• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.28-32
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• 2012

The European Alps face a number of major threats - from habitat loss to pollution, from mass tourism to the impacts of climate change. The European alpine climate has changed significantly during the past century, with temperatures increasing more than twice the global average. This makes alpine mountains especially vulnerable to changes in the hydrological cycle and decreases in snow and glacier cover, which are already occurring. In winter, artificial snow-making is currently the most widespread strategy to extend and supplement natural snow cover and secure winter tourism. Artificial snow-making is not only very costly, but also has knock-on effects such as increased water consumption and energy demand or ecological damage, which may lead to negative externalities. The European Alps facing the challenge of changing climate and anthropogenic pressures.

• The Optical Journal
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• s.131
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• pp.50-53
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• 2011

사진의 발명 초기, 가장 널리 촬영되었던 것이 풍경사진이다. 풍경사진의 역사는 사진술의 발명가인 조세프 니세포르 니에프스의 세계 최초 풍경사진 <르 그라의 집 창에서 내다 본 조망, 1827년>부터 정치적인 목적으로 촬영된 비송형제의 알프스에서 찍은 풍경사진, 미국의 근대 사진을 이끌었던 알프레드 스티글리츠의 구름을 주제로한 <이퀴벌런트 Equivalent) 시리즈, 리얼리티에 입각한 'f64' 그룹, 현대의 풍경을 표현했던 '뉴토포그래픽스' 작가에 이르기까지 다양하며 광범위하다. 이렇듯 풍경사진은 자연이나 인공적인 풍경을 담아내는 일차적인 표현 방법을 넘어서 그 시대와 목적에 따라 달리 표현되며 작가 자신의 내면적 세계를 담아내는 행위이다. 글로벌한 1인 미디어가 대거 등장하면서 사진은 더욱 친숙하고 밀접하게 다가온다. 그 중 대표적인 것으로 여행에서의 풍경사진을 꼽을 수 있다. 우리는 개인이 직접 접해보지 못했던 대자연의 장엄함과 시골의 소박한 자연풍경을 사무실과 거실의 모니터 앞에서 쉽게 감상할 수 있다. 그러나 이 아름다운 풍경을 촬영자의 내면 그대로 담아내는 일은 좀처럼 쉽지 않다. 우리의 눈과 마음으로 바라보는 3차원 또는 4차원의 풍경을 사진이라는 2차원적 평면으로 표현할 수 있는 기본적인 촬영방법을 알아보자.

• 베이커리
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• no.2 s.319
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• pp.35-49
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• 1995

증기를 이용한 촉촉하고 부드러운 빵 ㆍ케이크-찜이란 빵 ㆍ과자가 오븐에서 열을 이용해 구워지는 것에 비해, 배합을 조정하여 찜기에서 수증기와 압력을 이용해 쪄내는 것을 말한다. 4~5년 전 제과점에서 찜기가 보급되기 시작했을 때 찜은 가정에서 만들어 먹는 가정식 형태라는 점에서 고객들로부터 큰 호응을 얻었다. 양산업체에서 시작된 찐빵이나 백설기 등이 제과품목으로 인기를 얻은 것이다. 그리고 몇 년 동안 찜류에도 많은 변화가 생겨났다. 고객요구에 맞게 다양한 상품들이 개발되었고, 일본화과자(찜만주)나, 카스테라 혹은 부드러운 찜케이크가 다양한 재료를 사용해 만들어지고 있다. 찜류는 배합과 공정이 쉬운 반면 보관은 그리 길지 않다. 특히 찜을 위해서는 찜기가 필수적인 장비다. 현재 국내 몇몇 기계업체에서 조작이 손쉬운 찜기를 공급하고 있다. 이 찜기를 이용한 12가지 빵과 케이크를 소개한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.35-49
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• 2013

The study area is Cheonjang-ri, also called Alps village, making continuous profit after performing Comprehensive Rural Village Development Projects. This study aims to determine the development process of activities about urban and rural interchange and its characteristics for making continuous profit by residents themselves. A focus on thinking about the process is necessary to make activities in order to achieve continuous profits in the underdeveloped rural village by residents themselves. As a result of this study, Alps village has developed new activities, improving problems which are encountered on the development process of activities. And, Alps village has developed new activities by linking them with previous activities. To improve problems, Alps village has made an effort by itself and cooperated with the subject, both inside and outside of the village. This way has been effective for increasing the number of visitors in village. Increasing the number of visitors in village has been effective in making a continuous profit. Also, continuing to make new activities in order to substitute previous activities including problems has been effective to increase profit.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.183-197
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• 2004

The introduction of geodetic methods of absolute displacement monitoring in tunnels has significantly improved the value of the measurements. Structurally controlled behavior and influences of an anisotropic rock mass can be determined, and the excavation and support adjusted accordingly. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of different weakness zone properties, thicknesses, and orientations relative to the tunnel axis were carried out and the function parameters were evaluated from the results. The results were compared to monitoring results from Alpine tunnels in heterogeneous rock. The good qualitative correlation between trends observed on site and numerical results gives hope that by a routine determination of the function parameters during excavation the prediction of rock mass conditions ahead of the tunnel face can be improved. Implementing the rules developed from experience and simulations into the monitoring data evaluation program allows to automatically issuing information on the expected rock mass quality ahead of the tunnel.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

This study emphasizes syntaxonomy and syndynamics of intermediate (Zwischen) moor (area: 14,000 $m^2$) at Mt. Shinbul in Yangsan, southeastern Korean Peninsula. A total of 105 vascular plant species including 26 monitor-species were recorded. Analysis by the $Z\"{u}rich$-Montpellier School's method distinguished eight vegetation units: Eleocharitis-Blyxetum echinospermae ass. nov., Eriocaulon sikokianum-Utricularia racemosa community, Eleocharis wichurai-Molinia japonica community, Platanthero-Molinietum japonicas, Miscanthus sinensis for. purpurascens community, Tripterygium regelii community, Symplocos chinensis-Quercus mongolica community, Symplocos chinensis-Quercus dentata community. PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis) shows that vegetation changes and distributional aspects are associated with both moisture condition and sunlight on the ground layer and soil nutrient level (mesotrophic to oligotrophic). Most important to Molinietea japonicas being representative intermediate moor vegetation at the southeasternmost fringe of the Korean Peninsula is the local cooling effect by mountainous cloud and mist zone resulting in shorter and wetter growing season. The Yangsan moor vegetation was compared with earlier descriptions of related Mujechi moor from anthropogenic and natural moor vegetations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.281-287
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• 2003

We present the first analysis of moor vegetation on the Moojechi of Ulsan including syntaxonomy and syndynamics. We classified plant communities according to the Braun-Blanquet approach. In order to better understand ecological alteration processes and changing species compositions along successional gradients we also examined synecological differences using Principal Coordinate Analysis(PCoA) in terms of moisture gradient, species richness, and community structure. Classification resulted in one association and five plant communities occupying distinct moor habitats: Hypericum laxum-Eleocharis acicularis for. longiseta community, Drosera rotundifolia-Eleocharis congesta community, Platanthero-Molinietum japonicae ass. nova hoc loco, Molinia japonica-Alnus japonica community, Miscanthus sinensis-Pinus densiflora community, and Convallaria keiskei-Quercus serrata community. Due to synecological correspondences and floristic similarities in supraregional perspective, Platanthero-Molinietum can be assigned to existing higher syntaxonomic units of Molinion and Molinietalia in Braun-Blanquet system, established in Japan. We propose to extend their range and designate the new class Molinietea japonicae representative to the intermediate moor (Zwischenmoor) vegetation in Northeast Asia. PCoA resulted in four types showing a sequencess of succession: Needle spike-rush type, moor-grass type (incl. alder forest type), eulalia type, and oak forest type. A combination of edaphic conditions (soil eutrphication and soil moisture) and hydrologic patterns of moor ecosystem related to topography, occurring as result of external geophysical forces, controls inter alia spatial patterns and floristic compositions of moor plant communities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2010

The present experiments were carried out to develop new antioxidants from EtOH extract of flower resources of Compositae plant concerning total polyphenol and flavonoid content, scavenging activities on DPPH and ABTS radicals, ferrous ion chelating effects, and inhibition activity on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid. EtOH extracts from Matricaria recutica, Cosmos bipinnatus, Synurus deltoides, and Aster pilosus showed higher level of total polyphenol content, and the flavonoid content was the highest in C. bipinnatus. However, scavenging activity on DPPH radicals was the highest in EtOH extract of Hieracium pilosella-1.1 times higher than BHT control. The activity on ABTS radical scavenging was the highest in EtOH extracts of M. recutica and S. deltoides-2.0 and 1.2 times higher than ascorbic acid, and 2.2 and 1.3 times higher than BHT, respectively. Ferrous ion chelating effects was also the highest in M. recutica, but the level was much lower than EDTA. Inhibition activity on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid, measured at every 4 days for 32 days, was superior and longer lasting with M. recutica and Achillea alpina, compared to that of BHT. In conclusion, antioxidant activity was different depending on species, so selection of proper plant species for the development of potential antioxidant is very important.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2009

The attempts to develop natural antioxidants have been made with aerial part of 16 Compositae species by analyzing their phenolic compound contents, scavenging activities on 1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, ferrous ion chelating effects and inhibition effects on peroxidation of linoleic acids. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in Matricaria recutica. Scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS radicals were highest with extracts of Echinacea angustifolia and Serratula coronata var. insularis f. insularis, respectively. Aerial palt extracts of all species showed lower DPPH scavenging activity than ascorbic acid and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). But Serratula coronata var. insularis f. insularis demonstrated higher ABTS scavenging activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. In Hieracium pilosella, Echinacea angustifolia, Matricaria reculica extracts showed higher ABTS scavenging activity than BHT. Ferrous ion chelating effects was highest with Matricaria recutica extract, but the effects were much lower than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The inhibition activity in lipid peroxidation of linoleic acids was highest in Eupatorium japonicum with 90.06% inhibition 4 days after reaction and 40.52% after 24 days. This demonstrated higher inhibition activity and longer lasting than BHT. Aerial part of Matricaria recutica for extraction source, rather than flower, has higher potential for antiox.idant material. In conclusion, development of natural antioxidants in Compositae is possible by studying antioxidant activity of each species.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

The technique of mountain ordering developed by Yamada(1999) has been tested to two small islands (Namhaedo: 301km², Geojedo: 378km²). The results and experiences above were extended and applied to the whole area of the southern part of Korean Peninsula. Three areas such as Seorak-Taebaek Mountains, Jiri-Deogyu Mountains, and Youngnam Alps are identified as the highest, 5th order mountains. 10 areas are classified as the 4th order and 87 areas as the 3rd order. It is suggested that the 5th order mountains are related to the axis of uplift and the 4th and 3rd order mountains have the same direction (NE-SW) as that of the secondary mountain systems in the Korean Peninsula. The logarithmic values of number, area, and relative altitude of the ordered mountains have the linear relationship with the order, as the laws of stream order. The several mountains which are not included in the existing mountain systems could be identified among the ordered mountains, and those mountains could be used as the basis to understand the geological structure of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the National Parks and the Provincial Parks are distributed on the 3rd, 4th, 5th order mountains. It is especially confirmed that the Songnisan National Park take a role to link the Seorak-Taebaek Mountains and Jiri-Deogyu Mountains as a important ecological axis. Therefore, it would be validated that the technique of mountain ordering has the practical values as well as the geomorphological significances.