• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the differences of a building's heating and cooling loads depending on the weather variation. Followings are the results. The temperature, humidity and wind speeds of standard year are bigger than those of 2006~2009. The 2006~2009's total horizontal solar irradiance is greater than that of standard year, and the direct solar irradiance of standard year is bigger in winter and vice versa in summer. As results of simulation on heating and cooling loads, it is difficult to find out the bilateral influences between maximum thermal loads and annual's. The equivalent-time operating ratio(EOR) is defined on this study to estimate the differences between year and year, and the EOR of standard year shows low value comparing to 2006~2009 years'.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 1999.12a
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• pp.39-43
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• 1999

유역의 수질오염 평가는 GIS의 이용으로 더욱 발달되었는데 이 방법에서는 일반적으로 이용 할 수 있는 자료 즉, 소유역 구분도 및 하천망도, DEM, 강우자료, 유량측정지점 및 측정자료, 오염부하량 원단위자료, 수질측정자료, 토지이용자료, 점오염원(축산농가, 인구, 산업체)자료 등을 사용하여 유역에 대한 연간 평균 오염부하량과 오염농도를 계산할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 장성과 광주 일부분을 유역으로 하는 황룡강 유역에 대해 GIS를 이용하여 수질오염을 평가하였다. 점오염원의 오염부하량은 수계 내에서 발생하는 점오염원의 위치를 기준으로 원단위를 적용하여 오염부하량을 구하였다 비점오염원 농도는 연평균 오염부하량을 총연간 누적유량으로 나눔으로써 계산하였다. 유역의 연평균 오염부하량에 대한 공간분포 그리드를 만들기 위해 각각의 그리드 셀에 대해 오염농도와 유출량을 곱한 값을 하류방향으로 누적하여 계산하였다. 이와 같은 방법을 사용하여 대상 유역에 대한 비점오염원 수질 농도의 예측치를 계산하였며, 이 예측치와 실측치를 비교 분석함으로서 개발된 모형을 검증하였다. 대상유역의 자료를 사용하여 황룡강 유역에 대한 개략적인 수질오염을 평가한 결과 BOD 유달율은 약 20%정도로 나타났다.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2002

This paper presents the determination of incentive level of Direct Load Control (DLC) program based on California Test. In the most of the Demand-Side Management (DSM) program, the variables art given by constant value during the DSM program's life time. But, in the case of DLC, variables are depen-dent on the executing number and time of the DLC per year. Therefore, we formulate a newly designed Cal-ifornia Test technique to overcome these problems and to apply effectively to the determination of incentive level of the DLC program. We perform case studies for various scenarios using a proposed formulation and review incentive level of the current DLC program. And we propose a plan to activate the DLC program in the competitive electricity market.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.284-287
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• 2004

홍제천 유역의 평창 배수분구를 대상으로 합류식 하수관거 월류수의 발생특성을 파악하고자 유량 및 오염물질 발생경향, 오염물질별 상관관계, 연간 강우유출 오염부하량 등에 대하여 살펴보았다. 강우시 오염물질의 초기세척현상은 누적오염 부하량비를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 모든 수질항목에 대하여 초기유출현상이 나타났으며, 초기 $20\%$ 유출 유량에서 오염부하가 $30\%$ 정도로 유출되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 수질항목별 상관계수를 보면, 건기시의 상관계수는 COD와 SS가 0.4857, 월류수의 경우에는 SS와 TN의 상관계수가 0.7723으로 가장 크게 나타났다. 연간 강우에 의하여 방류선으로 배출되는 면적당 오염부하는 COD 1,202kg/ha/yr SS 494kg/ha/yr로 산정되었다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2002

To estimate annual pollutant loading rate of n-hexane extractable material (HEM) to soil 84 sewage sludge samples were analyzed. The average content of HEM was 27.7$\pm$26.5 g/kg, and ranged from 1.05 to maximum 194 g/kg. According to the number of population of the city the areas were classified as five regions, i.e. big, large, middle, small, and rural area in which the waste water treated plants were grown. The contents of HEM were 22.7$\pm$16.7, 33.3$\pm$25.8, 22.0$\pm$8.7, 31.0$\pm$38.8, 27.7$\pm$25.1 g/kg, in big, large, middle, small, and rural area, respectively. The applicated areas with sewage sludge to land also were divided as 4 sites by US EPA criteria such as agricultural, forest, public contact sites, and reclamation site. The quantitation of annual pollutant loading rate was estimated using a function (99 percentile concentration = $\bar{X}$ + 3$\sigma$) when the application amounts were in dosages of 7,000, 26,000, 18,000, 74,000 kg/ha in 5 regions, respectively. The annual pollutant loading rate of HEM to soil by sewage sludge application was maximum 1,032, 3,832, 2,653, and 10,908 kg/ha in agricultural, forest, public contact sites, and reclamation site, respectively.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 1998

Energy consumption statistics have been surveyed for 50 large commercial buildings with high energy consumption records in Seoul City. The buildings were classified into three different groups for data analysis: hospitals, hotels, and department stores/office buildings. The analysis was focused on identifying installed boiler and refrigerator data, energy consumption rates, and energy load distribution throughout the year. Refrigerating electricity was confirmed again to affect most on the formation of the summer electricity load peak as expected. Replacing the refrigerator electricity peak in the summer with co-generation in large commercial buildings. However, overall heat load distribution in a single building is still considered not large enough for economically feasible co-generation and thus joint co-generation for multiple neighboring buildings are preferred and the Electric Power Law and LNG pricing policy should be revised favorably for co-generation in advance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2017

In order to use and manage the building energy efficiently, it is necessary to minimize building energy consumptions, and establish operation plans of various equipment. The maximum heating and cooling load calculation is an essential way in various equipment selections, and the annual building load calculation is used in forecasting & evaluating the LCC required for operation plan. In this study, noting that the annual building load changes depending on outside temperature around year, we propose a predicting method of annual building load. By using the $4^{th}$ polynomial function that have two double radix and a feature the $f(x)=a^4$ in x = 0 condition, we can calculate annual building load very easily only with the two result (maximum heating and cooling load) and a minimum parameters.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.959-967
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• 2004

The concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wet deposition were investigated at Chungbuk National University in Cheongju, Chungbuk. Event based precipitation samples were collected during 1998 to 2003. The precipitation-weighted mean concentrations of pollutants were 0.60 mg/L for TN, 0.014 mg/L for TP, and 4.8 mg/L for COD, which were smaller than its arithmetic mean concentrations by 26% for TN, 18% for TP, and 14% for COD. The concentrations of TN, TP, and COD significantly decreased with precipitation. Mean concentrations of pollutants in spring (March-May) were higher than in other seasons likely due to dust caused by wind erosion and sand-dust storms, pollen etc. Significant relationships were determined between TN and TP, and TN and COD. Annual loads of wet deposition averaged 7.9 kg/ha$\cdot$yr for TN, 0.19 kg/ha$\cdot$yr for TP, and 63.9 kg/ha$\cdot$yr for COD, which are almost identical to the values of TN and TP but slightly higher than COD value reported in Japan.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.254-267
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• 1984

이 자료는 건물의 연간 에너지소요량의 산정을 위한 동적열부하계산용 전산프로그램의 입력자료인 서울의 평균년 기상데이터로서, 한국과학재단 연구보고서인 "서울지방의 표준기상데이터에 관한 연구"로 부터 발췌한 것이다.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2012.05b
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• pp.575-578
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• 2012

단일창호를 적용한 KNU 식물공장 모델의 냉난방 에너지 부하를 DesignBuilder를 이용하여 해석하였다. 상추의 적정생육온도인 $20^{\circ}C$를 기준으로 이중창호를 적용한 경우와 에너지 소모량을 비교 분석하였다. 단일창호가 이중창호에 비해 연간 냉방부하는 약 128 MWh 감소하고 난방부하는 약 26 MWh 증가하여 단일창호가 냉방부하저감에 유리하다고 판단된다. KNU 식물공장의 중앙에 위치한 공간의 상부를 지붕구조물로 닫거나 계절별로 개폐하면서 냉난방부하에 미치는 영향을 계산하였다. 지붕구조물을 설치하게 되면 단위유닛이 취득하는 태양열이 감소하여 냉방부하가 감소하게 된다. 또한 지붕구조물을 상시 닫아두는 것이 계절별로 여닫는 것보다 냉방부하 저감에 유리하다. 식물공장 측면벽에 overhang과 sidefin을 설치하면 차양효과로 냉방부하가 감소하지만 감소비율은 크지 않았다. 에너지 부하의 대부분을 차지하는 냉방부하를 낮추기 위해 구조물이나 차양을 설치할 수 있으나 절감효과에 비해 설치비가 증가할 수 있기 때문에 추가 경제성 연구가 필요하다.