• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the style of livestock house, concentration of malodorous substances of livestock feces and livestock houses in Daejeon area. Among the livestock houses investigated, as most of cow pens(94.5%) have sawdust or chaff on the bottom, there was no leakage of feces out of pen. Most pig pens adopted slury style, but some of them currently use buffering material on the bottom. It is thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. When it comes to hen house, all the broiler house use litters on the bottom and all the layer house use scrapper. It is also thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. 3 out of 12 deer pens used buffering material on the bottom, 10 places were maintained in a traditional method, and 7 places left possibility of contamination leakage considering whether the roof was installed or not. The contents of ammonia, amine and volatile fatty acid in fresh feces were lower compared to rotten feces, but the concentration of sulfur-containing matter - hydrogen sulfide, methylmercapthan and ethylmercapthan were higher compared to rotten feces. In the case of malodorous ingredient in livestock houses, only small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected in pig pen and hen house, and other ingredients were not detectable. And those who are engaged in animal husbandry reacted negatively to the use of feed additives for decreasing malodor. In conclusion, it is not worrisome that contamination can be leaked out of animal raising facilities. But if we take into consideration that the point of investigation time is wintry season, there should be more considerate attitude. And feed additives for decreasing malodor need establishing criteria in the manufacturing process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

In order to investigate the effect of $V_2O_5$ loading of $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst on the NO reduction and the formation of $N_2O$, the experimental study was carried out in a differential reactor using the powder catalyst. The NO reduction and the ammonia oxidation were, respectively, investigated over the catalysts compose of $V_2O_5$ content (1~8 wt%) based on the fixed composition of $WO_3$ (9 wt%) on $TiO_2$ powder. $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalysts had the NO reduction activity even under the temperature of $200^{\circ}C$. However, the lowest temperature for NO reduction activity more than 99.9% to treat NO concentration of 700 ppm appeared at 340 with very limited temperature window in the case of 1 wt% $V_2O_5$ catalyst. And the temperature shifted to lower one as well as the temperature window was widen as the $V_2O_5$ content of the catalyst increased, and finally reached at the activation temperature ranged $220{\sim}340^{\circ}C$ in the case of 6 wt% $V_2O_5$ catalyst. The catalyst of 8 wt% $V_2O_5$ content presented lower activity than that of 8 wt% $V_2O_5$ content over the full temperature range. NO reduction activity decreased as the $V_2O_5$ content of the catalyst increased above $340^{\circ}C$. The active site for NO reduction over $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalysts was mainly related with $V_2O_5$ particles sustained as the bare surface with relevant size which should be not so large to stimulate $N_2O$ formation at high temperature over $320^{\circ}C$ according to the ammonia oxidation. Currently, $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalysts were operated in the temperature ranged $350{\sim}450^{\circ}C$ to treat NOx in the effluent gas of industrial plants. However, in order to save the energy and to reduce the secondary pollutant $N_2O$ in the high temperature process, the using of $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst of content $V_2O_5$ was recommended as the low temperature catalyst which was suitable for low temperature operation ranged $250{\sim}320^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 1989

Electrochemical reductions of $trans-[Co(en)_2X_2](ClO_4)_n$ (where X is cyanide, nitrite, ammonia, and isothiocyanate) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and polarography at mercury and glassy carbon electrode. $trans-[Co(en)_2(CN)_2]ClO_4$ was reduced to Co(II) complex followed by adsorption to the mercury electrode. Cyanide ion was not released from the reduced Co(II) complex but the cyanide and (en) were released after the reduction to metallic cobalt. The other complexes except $trans-[Co(en)_2(CN)_2]ClO_4$ were reduced to cobalt(II) complexes followed by release of monodendate ligand, and (en) was released at the reduction step to metallic cobalt. $trans-[Co(en)_2(NO_2)_2]ClO_4$ was reduced to cobalt(Ⅱ) complex, and $NO_2^-$ ion was released followed by electroreduction through ECE mechanism at pH 2. On glassy carbon electrode, all complexes of Co(III) were reduced to Co(II) complexes with irreversible one-electron diffusion controlled reaction in which (en) was not released at this step. Increasing absorption wave number of complexes caused to negative shift of peak potential.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.245-245
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• 2010

우리나라 생활폐기물 중 음식물쓰레기는 가장 많은 부분을 차지하고 있다. 또한, 음식물쓰레기에서 발생되는 음폐수의 발생량은 8,926톤/일에 달하고 있지만, 이 중 극히 일부만이 하수처리장 등에서 병합 처리되고 있고 대부분은 해양 투기되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 독일 GBU사로부터 중온/습식/이상 혐기성 소화 기술을 도입하여 HADS Pilot Plant를 설치하였고, 2008년 3월부터 국내 음폐수 및 음식물쓰레기에 적합한 최적의 운전기술을 확보하기 위한 Pilot Test를 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 HADS Pilot Plant는 산발효조($6m^3$), 메탄발효조($50m^3$), 안정화조/가스저장조($40m^3$)그리고 가스 소각기로 구성되어 있다. 그리고 적용 음폐수 및 음식물쓰레기는 경기도 Y군에 위치한 사료화 시설에 반입되는 것을 이용하였는데 음폐수는 평균 TS 13.5%, VS 80%, pH $3.7{\pm}0.2$의 성상을 나타내었다. 이를 이용해 계단식으로 유기물 부하를 증가시키면서 $4kgVS/m^3/d$까지 적용하며 중온 상태에서 혐기성 소화를 실시한 결과, $0.8Nm^3/kgVS_{rem}/d$의 바이오가스 회수 및 85%의 VS 감량이 가능함을 확인하였다. 그리고 음식물쓰레기는 음폐수와 달리 1차 파쇄/선별기 및 배관상에 설치되는 2차 미세파쇄/선별기를 통한 전처리를 실시하였고, 1차 파쇄/선별 후 평균적으로 TS가 17.4%, VS는 81%, pH는 $3.85{\pm}0.2$의 성상을 나타내는 음식물쓰레기를 2차 미세파쇄/선별기를 거쳐 Pilot Plant의 산발효조에 투입하여 중온상태에서 혐기성 소화를 실시하였다. 음폐수 적용시와 마찬가지로 계단식으로 유기물 부하를 증량하면서 $4kgVS/m^3/d$까지 적용하여 운전하였고, 그 결과 약 $0.9{\sim}1.2Nm^3/kgVS_{rem}/d$의 바이오가스 회수와 85~87%의 VS 감량 효율을 확인하였다. 음폐수와 음식물쓰레기의 혐기성 소화 실험 결과, 제거된 VS량을 기준으로 보았을 때, 음식물쓰레기에서 더 많은 바이오가스 발생하였는데 이는 음식물쓰레기에 존재하는 고형물이 미생물들의 서식 공간으로 활용됨에 따라 혐기성 소화 과정에서 일어나는 혼합 발효 및 공영양 대사가 음폐수 대비 좀 더 수월하게 일어날 수 있게 된 데에 따른 결과라고 생각된다. 당사의 HADS Pilot Plant test에서는 계단식의 순차적인 유기물 부하 증량과 총VFA/총 알카리도 비율을 0.3~0.4 수준이하로 유지하며 운전함에 따라 음폐수와 음식물 모두에서 안정적으로 $4kgVS/m^3/d$까지의 유기물 부하 적용이 가능하였다. 또한, 생산된 바이오가스 내 메탄의 함량은 60~65%를 유지하였으며, 메탄발효조의 pH는 별도의 조절이 없이도 운전기간 동안 평균 7.8~7.9 수준을 유지하였다. 이처럼 pH 3.7~3.8의 음폐수 또는 음식물쓰레기의 투입에도 안정적인 완충능력을 보여준 것은 소화조 내에서 기질로부터 분해되어져 나오는 암모니아와 이산화탄소가 강력한 버퍼 시스템을 구축하고 있음에 따른 결과로 사료된다. 그리고 음폐수와 음식물쓰레기의 경우 모두 85%이상의 높은 VS 제거율을 보여주었는데 이는 당사의 HADS Pilot Plant 소화조의 구조가 내통과 외통으로 구분되어져 있음에 따라 plug flow + CSTR의 특징을 가짐에 따른 결과로 판단된다. 상기한 결과를 바탕으로 향후에는 $5kgVS/m^3/d$ 수준의 유기물 부하 적용운전도 계획하고 있다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2013

This study proposes an efficient management plan for improving the water quality of agricultural reservoirs. Hongdong reservoir is located in an area that includes farmland, forest, residential housing, and livestock farms. The levels of pollutants in Hongdong reservoir were investigated with the aim of improving the water quality in the reservoir. The potential concentrations of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) in Hongdong reservoir were 1.06-3.67 and 0.52-1.12 $g/m^2-d$, respectively. An analysis of leaching characteristics was performed under anaerobic conditions for 72 hours at $20^{\circ}C$. The concentrations of T-P and $PO_4$-P were measured by general leaching for a set period. In the case of T-P, the leaching was measured by irregular leaching due to denitrification of nitrite nitrogen ($NO_2$-N) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N). A very small amount of $NH_3$-N on nitrogen ($N_2$) was measured due to the low pH in the column, as a consequence of the anaerobic conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.57-61
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• 2016

Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an autosomal recessively inherited organic acid disorder due to a defect of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase in the leucine metabolic pathway. Deficiency of this enzyme results in the accumulation of derivatives of isovaleryl-CoA. In acute illness in IVA, isovaleric acid and its derivatives accumulate and profound metabolic acidosis with ketosis, characteristic pungent body odor, hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia can be developed. Additionally, recurrent vomiting, failure to thrive, developmental delay, epilepsy and mental retardation are chronic presenting symptoms and signs for IVA. On the result of newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders, increased levels of isovalerylcarnitine (C5) are shown. However, C5 elevation can be accompanied with short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD) and therapy with certain antibiotics containing pivalic acid. Quantitative measurement of organic acids in urine and acylcarnitine profiles in plasma are necessary to differential diagnosis. Molecular genetic analysis of the IVD gene for IVA and ACADSB is also helpful to confirm IVA and SBCAD deficiency, respectively. Considering that IVA can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality at acute presentation of metabolic crisis, early diagnosis prior to the onset of symptoms by newborn screening enable to introduction of early treatment and prevention of acute and chronic complications.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.721-730
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• 1993

Various catalysts of $Cu_xH_3-{_{2x}}PMo_{12}O_{40}{\cdot}_nH_2O$ with different x-values have been prepared and characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, BET surface-area measurement, electron microscopy, and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia. The properties of these catalysts in acrolein oxidation have been investigated in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. The catalysts lost their water of crystallization at about $200^{\circ}C$ and their constitutional water between 300 and $400^{\circ}C$. The Keggin structure of the catalysts was identified by infrared spectroscopy. The decomposition of Keggin anion, $(PMo_{12}O_{40})^{3-}$, was increased with the increase of substituted copper content and identifiable $MoO_3$ and $P_2O_5$ as decomposition products were observed. The conversion of acrolein decreased with the increase of x probably due to the decrease of specific surface area and of total amount of acid sites. But specific reaction rate and selectivity to acrylic acid were maximized at x=1.0, and it showed specific acid site distributions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1270-1278
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• 2015

In vitro anticancer effects of black soybean doenjang on HT-29 human colon cancer cells were studied. SD (soybean doenjang prepared with nine-time baked bamboo salt) and BD (black soybean doenjang prepared with nine-time baked bamboo salt) were compared with CD (commercial doenjang). There were no significant differences between experimental groups in terms of pH, amino-type nitrogen, and ammonia-type nitrogen levels of the doenjang samples. BD showed the highest antioxidative effect, followed by SD and CD in that order. BD also showed the highest total polyphenol concentration of all samples. CD, SD, and BD extracts showed no toxic effects on normal RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/mL. BD exhibited anticancer effect on HT-29 cells by MTT assay. Also, BD manipulated mRNA expressions in certain factors; it suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and COX-2, promoted cell-cycle-related genes of p21, and p53, suppressed expression of cyclin D1, and suppressed anti-apoptotic Bcl-2; such manipulation by BD was the strongest, followed by SD and CD in order. From the results above, BD exhibited the highest anticancer effects by inhibiting growth of HT-29 cells, probably by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell cycling related genes, etc. These results might be due to using black soybeans containing high levels of polyphenol, including anthocyanins.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2002

A solid-state reaction of $MoO_3$ with as-synthesized H-SAPO-34 generated paramagnetic Mo(V) species. The dehydration resulted in weak Mo(V) species, and subsequent activation resulted in the formation of Mo(V) species such as $Mo(V)_{5c}$ and $Mo(V)_{6c}$ that are characterized by ESR. The data of ESR and ESEM show the oxomolybdenum species, to be $(MoO_2)^+$ or $(MoO)^{3+}$. The $(MoO_2)^+$ species seems to be more probable. Since H-SAPO-34 has a low framework negative charge, $(MoO)^{3+}$ with a high positive charge can not be easily stabilized. A solution reaction between the solution of silico-molybdic acid and calcined H-SAPO-34 resulted in only $(MoO_2)^+$ species. A rhombic ESR signal is observed on adsorption of $D_2O$, $CD_3OH$, $CH_3Ch_2OD$ and $ND_3$. The Location and coordination structure of Mo(V) species has been determined by three-pulse electron spin-echo modulation data and their simulations. After the adsorption of methanol, ethylene, ammonia, and water for MoH-SAPO-34, three molecules, one molecule, one and one molecule, respectively, are directly coordinated to $(MoO_2)^+)$.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

In this study, chemical analysis and ecotoxicity tests of leachate from disposal site for foot-and-mouth disease carcasses (FMD leachate) were conducted to collect fundamental data that will be used to develop environmental risk assessment tools for FMD leachate. For chemical analysis, concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, Korea standard method indicators for detection of leachate released from animal carcasses burial site into groundwater and NRN (Ninhydrin-Reactive Nitrogens), a newly suggested screening test indicator to detect groundwater contamination by FMD leachate, were assessed. For ecotoxicity tests, luminescent bacteria (V. fischeri), micro-algae (P. subcapitata) and water flea (D. magna) were selected as test species. Correlation analysis between the concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, NRN and the toxicity to V. fischeri was performed to identify the better indicators to monitor FMD leachate contamination. From regression analysis, the concentration of the indicators in FMD leachate contaminated sample that induced halfmaximal toxic effect to V. fischeri was evaluated. Results obtained from this study can be applied to assess the risk by FMD leachate and to establish the guideline to manage risk in relation to FMD leachate.