• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.315-315
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• 2010

결정질 실리콘을 포함하는 태양전지의 광전효율은 표면에 입사되는 태양광의 반사를 제외하면 흡수된 광자에 의해 생성되는 전자-정공쌍의 상대적인 비율인 내부양자효율에 의존하게 된다. 실제 생성된 전자-정공쌍은 기판재료의 결정상태와 전기광학적 물성 등에 의해 일부가 재결합되어 2차적인 광자의 생성이나 열로서 작용하고 최종적으로 전자와 정공이 완전히 분리되고 전극에 포집되어 실질적인 유효전류로 작용한다. 16% 이상의 고효율 결정질 실리콘 태양전지양산이 요구되고 있는 현실에서 광전효율 개선 위해 가장 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 변수는 입력 태양광스펙트럼에 대한 결정질 실리콘 표면반사율을 최소화하여 광흡수를 극대화하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 이의 해결을 위하여 대기와 실리콘표면 사이의 굴절률차이가 크면 클수록 태양광스펙트럼에 대한 결정질 실리콘의 광반사는 증가하기 때문에 상대적으로 낮은 굴절률의 $SiO_x$나 $SiN_x$와 같은 반사방지막을 광입력 실리콘표면에 증착하여 광반사율 저감공정을 적용하고 있다. 이와 더불어 결정질 실리콘표면을 화학적으로 혹은 플라즈마이온으로 50-100nm 직경의 바늘형 피라미드형상으로 texturing 함으로 광자들의 다중반사 등에 기인하는 광흡수율의 증가를 기대할 수 있기 때문에 태양전지효율 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 이해된다. 본 실험에서도 고효율 다결정 실리콘 태양전지 양산공정에 적용 가능한 ICP-RIE기반 결정질 실리콘표면에 대한 texturing 공정기술을 연구하였다. Double Langmuir 플라즈마 진단시스템(DLP2000)을 적용하여 사용한 $SF_6$와 $O_2$ 개스유량과 챔버압력, 플라즈마 파워에 따른 이온밀도, 전자온도, 포화이온전류밀도, 플라즈마포텐셜의 공간분포를 모니터링하였고 texturing이 완료된 시료에 대하여 A1.5G 표준태양광스펙트럼의 300-1100nm 파장대역에서 반사율을 측정하여 그 변화를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 간략히 정리하면 Si texturing에 가장 적합한 플라즈마파워는 100W, $SF_6/O_2$ 혼합비는 18:22, 챔버압력은 30mtorr 등이고 이에 상응하는 플라즈마의 이온밀도는 $2{\sim}3{\times}10^8\;ions/cm^3$, 전자온도는 14~15eV, 포화전류밀도는 $0.014{\sim}0.015mA/cm^2$, 플라즈마포텐셜은 38~39V 범위 등이었다. 현재까지 얻어진 최소 평균반사율은 14.2% 였으며 최적의 texturing패턴 플라즈마공정 조건은 이온에 의한 Si표면원자들의 스퍼터링과 화학반응에 의한 증착이 교차하는 플라즈마 에너지 및 밀도 상태인 것으로 해석된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2013

무기물 기반, Si-based 태양전지에 비해 가볍고 저렴하다는 관점에서 유기태양전지에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 유기태양전지는 Si-based 태양전지에 비해 그 효율이 낮다는 점이 문제로 제기되어 왔지만, 억셉터와 도너의 nanocomposite 구조인 bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) 구조가 개발이 되면서 유기물의 짧은 엑시톤(exciton) 거리를 극복할 수 있게 되어 그 효율이 비약적으로 증가되는 결과를 낳았다. 또한 넓은 범위의 파장을 흡수 할 수 있는 작은 band-gap을 갖는 물질이 개발됨으로써 유기 태양전지의 효율은 점차 증가하고 있다. 최근에는 독일 회사인 Heliatek에서 12%가 넘는 유기태양전지를 발표함으로써 유기태양전지가 Si-based 태양전지를 대체할 수 있는 차세대 에너지 공급원으로의 가능성을 충분히 보였다. 이런 유기 태양전지는 하부 투명전극인 인듐주석산화물(ITO)/정공이동층(PEDOT:PSS)/광흡수층/전자이동층(LiF)/낮은 일함수를 갖는 상부전극인 Al 구조의 일반적인 구조; ITO/전자이동층/광흡수층/정공이동층/높은 일함수를 갖는 상부전극(Ag), 전하의 이동방향이 반대인 역구조 태양전지, 두 가지로 분류할 수 있다. 하지만 소자 안정성의 관점에서 일반적인 구조의 태양전지는 ITO/PEDOT:PSS 계면에서의 화학적 불안정성과, 낮을 일함수를 갖는 상부전극이 쉽게 산화되는 등의 문제가 있어 상부전극으로 높은 일함수를 갖는 전극을 사용하는 역구조 태양전지가 더 유리하다. 이러한 역구조 태양전지에서 효율을 높일 수 있는 요인 중 하나는 전자이동층에 있다. 광흡수층에서 형성되어 분리된 전자가 전극으로 이동하기위해서는 전자이동층을 거쳐야 한다. 하지만 이 전자이동층 내에서의 전자 이동속도가 느리다면, 즉 저항이 크다면 광흡수증과의 계면에서 Back electron trasnfer현상으로 재결합이 일어나게 되어 전극으로 도달하는 전자의 양이 줄어들게 되고, 이는 유기태양전지 효율을 낮추는 요인이 된다. 전자이동층 자체의 저항뿐만 아니라, 전자이동층의 표면 거칠기(morphology) 또한 유기 태양전지의 효율을 좌우하는 요인 중 하나이다. 광흡수층과 전자이동층의 계면에서 전자의 이동이 일어나는데, 전자이동층의 표면 거칠기가 크게되면 그 위에 박막으로 형성되는 광흡수층과의 계면저항이 증가하게 되고, 이는 광흡수층에서 전자이동층으로의 원활한 전자이동을 저해함으로써 소자 효율의 감소를 일으키게 된다. 따라서 우리는 전자이동층인 ZnO 박막의 스퍼터링 조건을 변화시킴으로써 ZnO 층의 두께에 따른 광투과도, 전기전도성 변화 및 유기태양전지의 효율변화와, 표면 거칠기에 따른 광변환 효율 변화를 관찰하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1158-1167
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• 2000

To produce ${\beta}-cyclodextrin({\beta}-CD)$, a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase(CGTase) producing Aspergillus sp. CC-2-1 was isolated from soil. The enzyme was purified and its enzymological characteristics were investigated. It was found that production of CGTase reached to the maximum when the wheat bran medium containing 0.1% albumin, 2% $(NH_4)_2S_2O_8$, 2% soluble starch and 0.2% $KH_2PO_4$ was cultured for 5 days at $37^{\circ}C$. The purity of CGTase was increased by 13.14 folds after DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100, G-150 gel filtration and the specific activity was 172.14 unit/mg. Purified enzyme was confirmed as a single band by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of CGTase was estimated to be 27,800 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature for the CGTase activity were 9.0 and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was stable in pH $8.0{\sim}11.0$ at $60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$. The activity of purified enzyme was activated by $K^+,\;Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$. The activity of the CGTase was inhibited by the treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol and iodine. The result suggests that the purified enzyme has phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine, histidine imidazole group and terminal amino group at active site. The reaction of this enzyme followed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with the $K_m$ value of 18.182 g/L with the $V_{max}$ of 188.68 ${\mu}mole/min$. The activation energy for the CGTase was calculated by Arrhenius equation was 1.548 kcal/mol.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.596-604
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• 2019

This study conducted a sediment culture experiment to investigate the effects of sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and environmental factors on sediment and water quality. We installed a leaching tank in the laboratory, cultured it for 20 days, and analyzed the relationship between P and Fe in the sediment. As a result, the dissolved oxygen of the water layer decreased with time, while the oxidation-reduction potential of the sediment progressed in the negative direction to form an anaerobic reducing environment. The SOD was measured to be 0.05 mg/g at the initial stage of cultivation and increased to 0.09 mg/g on the 20th day, indicating the tendency of increasing consumption of oxygen by the sediment. The change is likely to have caused by oxygen consumption from biological-SOD, which is the decomposition of organic matter accumulated on the sediment surface due to the increase of chl-a, and chemical-SOD consumed when the metal-reducing product produced by the reduction reaction is reoxidized. The correlation between SOD and causality for sediment-extracted sediments was positive for Ex-P and Org-P and negative for Fe-P. The analysis of the microbial community in the sediment on the 20th day showed that anaerobic iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) were the dominant species. Therefore, when the phosphate bonded to the iron oxide is separated by the reduction reaction, the phosphate is eluted into the water to increase the primary productivity. The reduced substance is reoxidized and contributes to the oxygen consumption of the sediment. The results of this study would be useful as the reference information to improve oxygen resin.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.101-119
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• 2021

The demand for clean water is virtually present in all modern human societies even as our society has developed increasingly more advanced and sophisticated technologies to improve human life. However, as global climate change begins to show more dramatic effects in many regions in the world, the demand for a cheap, effective way to treat wastewater or to remove harmful bacteria, microbes, viruses, and other solvents detrimental to human health has continued to remain present and remains as important as ever. Well-established synthetic membranes composed of polyaniline (PANI), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and others have been extensively studied to gather information regarding the characteristics and performance of the membrane, but recent studies have shown that making these synthetic membranes conductive to electrical current by doping the membrane with another material or incorporating conductive materials onto the surface of the membrane, such as allotropes of carbon, have shown to increase the performance of these membranes by allowing the adjustability of pore size, improving antifouling and making the antibacterial property better. In this review, modern electrically conductive membranes are compared to conventional membranes and their performance improvements under electric fields are discussed, as well as their potential in water filtration and wastewater treatment applications.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.743-748
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• 2019

This study focuses on the simulation of wet flue gas desulfurization process for improving the production of gypsum by the utilization of low-grade limestone. At present, high-grade limestone with a $CaCO_3$ content of 94% is used for producing merchantable gypsum. In modeling process, a lot of reactions are considered to develop model. First, the limestone dissolution is simulated by RSTOIC model. Second, SOx absorption and crystallization is used by RCSTR model. Finally the gypsum is separated by using SEPERATORS model. Modeling steps make it easy to reflect further side reactions and physical disturbances. In optimization condition, constraints are set to 93% purity of gypsum, 94% desulfurization efficiency, and total use of limestone at 3710 kg/hr. Under these constraints, the mass flow of low-grade limestone was maximized. As a result, the maximum blending quantity of low-grade limestone for 2,100 kg of high-grade limestone that satisfies constraints is about 1,610 kg.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.414-419
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• 2017

Red onion cultivar 'Eumjinara' with mild taste and early maturation was developed in 2013 by the Allium vegetable crop research team, National Institute Crop Science, Rural development Administration (RDA). 'Eumjinara' was originally selected from red onion breeding line, 'IS1115', It was preliminarily selected and designated 'Mon21-31-3' and advanced yield trial was performed from 2008 to 2009. Regional yield trial test was conducted in six regions from 2010 to 2012. Foliage morphology and leaf color were similar to those of a check cultivar, 'Cheonjujeok', but its shape was comparatively broad ovate. Foliage of 'Eumjinara' lodged seven days earlier than check cultivar on May 31 and the average bulb weight ($234{\pm}49.1g/bulb$) was also higher than that of check cultivar. The new cultivar was relatively resistant to clod hardness and downy mildew infection in the field condition. Average yield of 'Eumjinara' in three-year the regional yield trials was 6,999 kg/10a. The total soluble solid contents and quercetin concentrations were $41.43{\mu}g/g$ FW and $556.11{\mu}g/g$ FW, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 2021

A distillation column, which is a main facility of the chemical process, separates the desired product from a mixture by using the difference of boiling points. The distillation process requires the optimization and the prediction of operation because it consumes much energy. The target process of this study is difficult to operate efficiently because the composition of feed flow is not steady according to the supplier. To deal with this problem, we could develop a data-driven model to predict operating conditions. However, data preprocessing is essential to improve the predictive performance of the model because the raw data contains outlier and noise. In this study, after optimizing the predictive model based long-short term memory (LSTM) and Random forest (RF), we used a low-pass filter and one-class support vector machine for data preprocessing and compared predictive performance according to the method and range of the preprocessing. The performance of the predictive model and the effect of the preprocessing is compared by using R2 and RMSE. In the case of LSTM, R2 increased from 0.791 to 0.977 by 23.5%, and RMSE decreased from 0.132 to 0.029 by 78.0%. In the case of RF, R2 increased from 0.767 to 0.938 by 22.3%, and RMSE decreased from 0.140 to 0.050 by 64.3%.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 2021

The adsorption of disperse yellow 3 (DY 3) on granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated for isothermal adsorption and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters by experimenting with initial concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH of the dye as adsorption parameters. In the pH change experiment, the adsorption percent of DY 3 on activated carbon was highest in the acidic region, pH 3 due to electrostatic attraction between the surface of the activated carbon with positive charge and the anion (OH^-) of DY 3. The adsorption equilibrium data of DY 3 fit the Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation best, and it was found that activated carbon can effectively remove DY 3 from the calculated separation factor (R_L). The heat of adsorption-related constant (B) from the Temkin equation did not exceed 20 J mol^-1, indicating that it is a physical adsorption process. The pseudo second order kinetic model fits well within 10.72% of the error percent in the kinetic experiments. The plots for Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model were divided into two straight lines. The intraparticle diffusion rate was slow because the slope of the stage 2 (intraparticle diffusion) was smaller than that of stage 1 (boundary layer diffusion). Therefore, it was confirmed that the intraparticle diffusion was rate controlling step. The free energy change of the DY 3 adsorption by activated carbon showed negative values at 298 ~ 318 K. As the temperature increased, the spontaneity increased. The enthalpy change of the adsorption reaction of DY 3 by activated carbon was 0.65 kJ mol^-1, which was an endothermic reaction, and the entropy change was 2.14 J mol^-1 K^-1.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.395-408
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• 2020

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained much attention as eco-friendly energy conversion devices without emission of environmental pollutant. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) that can transfer proton from anode to cathode and also prevent fuel cross-over has been regarded as a key component of PEMFCs. Although perfluorinated polymer membranes such as Nafion® were already commercialized in PEMFCs, their high cost and toxic byproduct generated by degradation have still limited the wide spread of PEMFCs. To overcome these issues, development of hydrocarbon based PEMs have been studied. Incorporation of cross-linked structure into the hydrocarbon based PEM system has been reported to fabricate the PEMs showing both high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability. This study focused on the various cross-linking strategies to the preparation of cross-linked PEMs based on hydrocarbon polymers with ion conducting groups for application in PEMFCs.