• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2000

앵글씨 분류에 따른 최대개구시 하악의 수직 변위에 대한 차이를 확인하고, 수직 하악운동에 영향을 주는 골격요소를 확인하기 위하여, 측두하악관절 및 저작계 이상에 대한 증상 및 병력이 없으며 발치 및 교정치료의 경험이 없는 광주지역 대학에 재학중인 학생들을 대상으로, 앵글씨 구치부 관계에 근거하여 1급군(남:30명, 여:49명), 2급군(남:18명, 여:24명)과 3급군(남:18명, 여:33명)으로 분류하여 총 172명(연령 범주:20-30세)의 학생을 선택하였다. 전남대학교 병원 구강내과에서 사용하는 계측용자를 이용하여 최대 개구시 상하악 중절치 절단면간의 거리를 측정하였다. 대상자들의 진단모형을 만들어 상하악궁 길이와 폭경를 측정하였다. 대상자들에 대한 두부 규격방사선 사진을 촬영, 작도하고 방사선학적 지표를 계측, 비교분석하였다. 앵글씨 분류 1급군, 2급군 그리고 3급군 절치간 최대개구량은 3급군이 가장 컸으며 모든 군에서 남자가 여자보다 컸다. 구치간 최대개구량은 앵글씨 분류 1급군, 2급군 그리고 3급군에서 각 군간의 유의한 차이는 없었으나, 모든 군에서 남자가 더 컸다. 앵글씨 분류 1급군과 2급군의 하악운동에서 총 하악골 길이, 하악지 길이, 하악 하연부 길이 그리고 상악궁 폭경이 변수로 나타났으며, 상하악궁 길이와는 역상관관계를 나타내었다. 앵글씨 분류 3급군의 하악운동에서 상하악궁 길이와 안면 부길이가 1급군과 2급군과는 다른 중요한 변수로 나타났으며, 상악궁의 폭경과는 역상관관계를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 앵글씨 분류 각 군에서 하악개구운동은 안면 골격구조의 영향을 받으며, 각 군간에 영향을 주는 안면 골격 요소들은 차이가 있었다. 따라서 이러한 골격적 요소들은 개구량 개선을 위한 진단과 치료시 고려되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.637-645
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• 1996

In non-growing Class III malocclusion, the critical aspects which determine the need of orthognatic surgery are the severity of skeletal discrepancy, incisor inclination, overbile and soft tissue profile. Two-jaw surgery is more effective in correcting severe sagittal, vertical, transverse skeletal discrepancies and facial asymmetry. And more esthetic and stable profile can be achieved by two-jaw surgery Some midfacial deficiency Patients can be treated by Pyramidal Le Fort II osteotomy to maintain infraorbital rim and malar complex and to advance nasomaxillary complex. Others who require advancement of infraorbital rim and malar complex can be treated by quadrangular Le Fort II osteotomy. On the following cases, patients who had represented midfacial deficiency and mandibular prognathism were treated with combined orthodontic-surgical therapy by Le Fort II osteotomy and BSSRO.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.189-201
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of craniofacial skeleton on orthognathic surgical cases with skeletal Class III malocclusion. For this study, 74 students at the dental college of Chosun University volunteered as a normal occlusion group. They had well-balanced faces and good occlusions with acceptable Class I molar relationship. They had not received orthodontic treatment and had no signs or symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. 45 malocclusion patients enrolled for orthognathic surgical treatment with skeletal Class III malocclusion at the Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University. On the basis of this study. the results of this study were as follows: 1. Skeletal Class III malocclusion was largely due to the overgrowth of mandible in man and the undergrowth of maxilla in woman. 2. The mandible was antero-inferiorly overgrown by large MP-HP angle and large genial angle in orthognathic surgical cases with skeletal Class III malocclusion. And also, upper incisors were severely labioversioned, but on the other hand lower incisors were linguoversioned. 3. In female, lower-third facial height was characteristically shortened in comparison with middle-third facial height and also, lower facial throat angle was small in male.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.255-277
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• 1987

부정교합(不正交合)의 발생요인(發生要因)의 하나로서 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔)의 협착(狹窄)이 거론(擧論)되어 왔다 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 안면골격(顔面骨格)의 형태결정(形態決定)에 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔)의 기여정도(寄與程度)를 파악(把握)하고자 함에 있다 연구자료(硏究資料) 및 방법안(方法安) 한국인(韓國人) 성인(成人) 남녀(男女) 156 명(名)의 측모두부X선규격사진(側貌頭部X線規格寫眞)을 사용(使用)하여 NEC PC-9801 VM2 Personal Computer와 Oscon GT-4000 Digitizer에 의한 data 입력(入力)을 행(行)한 후 통계처리(統計處理)를 행(行)하였다 통계처리(統計處理)로서는 각계측치(各計測値)에 대하여 남녀별(男女別)로 평균치(平均値), 표준편차치(標準偏差値)를 산출(算出), Student's t-test를 행(行)하고, 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔) 계측항목(計測項目)과 안면골격(顔面骨格)의 각(各) 계측치간(計測値間)의 상관관계(相關關係)의 검토(檢討)를 행(行)하였다 결(結) 과(果) 1 남녀(男女)의 성차(性差)로서, 여자(女子)보다 남자(男子)가 상악골(上顎骨)에 대해 하악골(下顎骨)이 돌출(突出)되어 있었으며, 안면고(顔面高)가 컸다 2 Ba-S-PNS와 S-PNS-Ba간(間)에 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되어, 이 두 계측치간(計測値間)애 상호작용(相互作用)이 있는 것으로 판단 되었다 3 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔)의 깊이는 하악(下顎)의 전후위치관계(前後位置關係)와 유의(留意)한 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였다 4 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔)의 깊이와 안면(顔面)의 깊이와는 관련성(關聯性)이 없는 것으로 판단 되었다 5 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔)의 깊이와 안면고간(顔面高間)에 유의(有意)한 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 시사(示唆)되었다 6 비인두강(鼻咽頭腔)의 고경(高經)과 안면고간(顔面高間)에 유의(有意)한 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었다.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.763-774
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphology of mandibular symphysis and location of lower incisor under the influence of the craniofacial skeleton in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 132 adults who have severe Class III malocclusion(prognathism group, 33 males and 33 females), and who have normal occlusion(normal group, 33 males and 33 females). They had not received any orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery. The lateral cephalograms were evaluated. The results were as follows : 1. Prognathism group were larger than normal group in comparison of facial skeleton (p<0.05) with the exception of ${\angle}FH-Pal$, ${\angle}SNA$. 2. In the morphology of symphysis, measurements of anteroposterior width(LaABBW, LiABBW, SW) of prognathism group were significantly less than that of normal group(p<0.001). 3. In the correlative analysis between the craniofacial skeleton and symphysis measurements of prognathism group, vertical measurements in relation with cranial base and mandibular plane showed reverse correlationship with anteroposterior width of symphysis(LiACBW, LaACBW, LiABBW, SW)(p<0.05). But, there was not distinct difference between horizontal skeletal measurements and symphysis measurements(p>0.05). 4. The probability by regression test between vertical measurements(${\angle}SN-Mn,\;{\angle}FMA,\;{\angle}Pal-Mn,\;{\angle}LFH$) and symphysis measurements(LiACBW, LiABBW, SW, ${\angle}LISA$) were very high(p<0.001).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.136-145
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• 2009

Objective: CBCT has become popular for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning in recent times. The 3D pharyngeal airway space needs to be analysed using a 3D diagnostic tool. The aim of this study was to analyse the pharyngeal airway of different craniofacial morphology using CBCT. Methods: The sample compromised 102 subjects divided into 3 groups (Class I, II, III) and 6 subgroups according to normal or vertical craniofacial patterns. All samples had CBCT (VCT, Vatech, Seoul, Korea) taken for orthodontic treatment. The pharyngeal airway was assessed according to the reference planes: aa plane (the most anterior point on the anterior arch of atlas), $CV_2$ plane, and $CV_3$ plane (most infero-anterior point on the body of the second & third cervical vertebra). The intergroup comparison was performed with one-way ANOVA and duncan test as a second step. Results: The results showed the pharyngeal airway and anteroposterior width of group 2 (Class II) in aa plane, $CV_2$ plane, $CV_3$ plane were significant narrower than in group 3 (Class III). There was no significant difference between vertical and normal craniofacial patterns except for the anteroposterior pharyngeal width of Group 1 (Class I) in aa plane. Conclusions: Subjects with Class II patterns have a significantly narrower pharyngeal airway than those with Class III. However there was no difference in pharyngeal airway between vertical and normal craniofacial morphology.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.32 no.10 s.305
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• pp.718-727
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• 1994

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.3 s.74
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• pp.317-325
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• 1999

In proper diagnosis of skeletal Class III malocclusion, it was important to know the pattern of three dimensional skeletal & facial disharmony. The purpose of this study was to obtain P-A cephalometric characteristics in skeletal Class III malocclusion comparing with normal occlusion. The samples were consisted of 120 subjects, divided into four groups : Male normal occlusion, Female normal occlusion, Male skeletal Class III malocclusion, Female skeletal Class III malocclusion. Posteroanterior and lateral cephalogram were taken from the subjects with a x-ray apparatus (ASHAI CX90SP, Japan) and traced on acetate paper with routine manner. The transverse and vertical values from posteroanterior cephalometry, the sagittal values from lateral cephalometry and their ratio were obtained. The results were as follows: 1. The anteroposterior discrepancy in skeletal Class III group was not due to short maxillary length(Cd-A), but to longer mandibular length(Cd-Gn) than normal occlusion group. 2. The faces of skeletal Class III group were longer than normal occlusion group. It was not due to increase of upper face height(Cg-ANS) but to increase of the lower face height(ANS-Me) especially mandibular height(Cd-Me). 3. There was no difference in the facial width values between normal occlusion group and skeletal Class III group, except upper molar width(U6-U6), lower molar width(L6-L6) and mandibular width(Ag-Ag) of female skeletal Class III group which were larger than normal occlusion group. 4. The increase of mandibular length of skeletal Class III group was reflected in the increase of lower facial height but did not have an effect on the mandibular width.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2008

Purpose: The first objective of this study was to compare the upper midface morpholgy, focusing on the soft tissues, between skeletal Class III maloccusion patients with midfacial depression and the norm. The second objective was to estimate and analyze the change in the upper midface soft tissues following surgical correction with maxillary advancement by Lefort I osteotomy and mandibular setback by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSRO). Methods: The samples consisted of 34 adult patients (15 males and 12 females) with an average age of 21 years, who had severe anteroposterior discrepancy with midfacial depression. These patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment and surgical treatment which consisted of simultaneous Lefort I osteotomy and BSSRO. Results: The correlation coefficient between changes in maxillary advancement and changes in Or' (soft tissue orbitale) was 0.599 (p < 0.05). Change in maxillary plane angle and vertical change of the maxilla were not correlated with the change in Or' (p < 0.05). The ratio of soft tissue change in Or' to maxillary advancement was 43.57 %, and 81.54 % in Sn. Regression equations between maxillary movement and Or' were devised. The $r^2$ value was 0.476. Conclusions: The majority of measurements in the upper midface in skeletal Class III maloccusions when compared to the norm, showed significant differences. In Class III malocclusion with midfacial depression, maxillary advancement produces soft tissue change in the upper midface.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.5 s.76
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• pp.575-587
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate the correlations between tongue with skeletal pattern and intermaxillary space in Class II malocclusion adult patients. Craniofacial skeletal pattern was analyzed on the lateral cephalometric radiograph and the subjects were devided two groups by facial ratio, the 30 subjects of hyperdivergent group and the 30 subjects of hypodivergent group. The size and posture of tongue and intermaxillary space were measured on the lateral cephalometric radiograph. These data were statistically analyzed to examine significant differences between both groups and compared the correlation between tongue with skeletal measurements and intermaxillary space in each group. The results of this study were as follows. 1. In comparison of the tongue and intermaxillary space, the measurement of TS/IS showed significantly larger in hyperdivergent group and PIH and IS showed significantly larger in hypodivergent group. There were no statistically significant differences in the measurements of the height and posture of tongue. 2. In correlation between tongue with craniofacial skeletal measurements, the length and height of tongue showed the highest correlation with AFH(anterior facial height) in both groups(p<0.01). And that measurements showed high correlation with PFH(posterior facial height) in hypodivergent group. 3. In both groups, most measurements of tongue showed high correlation with intermaxillary space and the height and space of tongue showed high correlation with AIH and PIH(p<0.01).