• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

In this study, the sulfonated ion exchange fiber was synthesized by $Co^{60}\;{\gamma}-ray$ radiation-induced graft copolymerization. Degree of grafting (DG) increased with increasing the total dose and showed the highest value at 50 v/v% styrene monomer. And also, the degree of sulfonation (DS) increased with increasing the DG and reaction temperature. DS showed the maximum value at 20 min. Ion exchange capacity and swelling ratio of ion exchange fibers increased with increasing the DS and their maximum values were 4.76 meq/g and 23.5%, respectively. Ammonia adsorption increased as increasing the ammonia concentration and ion exchange capacity and remained constant over 10 cycles.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.166-171
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• 1982

A laboratiory experiment incubated at about $30^{\circ}C$ for 34 days was conducted in order to learn the effect of liming materials and rice straw on the volatilization of ammonia from flooded soils applied with urea. 1. The application of calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate increased buffer action of flood soil, though it resulted in increase in the volatilization of ammonia through raising flooded soil pH containing bicarbonate. 2. The mixing of rice straw powder to soil lowered pH of flooded soil, and decreased the volatilization of ammonia. The effect was particulary large when noliming material was used. 3. Calcium hydroxide depressed the evolution of $CO_2$ in the early days of incubation after flooding, while calcium silicate promoted the ammonification of soil nitrogen from the begining of flooding giving slow change in soil chemical properties. The rice straw was also effective in providing a favorable soil condition for the ammonification rather quickly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.761-766
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• 2010

This study was aimed to propose La(III)-zeolite composite which can effectively and simultaneously remove ammonia and phosphate in confined water bodies such as lakes and ponds. The optimum ratio of La(III):zeolite for the simultaneous removal of ammonia and phosphate was 0.0048 La(III) g:1 zeolite g. The drying temperature of La(III)-zeolite composite severely affected phosphate adsorption showing optimum condition at room temperature. It was revealed that the optimum dosage of La(III)-zeolite composite was 4.052 g/L at adsorption time of 90 min. The presence of alkalinity in aqueous solution brought positive effect on phosphate adsorption. Detachment of La(III) from La(III)-zeolite composite, which was dried at room temperature, was not observed in aquous solution. It indicates that La(III)-zeolite composite could effectively block phosphate released from sediment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.126-134
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• 1982

When $^{14}C-2$, 6-Diethylaniline (2, 6-DEA) was incubated aerobically in soil, $^{14}CO_2$ evolved from non-sterile soil A and B was 6.5 and 10.1%, respectively, in the 21st week. Methanol could extract 3.1 and 13.5% of the radioactivity from soil A and B, respectively, 2, 6-Diethylacetanilide was detected as a degradation product in soil. Chaetomium globosum produced 2, 6-diethyl-p-benzoquinone as a degradation product in pure culture. A possible pathway was proposed to include p-hydroxylation of 2, 6-DEA, formation of quinoneimine, and the subsequent hydrolysis with the release of ammonia.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.316-326
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• 1999

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility of extracting pure left ventricular blood pool and myocardial time-activity curves (TACs) and of generating factor images from human dynamic N-13 ammonia PET using factor analysis. The myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates obtained with factor analysis were compared with those obtained with the user drawn region-of-interest (ROI) method. Materials and Methods: Stress and rest N-13 ammonia cardiac PET imaging was acquired for 23 min in 5 patients with coronary artery disease using GE Advance tomograph. Factor analysis generated physiological TACs and factor images using the normalized TACs from each dixel. Four steps were involved in this algorithm: (a) data preprocessing; (b) principal component analysis; (c) oblique rotation with positivity constraints; (d) factor image computation. Area under curves and MBF estimated using the two compartment N-13 ammonia model were used to validate the accuracy of the factor analysis generated physiological TACs. The MBF estimated by factor analysis was compared to the values estimated by using the ROI method. Results: MBF values obtained by factor analysis were linearly correlated with MBF obtained by the ROI method (slope = 0.84, r = 0.91), Left ventricular blood pool TACs obtained by the two methods agreed well (Area under curve ratio: 1.02 ($0{\sim}1min$), 0.98 ($0{\sim}2min$), 0.86 ($1{\sim}2min$)). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrates that MBF can be measured accurately and noninvasively with dynamic N-13 ammonia PET imaging and factor analysis. This method is simple and accurate, and can measure MBF without blood sampling, ROI definition or spillover correction.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 1999

Generation of gaseous ammonia has been a major problem in composting facilities. Microbial inocula. KMT-199(brand name: CompoBac$^{TM}$). was developed in INBI0NET CORPORATION and tested in the field for its ammonia reducing capability. When KMT-199 was applied. a ten-fold increase of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms was observed during the early stage of composting process. Also. the temperature and pH of early stage compost increased at a higher rate when compared to control. KMT-199 treated compost reached highest temperature of $75^{\circ}C$at day 9, indicating treatment could shift the maximum composting temperature to 3 days earlier The highest temperature also reached $3^{\circ}C$ higher than the control. The pH of compost gradually increased during composting. KMT-199 treated compost reached a plateau of pH 9.32 at day 15 after treatment, and then slowly decreased thereafter. On the other hand. pH of the control steadily increased until day 38 of composting. 29% reduction of gaseous ammonia generation during composting was observed compared to that of the control. KMT-199 amended compost resulted in a higher germination rate of radish seeds than the control. These results indicate that application of microbial inocula facilitates degradation of organic materials, including ammonia during the composting process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.704-711
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• 2010

Lignocellulose ($2^{nd}$ generation) is difficult to hydrolyze due to the presence of lignin and the technology developed for cellulose fermentation to ethanol is not yet economically viable. However, recent advances in the extremely new field of biotechnology for the ethanol production are making it possible to use of agriculture residuals and nonedible crops biomass, e.q., rice straw and miscanthus sinensis, because of their several superior aspects as agriculture residual and nonedible crops biomass; low lignin, high contents of carbohydrates. In this article, as the basic study of AP(Ammonia Percolation), the properties and the optium conditions of process were established, and then the overall efficiency of AP was investigated. The important independent variables for AP process were selected as ammonia concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The percolation condition for maximizing the content of cellulose, the enzymatic digestibility, and the lignin removal was optimized using RSM(Response Surface Methodology). The determined optimum condition is ammonia concentration; 11.27%, reaction temperature; $157.75^{\circ}C$, and reaction time; 10.01 min. The satisfying results were obtained under this optimized condition, that is, the results are as follows: cellulose content(relative); 39.98%, lignin content(relative); 8.01%, and enzymatic digestibility; 85.89%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.649-654
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• 2009

Respirometric analysis of domestic sewage by measuring oxygen uptake rate(OUR) was carried out for the experimental assessment of the organic and biomass fractions. The data of the organic and biomass fractions in sewage is essential for the activated sludge model to optimize the biological treatment plant. As a result of this study, the fractions of readily biodegradable substrate($S_S$), slowly biodegradable substrate($X_S$), inert soluble substrate($S_I$), inert particular substrate($X_I$) and heterotrophic biomass($X_{HAB}$) were about 26.6%, 41.5%, 8.5%, 14.7% and 8.7% on the basis of chemical oxygen demand($COD_{Cr}$), respectively. And the fractions of nitrogen were also studied. The fractions of soluble nitrate nitrogen($S_{NO}$), soluble ammonia nitrogen($S_{NH}$), soluble nonbiodegradable organic nitrogen($S_{NI}$), soluble biodegradable organic nitrogen($S_{ND}$) and slowly biodegradable organic nitrogen($X_{ND}$) were about 3.7%, 64.9%, 4.7%, 9.4% and 17.4%, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.322-331
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD), $NH_3-N$ concentrate, gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) through in vitro fermentation by adding horse feces to various juice pomaces fermented with Bacillus, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. The pH range of fermented fluid with juice pomaces was 6.4-7.1, indicating that the digestion by microbial fermentation was normal. Juice pomaces adopted will be helpfully used to assist with digestion by microbes in intestines because approximately $10^9CFU/m{\ell}$ microbes were grown after 48 hours in fermented fluid. DMD rate gradually increased from 12 hours. It was 39.19% in pomaces of apple, 38.22% in grape, 37.02% in carrot, 36.2% in citrus and 34.35% in mixture respectively after 48 hours. $NH_3-N$ concentrate was not changed significantly as it was maintained at $1.5mg/100m{\ell}$ level in the entire treatment group from beginning of fermentation until 12 hours, but increased rapidly from 24 hours. Amount of gas produced was lowest in the mixture and increased rapidly after 12 hours. Total VFA increased from 24 hours and was highest at 48 hours. It was suggested that dry matter digestion was processed while fermented juice pomaces kept proper pH during in vitro digestion, and cellulose degrading microorganisms could act actively in the caecum and colon of horses.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2016

Bacillus subtilis SRCM 101269 having safety and amo gene isolated from Korean traditional fermented food and their investigated characterization to apply the cow manure such as cellulase and xylanase activities, 16S rRNA sequencing, and ability of removal of livestock manure odor. Cow manure application results for the removal of livestock manure odor, the ammonia gas was reduced more than two-folder compared to the control group after 6 days, and reduced to less than 10 ppm after 9 days. In the case of cow manure added fowl droppings and other wood-based mixture components, ammonia gas maintained constant after 3 days of fermentation. However, in the case of sample inoculated B. subtilis SRCM 101269, ammonia gas reduced in course of fermentation time, and concentration of hydrogen sulfide also reduced for 65 ppm. Changes of nitrite concentration according to fermentation time no showed different for cow manure, however nitrite concentration in mixed livestock manure increased when compared to control. And then sulfate concentration in cow manure decreased, and no showed different when compared to the initial fermentation. No apparent change of sulfate concentration in mixed livestock manure detected. Through the previously studies, B. subtilis SRCM 101269 has high potential in industrial application manufacturing the cow manure as removal of livestock manure odor.