• Title/Summary/Keyword: 약탈

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A Study on Restitution Activities of Germany's Libraries to Overcome the Past: Jewish Book Collection (과거사 극복을 위한 독일도서관의 도서반환 활동에 관한 연구 - 유대인 장서를 중심으로 -)

  • Ro, Moon-Ja
    • Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.273-295
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    • 2010
  • Germany has started restitution process for most of collections from its occupied countries after World War II which was strongly led by the United Nations. However, this process did not include many of the plundered Jewish collections. In 1989, restitution for the Jewish's properties confiscated by the Nazis became important international issue with success in Jewish material claims against Germany in the U.S and Europe countries after German unification. German libraries has still possessed collections sequestered by the Nazis from 1933 to 1945. With Washington conference on holocaust-era assets in 1998, libraries began to sympathize with restoration of their Jewish confiscated collections. In present, by identifying the provenance of those collections at primary level, German librarians focus on various restitution activities for those collections in order to introspect and overcome their past. Specifically, the libraries publish the practical guidebook of studies on the provenance identification and open the database for the pillaged collections to the public. Few libraries start to restore the collections, but the numbers of the restituted collections are still insignificant.

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An Analysis of Disaster Mythology (재난 신화에 관한 분석)

  • Kim, Man-Jae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.31-39
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    • 2007
  • Disaster mythology is "beliefs about human behavior in disaster that have been proven to be wrong through scientifically conducted research studies." Disaster researchers have discovered a series of disaster myths. The results of research survey based on 491 individuals confirm prior research representing widespread belief in disaster mythology such as panic, looting, crime, evacuation and lethargy. This study also indicates that, while high, the percentage of local government officials demonstrating belief in disaster myths was lower than the public except for looting. The probability of believing disaster myths was greater for individuals who were female (panic and evacuation), old (evacuation and lethargy), in their twenties and thirties (looting), and officials with disaster related work experience (panic, looting and crime). The results indicate the importance of understanding public belief to make effective emergency plans.

Study on Fun factor in Smartphone Convergence Game - Focusing on the Defense and Plunder (스마트폰 융복합 게임의 재미요인 분석 - 수성과 약탈을 중심으로)

  • Kim, In-Su;Jung, Hyung-Won;Kim, Tae-Gyu
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.13 no.7
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    • pp.367-372
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    • 2015
  • Smartphone game market, smart phone appeared on the market and soon developed rapidly, generation change is happening. Generally, Smartphone games are only short-lived super cell's Clash of Clans is gaining popularity for over two years. So Clash of Clans this game with hold most characteristic elements of the defense and plunder on the subject analyzed the fun factor. In order to analyze the defense and plunder elements were prepared Clash of Clans and Kings of Thieves in cases. Two of the cases, depending on the fun theory Preparation, A sense of space, A solid core machanic, A range of challenge, A range of abilities required to solve the encounter and Skill required in using the abilities were evaluated in the fun factor analysis of defense and plunder elements.

Competition and Cooperation Dynamics between Gwangyang Port and Major Container Ports in Northeast Asia (광양항과 동북아 주요 컨테이너항만간 경협 추세분석)

  • Park, Byung-In
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.85-101
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    • 2015
  • This study formulates a development strategy for Gwangyang port through the analysis of its competition with other major Northeast Asian ports. A revised BCG matrix is applied to estimate the change in competition between the major ports in Northeast Asia and the Lotka-Volterra model is used for the competitor analysis. The growing competitive power and influence of Chinese ports, continued competitive advantage of Busan port, diminishing competitiveness of Gwangyang and Incheon ports, and disappearing competitive position of Japanese ports in Northeast Asia are all confirmed. In addition, according to the relationship between Gwangyang port and other major Northeast Asian ports from 2007 to 2014, Gwangyang port has changed to a predatory from a win/win relation with Busan port and has maintained its predatory relationship with Hong Kong port in terms of transshipment cargoes. Moreover, Gwangyang port has formed predatory relationships with Shanghai and Ningbo ports, a pure competitive relation with Tianjin port, and a win/win relation with Qingdao and Dalian ports. Overall, predatory relationships between Gwangyang port and other Northeast Asia ports increased from 2007 to 2014. The counterstrategies for Gwangyang port to address this situation include establishing cooperative relations and continuing the win/win relationships with cooperative ports.

프랑스 국가도서관에 소장되어 있는 외규장각 천상열차분야지도

  • An, Sang-Hyeon
    • The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.139.1-139.1
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    • 2011
  • 외규장각에 소장되어 있던 도서들은 주로 왕실과 직접적인 관련이 있는 도서들이다. 1866년 병인양요 때 프랑스 해군이 극히 일부를 약탈해 가고 나머지 대부분은 소각하였다. 이때 약탈되어 프랑스 국가도서관에 소장되어 있던 도서들 중 일부가 2011년에 임대 형식을 빌어 반환되었다. 본 연구에서는 약탈 이전에 외규장각에는 어떤 도서가 소장되어 있는지를 알려주는 외규장각 형지안을 분석하여 외규장각에는 어떤 천문학 관련 도서가 소장되어 있었는지를 살펴본다. 특히 1631년 정두원이 한국사 최초로 망원경을 전래할 때 함께 가져 온 서양 천문학 지식이 담긴 서적들의 존재가 확인되며, 숙종본 천상열차분야지도의 초기 탁본이 프랑스 국가도서관에 보관되어 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 외규장각에 소장되어 있던 천문한 관련 도서들의 의의와 반환과 관련한 문제점에 대해서 검토하려 한다.

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Dynamic Limit and Predatory Pricing Under Uncertainty (불확실성하(不確實性下)의 동태적(動態的) 진입제한(進入制限) 및 약탈가격(掠奪價格) 책정(策定))

  • Yoo, Yoon-ha
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.151-166
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    • 1991
  • In this paper, a simple game-theoretic entry deterrence model is developed that integrates both limit pricing and predatory pricing. While there have been extensive studies which have dealt with predation and limit pricing separately, no study so far has analyzed these closely related practices in a unified framework. Treating each practice as if it were an independent phenomenon is, of course, an analytical necessity to abstract from complex realities. However, welfare analysis based on such a model may give misleading policy implications. By analyzing limit and predatory pricing within a single framework, this paper attempts to shed some light on the effects of interactions between these two frequently cited tactics of entry deterrence. Another distinctive feature of the paper is that limit and predatory pricing emerge, in equilibrium, as rational, profit maximizing strategies in the model. Until recently, the only conclusion from formal analyses of predatory pricing was that predation is unlikely to take place if every economic agent is assumed to be rational. This conclusion rests upon the argument that predation is costly; that is, it inflicts more losses upon the predator than upon the rival producer, and, therefore, is unlikely to succeed in driving out the rival, who understands that the price cutting, if it ever takes place, must be temporary. Recently several attempts have been made to overcome this modelling difficulty by Kreps and Wilson, Milgram and Roberts, Benoit, Fudenberg and Tirole, and Roberts. With the exception of Roberts, however, these studies, though successful in preserving the rationality of players, still share one serious weakness in that they resort to ad hoc, external constraints in order to generate profit maximizing predation. The present paper uses a highly stylized model of Cournot duopoly and derives the equilibrium predatory strategy without invoking external constraints except the assumption of asymmetrically distributed information. The underlying intuition behind the model can be summarized as follows. Imagine a firm that is considering entry into a monopolist's market but is uncertain about the incumbent firm's cost structure. If the monopolist has low cost, the rival would rather not enter because it would be difficult to compete with an efficient, low-cost firm. If the monopolist has high costs, however, the rival will definitely enter the market because it can make positive profits. In this situation, if the incumbent firm unwittingly produces its monopoly output, the entrant can infer the nature of the monopolist's cost by observing the monopolist's price. Knowing this, the high cost monopolist increases its output level up to what would have been produced by a low cost firm in an effort to conceal its cost condition. This constitutes limit pricing. The same logic applies when there is a rival competitor in the market. Producing a high cost duopoly output is self-revealing and thus to be avoided. Therefore, the firm chooses to produce the low cost duopoly output, consequently inflicting losses to the entrant or rival producer, thus acting in a predatory manner. The policy implications of the analysis are rather mixed. Contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis that predation is, at best, a negative sum game, and thus, a strategy that is unlikely to be played from the outset, this paper concludes that predation can be real occurence by showing that it can arise as an effective profit maximizing strategy. This conclusion alone may imply that the government can play a role in increasing the consumer welfare, say, by banning predation or limit pricing. However, the problem is that it is rather difficult to ascribe any welfare losses to these kinds of entry deterring practices. This difficulty arises from the fact that if the same practices have been adopted by a low cost firm, they could not be called entry-deterring. Moreover, the high cost incumbent in the model is doing exactly what the low cost firm would have done to keep the market to itself. All in all, this paper suggests that a government injunction of limit and predatory pricing should be applied with great care, evaluating each case on its own basis. Hasty generalization may work to the detriment, rather than the enhancement of consumer welfare.

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