• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.752-758
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• 2007

Background: Thoracic sympathetic block surgery is a safe and effective procedure for palmar hyperhydrosis, and this maintains sufficient moisture and prevents compensatory hyperhidrosis. To avoid compensatory hyperhidrosis, the authors performed sympathetic block surgery just above the R4 level to maintain sympathetic tone affecting the caudal area. Material and Method: A total of 71 subjects (45 males and 26 females) were categorized into two groups. Group 1 (31 patients, mean age: 25.5 years) had clips placed both on the upper and lower part of R4 sympathetic ganglion, and group 2 (40 patients, mean age: 25.9 years) underwent clipping of the upper part of R4. Telephone surveys were done to collect data on 8 categories, and the average follow up interval was 24.9 months (group 1) and 18.9 months (group 2). Result: For group 1, 41.9% experienced no sweating and 48.4% re-plied they experienced some sweating depending on the surrounding conditions. Group 2 showed that 60% experienced no sweating and 35% replied they experienced some sweating depending on the surrounding conditions, 58.1% in group 1 experienced sweating right after the surgery, and 40.0% in group 2 experienced the same. Group 1 (38.1%) and group 2 (37.5%) replied they experienced no hand dryness and more patients in group 2 than in group 1 had hand dryness, but without uncomfortable symptoms. 71.0% (group 1) and 62.5% (group 2) replied they had no compensatory hyperhidrosis or related symptoms. One patient in group 1 and two in group 2 reported they regretted undergoing the procedure. The regions of compensatory hyperhidrosis were the back, thigh and chest in group 1 and the group 2 reported the back, chest, and abdomen in the order of frequency. Fewer incidences of the gustatory hyperhidrosis were noted in group 2. Most of the patients were satisfied with their treatment. Conclusion: Clipping the upper part of the R4 ganglion or R4 sympathetic block are both effective for treating palmar hyperhidrosis and these treatments decrease the occurrence or symptoms of compensatory hyperhidrosis. The upper R4 sympathetic block procedure is easier and safer with fewer incidences of gustatory hyperhidrosis and a higher percentage of patient satisfaction.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2013

Coal ash can be added to agricultural soils to increase the chemical properties of soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient availability of - B, Ca, Mo etc-. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of fly ash as a soil amendment in paddy soils. Selected fly ash was mixed with bentonite and calcium hydroxide at the ratio of 80:15:5 (w/w) and manufactured as a pellet type at the size of 10 mm. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fly ash fertilizer on the soil quality and crop growth compare to the control (no fertilizer) and, - traditional fertilizer. Results showed that soil pH and organic matter in paddy soils after applying the manufactured fly ash fertilizer were not increased compared to the other two treatments. However, the concentration of available phosphate and silicate in paddy soils were higher than those of the control and traditional fertilization. With regard to crop growth, no significant difference was observed between three different treatments. However, the content of protein in the rice grain cultivated with the fly ash fertilizer was higher than in the rice cultivated by other two treatments. Overall, fly ash fertilizer could increase the concentration of available silicate and phosphate in the paddy soil and improve the rice quality. In conclusion, fly ash can be utilized in agricultural soils as soil amendment, especially in the rice paddy soil.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.133-160
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• 2018

$CO_2$ storage is a very important technology for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and has been considered as almost the only viable and effective option for immediate large-scale $CO_2$ sequestration. Small-scale demonstration project for offshore $CO_2$ storage in the Pohang Basin is the transitional stage R&D program for technological preparation of large-scale $CO_2$ storage project in Korea. Through the extensive exploration research for prospective $CO_2$ storage sites, the offshore strata in the Pohang Basin was recommended for the storage formation of the small-scale demonstration project. The Pohang Offshore Storage Project launched at 2013, and has accomplished the technical demonstration and technological independence in a wide range of $CO_2$ storage technology, such as geophysical exploration, storage site characterization, storage design, offshore platform construction, injection-well drilling and completion, deployment of injection facility, operation of $CO_2$ injection, and $CO_2$ monitoring. The project successfully carried out $CO_2$ test injection in early 2017, and achieved its final goal for technical development and demonstration of $CO_2$ storage in Korea. The realization of $CO_2$ injection in this project is the measurable result and has been recorded as the first success in Korea. The Pohang Offshore Storage Project has a future plan for the continuous operation of $CO_2$ injection and completion of $CO_2$ monitoring system. The project has provided in-house technical and practical expertises, which will be a solid foundation for the commercial-scale $CO_2$ storage business in Korea. Additionally, the project will help to secure national technical competitiveness in growing international technology market for $CO_2$ storage.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.28-28
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• 2011

국내의 건축물에 관한 통계정보는 국토해양부에 의해서 공표된 통계연보로서 2002년부터 매년마다 제공되고 있다.(국토해양통계누리, https : //stat.mltm.go.kr/potal/stat/yearReport.do) 건축물의 통계연보는 과거부터 2002년까지 매 3년마다 공표된 것으로 알려지고 있다. 이 통계연보에는 건축물 현황과 건축허가착공 통계가 수록되어 있다. 건축물 현황에는 2009년 말을 기준으로 기존 건축물이 전체 6,618,131동으로서 용도별, 층수와 연면적별 그리고 소유구분별 등의 구분에 따라 건축물의 동수에 관한 통계자료가 포함돼 있다. 건축허가 및 착공통계에는 용도별과 구조재료별의 분류에 따라 건축물의 동수에 관한 자료가 신축, 증축 개축 이전 대수선, 용도변경 등으로 분류되어 수록돼 있다. 한편 국내에서 건축물에 대한 내진설계기준이 1988년에 제정됨에 따라 법제화되었다. 이때 내진설계의 의무 대상건축물은 6층 이상 또는 연면적 1만$m^2$이상인 건축물로 규정되었다. 그 이후 내진설계 대상 건축물이 1996년부터 아파트는 5층 이상으로, 판매시설은 연면적 5천$m^2$이상으로 확대되었고, 2000년부터 숙박시설 오피스텔 및 기숙사는 5층 이상으로 확대되었으며, 2005년부터 내진설계 의무화 대상이 3층 이상 또는 1천$m^2$이상으로 확대되었고, 2009년부터 3층 이상 건축물의 구조안전의 확인을 위한 세부절차를 규정하여 내진설계의 실효성을 확보하고 있다. 이와 같이 내진설계의 대상 건축물이 내진설계기준을 제정한 이후 현재까지 시대의 흐름에 따라 6층 이상에서 5층 이상으로 다시 3층 이상으로 계속 확대되어왔다. 이런 환경에서 현재 시점에서 사용 중인 기존 건축물 중에 내진설계가 적용되지 아니한 건축물은 1988년 3월 1일 이전에 건축허가 된 건축물과 그 이후에 건축허가 된 3층 내지 5층 이하인 저층 건축물의 두 가지로 구분할 수 있다. 이들의 내진설계가 미적용 된 건축물에 대해서는 원칙적으로 내진보강 대책 수립 및 추진이 필요한 실정이다. 국내에서는 현재 지진재해대책법에 따라 지진재해로부터 국민의 생명과 재산을 보호하기 위하여 기존 시설물에 대한 내진대책을 추진하는 정책이 시행되고 있다. 앞으로는 이 정책의 일환으로 기존 건축물의 내진성능 확보를 위한 내진보강 대책이 구체적으로 추진될 전망이다. 이와 같이 기존 건축물에 대한 내진보강 대책을 수립하는 데는 무엇보다 그 대상 건축물의 수와 구조형식에 관한 정보가 필요하다. 이는 내진보강의 방법과 소요비용이 건축물의 층수 및 구조형식별 동수에 따라 크게 달라지기 때문이다. 이런 관점에서 살펴볼 때 내진대책의 수립에 필수인 기존 저층 건축물의 층수 및 구조형식별 동수에 관한 통계자료를 현재 건축물의 현황통계에서 손쉽게 찾아 볼 수 있으면 좋겠는데 현실은 그렇지 못한 실정이다. 현재 건축물의 현황통계에는 저층 건축물에 해당하는 층수에 관한 구분이 연대에 따라 다르고 구체적인 층수를 구분하기 어렵게 불분명한 항목으로 구성된 것과 구조형식별 분류항목이 없는 형편이다. 반면에 건축허가 및 착공통계자료에는 구조재료별 건축물 동수와 연면적에 관한 자료가 수록되어있고, 건축물 층수에 따라 분류된 통계자료는 없다. 이 연구에서는, 기존 건축물에 대한 내진보강 대책을 수립하는데 필요한 저층 건축물의 층수 및 구조재료별 동수 등에 관한 구체적인 정보를 파악하기 위하여, 건축물 통계연보에 수록된 건축물 현황통계자료에서 불명확하거나 결여된 정보를 건축허가 및 착공 통계자료로부터 얻은 정보로 보완과 보충하여 제시하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 기존 건축물의 내진보강 대책 수립에 필요한 5층 이하의 저층 건축물에 관한 층수별 및 구조형식별 동수에 관한 연도별 통계자료를 추정하여 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.108-114
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• 2014

To analyze the hazards associated with cucumber and hot pepper cultivation areas, a total of 72 samples were obtained and tested to detect the presence of biological (sanitary indicative, pathogenic bacteria and fungi) and chemical hazards (heavy metals and pesticide residues). The levels of sanitary indicative bacteria (aerobic plate counts and coliforms) and fungi were ND-7.2 and ND-4.8 log CFU/(g, mL, hand, or $100cm^2$) in cucumber cultivation areas, and ND-6.8 and 0.4-5.3 log CFU/(g, mL, hand, or $100cm^2$) in hot pepper cultivation areas. More specifically, the soil of hot pepper cultivation areas was contaminated with coliforms at a maximum level of 5.6 log CFU/g. Staphylococcus aureus was detected only in glove samples at a level of 1.4 log CFU/$100cm^2$ and Bacillus cereus was detected in the majority of samples at a level of ND-4.8 log CFU/(g, mL, hand, or $100cm^2$). Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. were not detected. Heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Hg) chemical hazards were detected at levels lower than the regulation limit. Residual insecticides were not detected in cucumbers; however, hexaconazole was detected at a level of 0.016 mg/kg (maximum residue limit: 0.3 mg/kg) in hot peppers.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of root growth in Kentucky bluegrass sod(KBS) and creeping bentgrass sod(BGS) transplanted in summer(August 9) and fall(September 19), respectively. Hydroponic system was also used to observe rooting development in the study. Root development differed in KBS by transplanting time. It reached to more than 5 cm after 100 days In summer and 50 days in fall. However, BGS's root grew over 6cm after 40 days, regardless of the season. There was no significant differences in BGS, regardless of any cutting treatment. In the case of KBS, it was best with sod culled with 0.5cm deep and 1.5cm long. But it grew beyond 5 cm in root growth under any treatment after 40 days in transplanting. In a hydroponic study, BGS produced root over 100cm for 80 days through a summer season. However, the root of KBS did only grow in condition below $20^{\circ}C$. These results indicated that root growth characteristics were variable in BGS and KBS. It was considered that rooting development of BGS might be improved with sufficient irrigation in summer, and KBS grows well in lower temperature of $10{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, as compared with BGS. As to establishing the lawn with a sodding method, it should be careful in transplanting time, especially KBS.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate the visual function with prescription swimming goggles. Methods: 15 university students (mean age: $22{\pm}1.54$ years) participated, with a mean distance refractive error of RE: S-1.67 D/C-0.40 D, LE: S-1.70D/C-0.37 D. Inclusion criteria were no ocular pathology, able to wear soft contact lenses to correct their refractive error to emmetropia and able to swim. Participants were fitted with contact lenses to correct all ametropia. Subjective evaluation for satisfaction of visual acuity, asthenopia and balance were also measured using a questionnaire while wearing swimming goggles with cylinder (C+1.50 D, Ax $90^{\circ}$) compared with plano sphere outside the swimming pool area. Visual acuity was assessed using the same ETDRS chart. The prescription swimming goggles powers were assessed in random order and ranged in power from S+3.00 D to S-3.00 D in 0.50 D steps. Results: Subjective evaluation was significantly worse for the swimming goggles with cylinder than for the plano powered goggles for all 3 questions, visual acuity, asthenopia and balance. Visual acuity were significantly affected by the different power of the swimming goggles (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the in-air in-clinic and underwater in-swimming pool measures (p=0.173). However, visual acuity measured in the clinic was significantly better than underwater for some swimming goggle powers (+3.00, +1.00, +0.50, 0, -1.00 and -2.00 D). Conclusions: Wearing swimming goggles underwater may degrade the visual acuity compared to within air but as the difference is less than 1 line of Snellen acuity, and it is unlikely to result in significant real-life effects. Having an incorrect cylinder correction was found to be detrimental resulting in lower score of satisfaction. Considering slippery floor of swimming pool area, it can be a potential risk factor. Therefore, it is important to correct any refractive error in addition to astigmatism for swimming goggle.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.62
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• pp.255-276
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• 2020

The mandatory police system, which plays a pivotal role in securing security and securing social safety as a security assistant, is expected to face difficulties in supplying the mandatory police manpower and securing absolute police manpower in the future according to the Ministry of Defense's abolition of the conversion service system. In this situation, this study intends to provide a concrete plan to replace the mandatory police officers as security assistants, recruiting contractors from civilians who are not military service resources or regular police officers, and using them for security assistance. More ultimately, this study goes beyond securing obligatory police to reduce or abolish mandatory police, which has been dealt with in previous studies. It aims to present the rescue and operation directions so that the police can provide quality public security services. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, this study 1) analyzes the current situation of police personnel, derives the necessity and justification of securing the police personnel or increasing the number of police personnel due to changes in security demand and security environment, and 2) After discussing the necessity and direction of reorganization, 3) deriving policy implications through analysis of foreign cases operating similar systems to derive specific plans for the introduction of security contractors for private contract workers in Korea. This study reviewed the specific operation plan and legal and institutional maintenance plan of private contract workers. In order to achieve these research objectives, this study 1) analyzes the current status of the police manpower and derives the necessity and justification of securing an absolute police manpower or increasing the manpower of the police in response to changes in security demand and security environment, and the current security aid system. 2) After discussing the necessity and orientation of reorganization of exinsting system of assistant police officer, 3) derive policy implications through analysis of foreign cases utilizing security aids similar to Korea, and 4) The specific operation plan and legal and institutional maintenance plan were presented. including security aids for private contract workers in Korea, from recruitment procedures to activities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.1 s.72
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• pp.43-62
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• 2004

Conventionally the estimation method of the origin-destination Matrix has been developed by implementing the expansion of sampled data obtained from roadside interview and household travel survey. In the survey process, the bigger the sample size is, the higher the level of limitation, due to taking time for an error test for a cost and a time. Estimating the O-D matrix from observed traffic count data has been applied as methods of over-coming this limitation, and a gradient model is known as one of the most popular techniques. However, in case of the gradient model, although it may be capable of minimizing the error between the observed and estimated traffic volumes, a prior O-D matrix structure cannot maintained exactly. That is to say, unwanted changes may be occurred. For this reason, this study adopts a conjugate gradient algorithm to take into account two factors: estimation of the O-D matrix from the conjugate gradient algorithm while reflecting the prior O-D matrix structure maintained. This development of the O-D matrix estimation model is to minimize the error between observed and estimated traffic volumes. This study validates the model using the simple network, and then applies it to a large scale network. There are several findings through the tests. First, as the consequence of consistency, it is apparent that the upper level of this model plays a key role by the internal relationship with lower level. Secondly, as the respect of estimation precision, the estimation error is lied within the tolerance interval. Furthermore, the structure of the estimated O-D matrix has not changed too much, and even still has conserved some attributes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2010

Pressure, used as a minimal processing technology in the food industry, is a valuable tool ensuring microbiologically safe, shelf-stable fruit and vegetable production. Pressure could be used to deliver a greater variety of minimally processed products, as demanded by today's consumers. Weevaluated the effect of <400 MPa pressure, applied during chilling, on fresh fruit purees (strawberry, kiwi, aloe, and pomegranate) and vegetable extracts (from carrot and spinach) during cold storage (<$10^{\circ}C$) for 15-20 days. Samples were prepared in a processing facility in which total plate counts of falling and floating bacteria were controlled at $1{\times}100-10^1$ CFU/plate and $1{\times}10^2-10^3$ $CFU/m^3$ under conditions of $21-25^{\circ}C$ and 55-60% relative humidity. The aerobic plate counts of raw materials were less than $1{\times}10^3$ CFU/g. Evaluation parameters included microbiological safety, vitamin content, and sensory qualities. Although the overall quality of non-treated samples deteriorated with storage time at $10^{\circ}C$, samples pressurized at 250-350 MPa at $5-7^{\circ}C$ for 10 min showed less change, with no significant difference in microbiological safety, vitamin content, or sensory quality. The use of pressure extended the shelf-life during storage at $10^{\circ}C$.