• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.95-112
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• 2012

The research evaluated the effects of the improvements in scientific inquiry for elementary school students and focused on the development and application of the explicit and reflective learning strategy through observation and classification. The explicit and reflective learning strategy was modified and completed with the review of the experts after the development of the draft based on the theoretical approach. The students were evaluated for their academic achievements in scientific inquiry skills before and after taking the course. The results were as follows: First, the steps of the developed learning strategy (1) to motivate, (2) to explore reflectively, (3) to guide explicitly, (4) to inquire explicitly, and (5) to verify reflectively were set to reflect the verification. Second, the results of applying the developed model to the lessons based on the quantitative analysis was effective for observation and classification skills in the quest for improved performance of the whole (the sum of observation and classification, inquiry skills) and the observed features, but there was no effect on classification. Also, the lessons applied the developed teaching strategy and showed effectiveness in improving academic achievement. Particularly in analyzing the relationship between the academic achievement and exploration capabilities, in order to improve academic achievement, the importance of improving inquiry skills was found. Third, the qualitative analysis of teaching and learning strategy developed by applying the lessons of this teacher guide and small group activities through the explicit and reflective observation and classification of the student learning activities showed the significant improvement of ability of the scientific inquiry skills. In addition to the improvement in the abilities of the classification showed after the formation of the most basic observation skills of the scientific inquiry.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.189-203
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• 2008

Microcomputer Based Laboratory (MBL), by offering accurate and effective data collection and real-time graphs, enables students to reduce experiment time and, thereby, have deeper discussions concerning experimental results. This helps to emphasis the essential aspect of scientific inquiry; the process communication. Therefore, this study examined secondary school earth science MBL lessons with regards to the five basic aspects of scientific inquiry: "Asking", "Evidencing", "Explaining", "Evaluating" and "Communicating". It then investigated the level of argumentative communication between the students and teachers and also among the students themselves. For this study, three classroom activities were observed and videotaped, and teaching materials, textbooks and students' notes were collected. The transcribed data were analyzed from the perspective of scientific inquiry level and argument frames. The results showed that the scientific inquiry levels of the three classes were similar, except for the "Communicating" aspect, which appeared in only one episode. "Asking" was carried out by the teacher and then students were directed to collect certain data in the "Evidencing" stage. Furthermore, students were given possible ways to use evidence to formulate explanations and connections through the "Explaining" and "Evaluating" stages. In the argumentation analysis, most argumentative communication was identified as being associated with a given procedure, rather than with any scientific phenomena. In only one episode, did "Communicating" relate directly to any scientific phenomena. It can be concluded, that although MEL places emphasis on communication for authentic scientific inquiry, the environment required for such inquiry and argumentative communication can not be easily created in the classroom. Therefore, in order for authentic inquiry to take place in the MBL classroom, teachers should provide students with the opportunity to develop meaningful argumentation and scaffolding abilities.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-32
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• 2004

According to Edwin Gordon(1987, 1997, 2003), music aptitude is a product of interaction of innate potential and early environmental experiences. He referred to music aptitude of children up to nine years of age as developmental music aptitude which fluctuates due to musical environment. Music aptitude stabilizes at age nine, and the music aptitude after age nine is called "stabilized music aptitude". This research is to examine Gorden's hypothesis that the younger a child receives music education, the higher music aptitude. Also, this research is to experiment the effect of Audiation activities developed in Audie Music Curriculum on music aptitude. The researcher and another Audie teacher as a co-teacher guided children together for 30 minutes once a week. The pedagogy guidelines for informal guidance in music learning theory were kept throughout the classes. Also, Audie's teaching method which had been developed for Korean Kindergarten educational environment was also applied. Five-year-old subjects in Experimental group 1 experienced the Audie Music Curriculum of one year; five-year-old subjects in Experimental group 2 experienced it for two years. Primary Measures of Music Audiation was administered three times during their last year of Kindergarten. Subjects in the Control groups, one examined at the beginning and the other at the end of their last year in Kindergarten, received no Audie instruction. There was no significant difference in tonal aptitude, but there was significant difference in rhythmic aptitude(p< .05) among the experiemental groups. Because both Experimental groups showed statistical significance (p< .001) in the music aptitude increase during their academic years, the significant differences of the year-end music aptitude between control group and experimental groups were the expected result.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2007

The goal of the study is to provide basic information that can be used to come up with environmental interpretation methods that are appropriate to the conditions of urban parks. For this matter, research was conducted to find out whether the environmental interpretation that was provided to the visitors of the World Cup Park Visitor Center encouraged them to become interested in the environment and to understand how such environmental interest was related to the level of satisfaction that the visitors were experiencing from their visits to the park. At the same time, the research was designed to find out whether the park's visitors were affected differently in terms of their environmental interests and their experience depending on the two different types of environmental interpretations; Interpreter's Interpretation and Self-guiding Interpretation. Experimental result showed no statistically meaningful correlation between environmental interpretation and environmental knowledge, though the experimental group subjected to environmental interpretation was found to have higher environmental knowledge than that of the control group, which was not subjected to environmental interpretation. As for the correlation between environmental knowledge, which was acquired through environmental interpretation, and environmental interest, the group, which showed big changes in terms of the volume of environmental knowledge, was found to have higher environmental interest than that of the group, which recorded a low level of changes in the volume of environmental knowledge. Also, the difference in their level of environmental interest was big enough to be acknowledged statistically. Also environmental interest, which was created thanks to environmental interpretation, was found to affect the level of satisfaction visitors feel when visiting the park. Even though the study was intended to find out how environmental interpretation affects park visitors by means of analysis that can be proved based on facts, it was difficult to control some of the variables due to the circumstances under which the experiments were conducted. Despite this, the study can be considered meaningful in the fact that the researches and experiments were conducted at a park that is actually visited by people. It is also believed that as one of the first studies done on the World Cup Park, it could serve as a basis upon which future studies could be carried out.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

This study is a basic study to develop standards and foundations for the establishment of traditional Korean gardens and aims to understand the current status of their components and expression methods and identify problems by investigating Korean gardens developed overseas. Nine sites were selected for field surveys and monitoring assessments. The results suggest: Overall, there is a lack of popular generality and temporal characteristics among these gardens, as they are mere reproductions of historical elements. There have also been errors of traditional and experimental interpretations. In terms of design aspects, traditional gardens are primarily compilations of landscape elements and certain ornamental features. In terms of landscape, they tend to be insufficient in parlaying appropriate spatial scales and experiential hierarchies; they also lack considerations of the context of neighbouring landscapes. In terms of guidance and information delivery, there is a worldwide lack, in general, of recognition of Korean gardens, given the broad variety of names attached to them; therefore, name standardization is recommended. In terms of development, management, and use, it is essential that designers suggest plant types, as well as alternatives, that match the characteristics of a given space; a receptive attitude vis-$\grave{a}$-vis the characteristics of their use is required.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.3-9
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• 1999

This paper presents the study on the rejection capability based on anti-phone modeling for vocabulary independent speech recognition system. The rejection system detects and rejects out-of-vocabulary words which were not included in candidate words which are defined while the speech recognizer is made. The rejection system can be classified into two categories by their implementation methods, keyword spotting method and utterance verification method. The keyword spotting method uses an extra filler model as a candidate word as well as keyword models. The utterance verification method uses the anti-models for each phoneme for the calculation of confidence score after it has constructed the anti-models for all phonemes. We implemented an utterance verification algorithm which can be used for vocabulary independent speech recognizer. We also compared three kinds of means for the calculation of confidence score, and found out that the geometric mean had shown the best result. For the normalization of confidence score, usually Sigmoid function is used. On using it, we compared the effect of the weight constant for Sigmoid function and determined the optimal value. And we compared the effects of the size of cohort set, the results showed that the larger set gave the better results. And finally we found out optimal confidence score threshold value. In case of using the threshold value, the overall recognition rate including rejection errors was about 76%. This results are going to be adapted for stock information system based on speech recognizer which is currently provided as an experimental service by Korea Telecom.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.18-23
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• 2017

The shipyard quay process struggles to control workers and maintain a secure working environment because of the presence of at least 1,000 people. Therefore, safety accidents such as an explosion or a fire are likely to occur. With the recent increase in safety accidents at shipyards, the requirements for safety and process monitoring have been strengthened. Major shipyards are conducting researchto monitor the process in real time and to detect the work environment for safety. In this paper, we propose a safe and accurate evacuation route based on the information of the dangerous area and the user's location based on a mobile application to reduce the casualty accidents in the presence of many personnel in a concentrated area. To do this, we analyze the trend of the fire escape system on the ground building, compare various algorithms for escape route calculation, select appropriate algorithms for this study, and perform programming. A basic experiment was conducted to confirm the results. The proposed method is expected to be used in large ship construction sites, passenger ships and large public facilities to reduce accidents in the case of a safety accident.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 2017

Recently, the IoT (Internet of Things) environment is being developed rapidly through network which is linked to intellectual objects. Through the IoT, it is possible for human to intercommunicate with objects and objects to objects. Also, the IoT provides artificial intelligent service mixed with knowledge of situational awareness. One of the industries based on the IoT is a car industry. Nowadays, a self-driving vehicle which is not only fuel-efficient, smooth for traffic, but also puts top priority on eventual safety for humans became the most important conversation topic. Since several years ago, a research on the recognition of the surrounding environment for self-driving vehicles using sensors, lidar, camera, and radar techniques has been progressed actively. Currently, based on the WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment), the research is being boosted by forming networking between vehicles, vehicle and infrastructures. In this paper, a research on the recognition of a traffic signs on highway was processed as a part of the awareness of the surrounding environment for self-driving vehicles. Through the traffic signs which have features of fixed standard and installation location, we provided a learning theory and a corresponding results of experiment about the way that a vehicle is aware of traffic signs and additional informations on it.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.533-551
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• 2015

Problem posing in school mathematics is generally regarded to make a new problem from contexts, information, and experiences relevant to realistic or mathematical situations. Also, it is to reconstruct a similar or more complicated new problem based on an original problem. The former is called as problem generation and the latter is as problem reformulation. The purpose of this study was to explore the co-relation between problem generation and problem reformulation, and the educational effectiveness of each problem posing. For this purpose, on the subject of 33 pre-service secondary school teachers, this study developed two types of problem posing activities. The one was executed as the procedures of [problem generation${\rightarrow}$solving a self-generated problem${\rightarrow}$reformulation of the problem], and the other was done as the procedures of [problem generation${\rightarrow}$solving the most often generated problem${\rightarrow}$reformulation of the problem]. The intent of the former activity was to lead students' maintaining the ability to deal with the problem generation and reformulation for themselves. Furthermore, through the latter one, they were led to have peers' thinking patterns and typical tendency on problem generation and reformulation according to the instructor(the researcher)'s guidance. After these activities, the subject(33 pre-service teachers) was responded in the survey. The information on the survey is consisted of mathematical difficulties and interests, cognitive and affective domains, merits and demerits, and application to the instruction and assessment situations in math class. According to the results of this study, problem generation would be geared to understand mathematical concepts and also problem reformulation would enhance problem solving ability. And it is shown that accomplishing the second activity of problem posing be more efficient than doing the first activity in math class.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.116-128
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• 2011

Some subway passengers may want to have their fresh vegetables purchased through internet at a service facility within the subway station of the Metropolitan Seoul subway system on the way to home, which raises further questions about which stations are chosen to locate service facilities and how many passengers can use the facilities. This problem is well known as the pickup problem, and it can be solved on a traffic network with traffic flows which should be identified from origin stations to destination stations. Since flows of the subway passengers can be found from the smart card transaction database of the Metropolitan Seoul smart card system, the pickup problem in the Metropolitan Seoul subway system is to select subway stations for the service facilities such that captured passenger flows are maximized. In this paper, we have formulated a model of the pickup problem on the Metropolitan Seoul subway system with subway passenger flows, and have proposed a fast heuristic algorithm to select pickup stations which can capture the most passenger flows in each step from an origin-destination matrix which represents the passenger flows. We have applied the heuristic algorithm to select the pickup stations from a large volume of traffic network, the Metropolitan Seoul subway system, with about 400 subway stations and five millions passenger transactions daily. We have obtained not only the experimental results in fast response time, but also displayed the top 10 pickup stations in a subway guide map. In addition, we have shown that the resulting solution is nearly optimal by a few more supplementary experiments.