proposed method, frames which have similar features in video are classified into a scene, and the first frame of a scene is resized by the modified Seam Carving where multiple seams are extracted from candidate seams to reduce the repetitive update procedure. After resizing the first frame of a scene, all continuous frames of the same scene are resized with reference to the seam information stored in the previous frame without the calculation of the accumulation energy. Therefore, although the fast processing is possible with reducing complexity and without analyzing all frames of scene, the quality of an image can be analogously maintained with an existing method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can preserve the contents of an image and can be practically applied to retarget the image on real time.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1357-1364
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• 2000

Our study was performed to evaluate the effect of leaching parameters including the physicochemical characteristics and the fractionated composition of heavy metals on the release of heavy metals in fly ash discharged from MSWI. Leaching parameters such as pH, CEC, particle size, and exchangeable fraction among the fractional composition classified by sequential extraction procedure are considered. The leaching rate of heavy metal released by KSLT method is largely dependent on the pH of fly ash. The effect of pH on the release of heavy metals is different from elements. It appears that the leaching rate of cadmium and copper decreases with increasing pH, while lead and zinc increases at the condition of neutral or strong alkali condition, which suggests that the leaching of heavy metals are limited by the solubility. It is found that the effect of CEC is similarly to that of pH, $D_{10}$ among the particle size of fly ash is negative correlated with the concentration of heavy metals leached by KSLT method. In the case of exchangeable fraction, the leaching rate of heavy metals is linearly correlated with the exchangeable fraction for the fly ash below 40 meq/l00g of CEC, but not related out of the range.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2023

In this study, LiDAR-reflective black hollow-structured silica/titania(B-HST) materials are successfully synthesized by employing the NaBH₄ reduction and etching method on silica/titania core/shell(STCS) materials, which also effectively enhance near-infrared(NIR) reflectance. Moreover, core-etched supernatant solutions are collected and recycled for the synthesis of extracted silica(e-SiO₂) process, which successfully applies as filler materials for semiconductor epoxy molding compound(EMC). In detail, B-HST materials, fabricated by the sequential experimental steps of sol-gel, reduction, and sonication-mediated etching method, manifest blackness(L^*) of 13.2 similar to black paint and excellent NIR reflectance(31.1%). Consequently, B-HST materials are successfully prepared as LiDAR-reflective black materials. Additionally, core-etched supernatant solution with silanol precursors are employed for synthesis of homogeneous silica filler materials via sol-gel method. As-synthesized silica fillers are incorporated with epoxy resin and carbon black for the preparation of semiconductor EMC. Experimentally synthesized EMC exhibits comparable mechanical-chemical properties to commercial EMC. Conclusively, this study successfully proposes designing procedure and practical experimental method for simultaneously synthesizing the NIR-reflective black materials for self-driving vehicles and EMC materials for semiconductors, which are materials suitable for the industrial 4.0 era, and presented their applicability in future industries.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.681-697
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• 1994

The enzymatic hydrolysate of gelatin extracted from fish skin was fractionated and recycled through the membrane reactor according to the molecular weight for the purpose of using as functional material. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of gelatin, enzyme stability by membrane and mechanical shear, and effect on the long-term operational stability of the recycle membrane reactor were investigated. Using the pH-drop technique, Alcalase, pronase E and collagenase were identified as the most suitable enzymes for the hydrolysis of fish skin gelatin. The optimum hydrolysis conditions in the 1st-step membrane reactor(1st-SMR) by Alcalase were enzyme concentration 0.2mg/ml, substrate-to-enzyme ratio(S/E) 50(w/w), $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 6.14ml/min. In the 2nd-SMR by pronase E were enzyme concentration 0.3mg/ml, S/E 33(w/w), $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 6.14ml/min. In the case of 3rd-SMR, enzyme concentration 0.1mg/ml, S/E 100(w/w), $37^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 10ml/min. Decreased enzyme activities by mechanical shear and membrane were 30% and 15% in the 1st-SMR, were 14% and 5% in the 2nd-SMR, and 18% and 8% in the 3rd-SMR, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the degree of hydrolysis in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd-SMR were 3.5%(Kjeldahl method, 87%), 3.1%(77%) and 2.7%(70%), respectively. The productivity of hydrolysate in the continuous three-step membrane reactor was 430mg per enzyme(mg) for 10 times of volume replacements.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.16-36
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-climacterium effects of Jibaekjihwang-tang (JBJHT), especially on estrogenic, anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective against fatty liver and anti-osteoporotic effects by Ovariectomy (OVX) mice. Methods: In order to evaluate anti-climacterium effects of JBJHT, we used bilateral OVX female ddY mice. In this study, six groups were used; sham control, OVX control, estradiol, JBJHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. Since 28 days after OVX surgery, JBJHT extracts were orally treated, and $17{\beta}$-estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head$ were subcutaneously injected for 84 days, once a day. And then, we observed anti-climacterium effects classified into five categories; estrogenic, anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective against fatty liver and anti-osteoporotic effects. The results were compared with $17{\beta}$-estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head$/day subcutaneous treated OVX mice. Results: OVX control mice showed noticeable hypertrophic changes of adipocytes in abdominal fat pads, fatty liver, uterine atrophic changes, decreases of bone strength were also observed in OVX control. However, these estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by JBJHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treatment. Moreover, JBJHT 500 mg/kg showed comparable inhibitory effects as compared to those of estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head$/day subcutaneous treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that oral administration of JBJHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg has clear dose-dependent anti-climacterium effects in OVX mice.