• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.579-589
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• 2009

We focused on the condition of washed, fresh ginseng in the market and analyzed consumer attitudes to the product to improve the consumption of fresh ginseng. A preference for fresh ginseng was high among every age class, and was particularly notable in older individuals. Fresh ginseng was usually eaten as ginseng chicken soup, mostly in summer and winter, and as a valuable health food, rather than because of desirable qualities of taste or smell. A total of 66.5% of those surveyed reported that they had purchased fresh ginseng, mostly from big discount stores. Such stores were preferred as outlets owing to a reputation for quality and shopper convenience (the stores were located near interviewees' homes). More than 70% of purchasers emphasized that they chose to purchase in department stores and traditional markets owing to the reputation for quality of such sources. Most consumers considered quality to be a prime element in purchase decisions. A total of 32.9% of those surveyed had bought washed fresh ginseng to give as a gift to a friend. Of those surveyed, 67.1% had never bought washed fresh ginseng. The following reasons were proposed to explain the preference for purchase of ginseng with attached soil. Most consumers (40.2%) thought the soil was a reflection of quality. Those who preferred washed fresh ginseng considered that the material was hygienic and convenient to store. When questioned about their intention to buy washed fresh ginseng, 55.0% of consumers replied in the affirmative and 17.1% in the negative. When consumers were asked whether they would be willing to pay an additional charge for the washing and packing of fresh ginseng, 58.8% answered in the affirmative.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

Total upland area for cultivating the vegetable crops in the Alpine soils of Northeastern South Korea has been extending its limit to meet the increasing demand of vegetable food in recent decades. About 70% of these alpine soils are located in over 7% of the slope and most of vegetable crops have been cultivated intensively without practicing the best management systems. Thus, soil erosion and continuous cropping system have degenerated the soil fertility and shown detrimental effects on water quality. We initiated an intensive and extensive investigation to characterize the fertility problems encountered in these uplands. Objectives of this paper were to characterize the fertility status in the Alpine soils cultivated with vegetable crops for many years and to provide the recommendations for adequate soil management measures including fertilization and erosion control. Soils in general have good drainage with textural classes of loam or sandy loam. Their topographical characteristics tended to lead them to shallow plow layers, and the steepness of the terrain created erosion hazard. Of the soils examined, about 11% of uplands over 30% gradient was found in need of an urgent reforestation. A high content of gravel and firm hardness of soil attributed to inhibit the utilization of farm machinery and plant-root development. The average soil pH 5.6 was slightly low relative to pH 5.70 of the national average. Organic matter content was high compared with 2.0% of national average, but decreased with the prolonged cultivation periods. Available $P_2O_5$ concentration was unusually high due to the consequence of over dose application with chemical and organic fertilizers. Exchangeable cations as Ca, Mg, and K were appeared to be decreased in these regions with prolonging the cultivation periods. There were no significant differences in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and electrical conductivity (EC) among locations. Heavy metal contents were mostly lower than the threshold of danger level designated by Soil Environment Conservation Law of South Korea. Results indicated that a proper countermeasure and the best management practice should be immediately implemented to conserve the top soil and fertility in the Alpine regions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tile drain on Physicochemical properties and crop productivity of soils under plastic film house for three years (1999 - 2001). Tiles (${\Phi}100mm$ PVC pipe) were established at 50-60 cm depth with 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m intervals in Gangseo silt loam soil under 2W-type plastic film house. Cropping system was a pumpkin-pumpkin in the first year, a cucumber-spinach-crown daisy-spinach-young radish in the second year, and a green red pepper-tomato-spinach in last year, with conventional fertilization and drip or furrow irrigation by groundwater pumping. Bulk density and soil hardness of plot with tile drain were lower than those of control (plot without tile drain). Soil water content was also lower in tile drain plot than in control regardless of soil depth, and decreased at narrower interval and longer distance from tile in the same plot, thus suggesting that water flow and density of tile drain plot was higher than those of control. Rhizosphere of spinach, a final crop of third year, was expanded more than 2 cm due probably to improvement of soil physical properties caused by tiles establishment. Electrical conductivity (EC) of topsoil decreased from $1.22dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.82dS\;m^{-1}$ by tile drain system, and the extent of EC decrease was different with season: higher in spring and lower in summer and autumn. The $NO_{3^-}-N$ concentration in topsoil decreased, from $200mg\;kg^{-1}$ to $39mg\;kg^{-1}$. The effect of tile drain on crop yield varied with crops. Average crop productivity obtained in tile drain plot than that of control crop: 18.2% in 2 m interval, 14.2% in 3 m interval, but lower 0.2% in 1 m interval.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1859-1867
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• 2021

This study investigated seasonal characteristics of the particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere and rainwater quality in Busan, South Korea, and evaluated the seasonal effect of PM₁₀ concentration in the atmosphere on the rainwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration of PM in the atmosphere and meteorological observations(daily precipitation amount and rainfall intensity) are obtained from automatic weather systems (AWS) by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) from March 2020 to August 2020. Rainwater samples (n = 216, 13 rain events) were continuously collected from the beginning of the precipitation using the rainwater collecting device at Pukyong National University. The samples were analyzed for pH, EC (electrical conductivity), water-soluble cations(Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NH₄⁺), and anions(Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-). The concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere was steadily measured before and after the precipitation with a custom-built PM sensor node. The measured data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis to identify relationships between the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere and rainwater quality. In spring, the daily average concentration of PM₁₀ (34.11 ㎍/m³) and PM_2.5 (19.23 ㎍/m³) in the atmosphere were relatively high, while the value of daily precipitation amount and rainfall intensity were relatively low. In addition, the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere showed a significant positive correlation with the concentration of water-soluble ions (r = 0.99) and EC (r = 0.95) and a negative correlation with the pH (r = -0.84) of rainwater samples. In summer, the daily average concentration of PM₁₀ (27.79 ㎍/m³) and PM_2.5 (17.41 ㎍/m³) in the atmosphere were relatively low, and the maximum rainfall intensity was 81.6 mm/h, recording a large amount of rain for a long time. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant correlation between the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere and rainwater quality in summer.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2021

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of CaCl₂ foliar spraying on the inhibition of blossom-end rot (BER) in hot summer paprika (Capsicum annum L. 'Special') cultivation. The effect of CaCl₂ application was examined by the foliar application based on different fruit size, frequency, and spraying time. Also, it was investigated the occurrence and alleviation effect of BER symptom. Foliar application of CaCl₂ (Ca 0.4%) was conducted by treating a fruit and leaf at 4 to 9 nodes above the crown flowers of each plant with 350 mL per week from June 3 to July 1. When the CaCl₂ was sprayed at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks, the Ca content was the lowest in the fruit harvested with BER symptom in 11 to 20 mm of fruit width (FW). Four different regions in both BER symptom and normal fruits showed significant differences of Ca content, the highest was in pedicel, followed by stem-end, middle, and blossom-end. The Ca content increased sharply in normal paprika with 31-40 mm FW, in which Ca content was 78% higher than that of BER. Ca content in the middle and blossom-end of paprika over 21 mm in FW ranged 19.8% to 28.8% in normal fruits and 15.7% to 18.5% in BER, respectively. The incidence of BER increased rapidly by more than 60% in fruits with 31-40 mm FW. While there was no difference in fruit weight among the FW treatment, marketable yield rate was highest in the 21-30 mm FW, and the sugar content was high in the 11-30mm FW. When CaCl₂ was applied three times for 7 days to a paprika having a 21- 30 mm FW, the cell wall-bound (CWB) Ca content was the highest and the rate of BER was lowest with 6.3%. After 10 days of CaCl₂ foliar spray treatment, the CWB Ca content of paprika increased by 2.9 to 3.5 times compared to the control in all treatments. At 7 days after the CaCl₂ foliar spraying once a day at varying spraying time, the leaf burn observed from 9:30 a.m. to 17:00 p.m. and the proline content increased as the spraying time was delayed. Therefore, the CaCl₂ foliar spraying method for reducing of BER occurrence during paprika summer cultivation seems to be appropriate to spray 2-3 times at intervals of 3 days and before 8 a.m. at the time when the FW is 21-30 mm.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.627-631
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• 2010

A new cultivar of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with wrinkled traverse elliptic and deep red leaf, 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' which has late bolting and deep red expression leaf color was developed from a cross between 'Pojabijeokchukmyeon' (red leaf color and late bolting) and 'Meokchima' (Deep red and low yield). The cross and selection for advanced lines had been done by the pedigree method during 2000-2007. The advanced lines were evaluated for yield and adaptability at several locations in Korea (Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongnam-do, and Jeju-do) from 2008 to 2009. The 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' has gray seed color and traverse elliptic leaves. The type of matured stage is medium shape between 'chukmyeon' and 'chima' leaf lettuce. Compared to 'Dukseomjeokchukmyeon', marketable yield of 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' was higher by 6% (at 372 g per plant) and 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' has particularly improved expression of deep red leaf color in high temperature cultivation in the field. The shelf-life of 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' was three weeks longer than 'Dukseomjeokchukmyeon' at 4$^{\circ}C$. The anthocyanin content of 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' was higher than that of 'Dukseomjeokchukmyeon' with 17.5 mg/100g. The BSL (latucin+8-deoxylactucin+lactucopicrin) content of 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' is lower than that of 'Dukseomjeokchukmyeon'. Furthermore, its taste is better, more crispy, and sweeter than those of 'Dukseomjeokchukmyeon'. So we recommend that new cultivar 'Chunpungjeokchukmyeon' can be suitable for cultivation in spring season than summer season.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary feeding levels on livestck and forage productivity and grazing intensity in Elk stags (Cervus canadensis). A fifteen 2-year-old Elk stags about 195 kg were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (five animals per treatment). The dietary treatments consisted of a feeding concentrate of 1.0% of body weight (T1), 1.5% of body weight (T2) and 2.0% of body weight. Total dry matter intake (TDMI) was increased with increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels. Average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels (p<0.05) and reached a maximum on July and was lower in spring than autumn. The velvet antler production was no differences among treatment groups. Forage productivity of pasture and crude protein content were highest on May and decreased thereafter, however, crude fiber content was the reversed. The grazing intensity of Elk stags was increased in spring (38 to 59 head per ha) than summer and autumn (13 to 32 head per ha). The average grazing intensity of Elk stags ranged from 21 to 34 head per ha, which is affected by supplementary feeding levels. This result suggests that feeding supplementary diet at 1.5 % of body weight was needed to maintain the stable wight gain in antler growing periods and control the proper grazing intensity of Elk deer stags.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2019

This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to identify the suitable sowing and harvesting dates of summer crops in the mountain of Yeongnam, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows: corn hybrid (Z. mays, Kwangpyeongok) of sowing (May 8, 19, and 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30); sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ${\times}$ Sorghum bicolor, SS405) of sowing (May 27, June 19 and June 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30). In corn hybrid, ear rate and dry matter (DM) yield decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date. Otherwise, ear rate and DM yield increased (p<0.05) with the postponement of harvesting date. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date, but neutral detergent fiber content increased (p<0.05). In sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid, plant length and DM yield with the postponement of harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content with the postponement of harvesting date decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that sowing corn hybrid in early May and sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid in early June then harvest in the middle of August was recommend to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.102-113
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• 2019

Slack-tide sampling was carried out at 6 stations at high and low tide for a tidal cycle during spring tide of the early summer (June) and summer (July, August) of 2016 to determine the difference of water quality according to tide in Masan Bay, Korea. The mixing regime of all the water quality components investigated was well explained through the correlation with SAL. In the early summer and summer, TURB, DSi and NNN which mainly flow into the bay from the streams and SS, COD, AMN and $H_2S$ which mainly indicate the internal sink and source materials have a property of conservative mixing and non-conservative mixing, respectively. The conservative mixing showed a good linear relationship of the water quality between high and low tide, and the non-conservative mixing showed a variation of different pattern each other. Factor analysis performed on the concentration difference data sets between high and low tide helped in identifying the principal latent variables for them. In early summer, multiple effects (tidal action, natural influx and internal sinks and sources etc.) acted in combination for the differences to be distributed evenly in four factors (VF1~4), since there were few allochthonous inputs as a low-water season. On the contrary, in summer, the parameters showing large concentration difference at ST-1 affected by stream water were concentrated in one factor (VF1) and clearly distinguished from the parameters affected by the internal sinks and sources. In fact, there is no estuary (bay) that always maintains steady state flow conditions. The mixing regime of an estuary might be changed at any time due to the change of flushing time, and furthermore the change of end-member conditions due to the internal sinks and sources makes the occurrence of concentration difference inevitable. Therefore, when investigating the water quality of the estuary, it is necessary to take a sampling method considering the tide to obtain average water quality data.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2019

Recently, Korea has been affected by extreme weather events including extended summers and increased temperatures caused by global warming and climate change. Environmental temperature is especially important to the livestock industry because it is closely related to livestock productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different environmental temperatures on respiration rate, rectal temperature and body-surface temperature in finishing pigs. Pigs ($98.3{\pm}6.6kg$) were housed in individual cages inside an experimental chamber and exposed continuously to one of five environmental treatments ($22^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$) for 10 days without providing additional rest time. Feed and water intake, respiration rate, rectal temperature and body-surface (head, ear, neck, back, side) temperature were measured two times daily during the experimental period. A significant increase in respiration rate from $26^{\circ}C$ and in body-surface temperature from $24^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05) was observed. At $30^{\circ}C$, the respiration rate had almost doubled and the body-surface temperature increased by about $5^{\circ}C-7^{\circ}C$. Moreover, ear skin temperature was very sensitive to environmental temperature. However, feed intake, water intake and rectal temperature did not change significantly during the experiment.