• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.675-681
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• 2013

Home-made broccoli Kochujang (HMBK) was prepared with the addition of 5% broccoli leaf powder. Its physicochemical and functional properties were measured in extracts (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, and distilled water) and compared with home-made Kochujang (HMK) and factory-produced Kochujang (FPK). Total phenolic content (TPC) was 22% higher in methanol extract from HMBK (524.2 GAE/100 g) compared to HMK (431.0 GAE/100 g). TPC was 8% higher in ethanol extract from HMBK (541.9 GAE/100 g) compared to HMK (499.9 GAE/100 g). DPPH radical scavenging activity was 1.6 times higher in the methanol extracts from HMBK than HMK. In contrast there was no difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity between HMBK and HMK. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities in methanol and ethanol extracts from HMBK were similar to HMK, but both were higher than extracts from FPK (55% and 23% higher, respectively). Inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in methanol extracts from HMBK was similar to HMK, but it was 2.6 times higher than inhibition activities from FPK. Interestingly, only ethanol extract from HMBK showed a 10.7% and 18.3% inhibition on cell growth of the human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT-29) and human lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H1229), respectively. These results indicate home-made Kochujang with broccoli leaf powder contains high total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and cancer cell growth inhibition activities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2014

In the course of study for a use for non-edible parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L), and the development of processed food utilizing these parts, edible floret and non-edible stalk were extracted with ethanol and different organic solvent fractions were prepared. With 10 different extracts and fractions, their useful components and various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferation activity, were investigated. The stalk has more abundant water soluble carbohydrate when compared with the floret, and floret has higher hexane-soluble pigments. Analysis of total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents showed that the floret has 1.5~1.99 times higher concentrations than the stalk. Among the fractions, ethylacetate (EA) fractions have the highest amount of total flavonoid and total polyphenol. The stalk and floret possessed 9.45 and 42.01 mg-total flavonoid/g, respectively. In the antioxidation activity assay, the EA fraction of floret showed strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power, while the n-hexane fraction of the stalk exhibited nitrite scavenging activity. In the antimicrobial activity assay, the EA fraction of floret showed a strong and broad-range of antibacterial activity, irrespective of gram positive or gram negative bacteria. In a while, the hexane and EA fractions revealed anti-proliferative effects against the human colorectal cancer cell HCT-116. Strong anti-proliferative activities were found in the hexane fraction of stalk (18.4% of cell viability), and the n-butanol fraction of floret (6.9% of cell viability). Our results suggest that the further study of the characterization of active fractions and the identification of active components from different parts of broccoli are needed to develop functional foods or novel plant-derived medicines.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.834-839
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• 2013

The extraction yield, total phenolics content, antioxidant activity, cancer cell growth inhibition (A549 and MCF 7), and lung cancer cell (A549) viability of red rice and black rice were investigated, to evaluate the functional properties of colored rice. The extraction yields and the total phenolics contents of the rice cultivars were Heugseol > Heugkwang > Hongjinju > Jeogjinju > Ilpum. Also, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the black rice did not differ from that of the red rice, whereas its activity among its cultivars was Jeogjinju > Heugseol > Heugkwang > Hongjinju > Ilpum. The ABTS antioxidant activity of the black rice (Heugkwang, Heugseol) was greater than that of the red rice. The total phenolics was partly attributed to its high antioxidant. On the other hand, the effect of the red rice on the lung cancer cell (A549) viability was higher than that of the black rice. The breast cancer cell (MCF 7) growth inhibition activity of the black rice did not differ from that of the red rice. Our results indicate that the ABTS antioxidant activity of black rice is better than that of red rice, and the lung cancer cell (A549) viability of red rice is better than that of black rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.765-770
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of Undaria pinnatifida Sporophyll, which using methanol, dichloromethane and ethanol were extracted and fractionated into four different types: methanol (UPMM), hexane (UPMH), butanol (UPMB) and aqueous (UPMA). The antimicrobial activity was increased in proportion to its concentration by the paper disc method. Among the solvent fractions, UPMM and UPMB showed relatively strong antimicrobial activities in the order. Among various partition layers, the methanol partition layer (UPMM) was showed the strongest cytotoxic effects on all cancer cell lines. We also observed quinone reductase (QR) induced effects in all fraction layers of UP on HepG2 cells. The QR induced effects of UPMH on HepG2 cells at $320\mu g/mL$ concentration indicated 2.36 with a control value of 1.0.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-62
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• 1969

Throughout the studies the following experimental results were obtained and are summarized: 1. Multiplication of agents in primary cell cultures of both GF classical and CR-64 acute strain of Marek's disease infected chicken kidneys was accompanied by the formation of distinct transformed cell foci. This characteristic nature of cell transformation was passaged regularly by addition of dispersed cell from infected cultures to normal chicken kidney cell cultures, and also transferred was the nature of cell transformation to normal chick-embryo liver and neuroglial cell cultures. No cytopathic changes were noticed in inoculated chick-embryo fibroblast cultures. 2. The same cytopathic effects were noticed in normal kidney cell monolayers after the inoculation of whole blood and huffy coat cells derived from both forms of Marek's disease infected chickens. In these cases, however, the number of transformed cell foci appearing was far less than that of uninoculated monolayers prepared directly from the kidneys of Marek's disease infected chickens. 3. The change in cell culture IS regarded as a specific cell transformation focus induced by an oncogenic virus rather than it plaque in slowly progressing cytopathic effect by non-oncogenic viruses, and it is quite similar to RSV focus in chick-embryo fibroblasts in many respects. 4. The infective agent (cell transformable) were extremely cell-associated and could not be separated in an infective state from cells under the experimental conditions. 5. The focus assay of these agents was valid as shown by the high degree of linear correlation (r=0.97 and 0.99) between the relative infected cell concentration (in inoculum) and the transformed cell foci counted. 6. No differences were observed between the GF classical strain and the CR-64 acute strain of Marek's disease as far as cell culture behavior. 7. Characterization of the isolates by physical and chemical treatments, development of internuclear inclusions in Infected cells, and nucleic acid typing by differential stainings and cytochemical treatments indicated that the natures of these cell transformation agents closely resemble to those described fer the group B herpes viruses. 8. Susceptible chicks inoculated with infected kidney tissue culture cells developed specific lesions of Marek's disease, and in a case of prolonged observation after inoculation (5 weeks) the birds developed clinical symptoms and gross lesions of Marek's disease. Kidney cell cultures prepared from those inoculated birds and sacrificed showed a superior recovery of cell transformation property by formation of distinct foci. 9. Electron microscopic study of infected kidney culture cells (GF agent) by negative staining technique revealed virus particles furnishing the properties of herpes viruses. The particle was measured about $100m{\mu}$ and, so far, no herpes virus envelop has been seen from these preparations. 10. No relationship of both isolates to avian leukosis/sarcoma group viruses and PPLO was observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.683-689
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• 2006

This study was established to investigate the effect of germanium-fortified yeasts on the serum lipid composition and immune system of human body. All 50 subjects with the age range of $50{\sim}75$ were entered in this clinical trial for 6 months. The effects were determined by the proliferative responses of immune-mediated cells, T-cell, B-cell and NK-cell during daily supplementation with/without germanium-fortified yeast. The results of hematology and blood chemistry didn't show any significant differences during administration periods. Serum lipid compositions also didn't show any significant differences during administration periods except triglyceride (TG) and VLDL-cholesterol. TG and VLDL-cholesterol levels were increased significantly by the consumption of germanium-fortified yeast (p<0.05). Immune mediated T-celt and NK-cell didn't increased in both control and test group supplemented with germanium fortified yeast, while B-cell increased in the germanium fortified yeast group after 8 week (p<0.05). Also $TNF-{\alpha}$ increased in the group of germanium fortified yeast after 8 week (p<0.05) but not in the control group. From the above results, germanium fortified yeast is expected to be useful on the improvement of the cellular immune response and protection of organs from various chronic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1003-1007
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• 2009

To develop Allium tuberosum L. as a cancer preventive food material, thiosulfinates and biological active components were isolated from Allium tuberosum L. and the apoptotic effects of thiosulfinates in human cancer cells were examined. Thiosulfinates decreased viable cell numbers in dose- and time-dependent manners. Thiosulfinates at the 20 $\mu g$/mL concentration inhibited more than 60% cell proliferation in HepG2 and A549 human cancer cells, respectively. Also the morphology of cells treated with thiosulfinates of 30 $\mu g$/mL concentration was distorted with shrunken cell mass while the cell number was lower than that of control cells. The $IC_{50}$ values in the HepG2 cells were higher than those of the A549 cells. Thiosulfinates at the 30 $\mu g$/mL concentration showed the formation of apoptotic bodies and a nuclear condensation, and an increase in the cell populations of the sub-G1 phase in the HepG2 cells. These results indicate that thiosulfinates from Allium tuberosum L. inhibited cell proliferation in HepG2 via apoptosis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2006

Armillaria mellea, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to Tricholomataceae of Basid-iomycota, has been known to have outstanding inhibitive effects on the sarcoma 180 and Erhrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral salt soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr, HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharide were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180 at the concentration of $1000{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $60{\sim}67.5%$ in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180, respectively. Fr, NaCl improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.8{\sim}3.0$ folds, respectively. In case of Fr. NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 10 and 2 folds, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2003

Neutral salt soluble [0.9% NaCl (Fr. NaCl)], hot water soluble (Fr. HW) and methanol soluble (Fr. MeOH) materials were extracted from Daedaleopsis tricolor. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, Fr. HW was not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HepG2 and HT-29 at the concentration of $0{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, while Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH were cytotoxic to the cell lines. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl showed antitumor effect with life prolongation of 77.4% in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NnCl and Fr. HW improved proliferation of spleen cells and the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing spleen cells and the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.7{\sim}2.4\;and\;2.2{\sim}8.7$ folds, respectively. Fr, NaCl generated $90\;{\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7 at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$, while lipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced $79{\mu}M$. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl (50 mg/kg body weight) increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes by 10 folds and two folds, respectively, than in the control group. The antitumor effect of D, tricolor was likely due to immunopotentiation activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2017

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson is distributed in China and Korea, and the fruit of C. monnieri is used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat carbuncle and pain in female genitalia. In this study, we examined the anti-proliferation and cell cycle arrest effects of ethanol extracts from C. monnieri (CME) in AGS gastric cancer cells. Our results show that CME suppressed cell proliferation and induced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in AGS cells by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay and LDH assay. Cell morphology was altered by CME in a dose-dependent manner. In order to identify the cell cycle arrest effects of CME, we investigated cell cycle analysis after CME treatment. In our results, CME induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Protein kinase B (Akt) plays a major role in cell survival mechanisms such as growth, division, and metastasis. Akt protein regulates various downstream proteins such as glycogen synthase kinase-$3{\beta}$ (GSK-$3{\beta}$) and tumor protein p53 (p53). Expression levels of p-Akt, p-GSK-$3{\beta}$, p53, p21, cyclin E, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) were determined by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of p-Akt, p-GSK-$3{\beta}$, and cyclin E were reduced while those of p53, p21, and p-CDK2 (T14/Y15) were elevated by CME. Moreover, treatment with CME, LY294002 (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor), BIO (GSK-$3{\beta}$ inhibitor), and Pifithrin-${\alpha}$ (p53 inhibitor) showed that cell cycle arrest effects were mediated through regulation of the Akt/GSK-$3{\beta}$/p53 signaling pathway. These results suggest that CME induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase via the Akt/GSK-$3{\beta}$/p53 signaling pathway in AGS gastric cancer cells.