• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.311-319
• /
• 2012

Purpose: One of the critical aspects on dispensing glasses is to match the center of pupils to the optical center of lenses as the mismatched glasses are able to induce uncomfortable effects called prism which has been known to induce phoria, a main cause for asthenopia in many cases. Therefore, we investigated the induced prism occurred by mismatching centers between the center of pupils and the optical center of lenses. Methods: In this study, total 103 subjects were examined whether the center of pupils and the optical center of lenses are matched in horizontal and vertical directions, and then, the data was categorized into 4 groups based on the structural components of glasses. Total amount of prism was compared to show the effect of the glasses frame on the prism induction, and the value of measured prism was compared with the German RAL-RG 915 regulations. Results: The results in respect to the horizontal component showed that the induced prism was not found in 10.7% of total subjects. 73.8% of total subjects were influenced by induced prism, the range of prism was in a tolerance level. However, the 15.5% of total subjects seemed to be influenced by prism which is out of the criterion of tolerance. In case of vertical component, 23.3% of total subjects showed no effects of prism while early adopting glasses, 54.4% of total subjects showed a little prism effect within the criterion of tolerance, and 22.3% of total subjects showed the prism effect out of the tolerance range. This data indicates that group A and B that are less likely adjustable by fitting induce more prism than group C and D in horizontal and vertical components. Conclusions: In higher refractive error condition, it was found that aligning the optical center of lenses with the center of pupils by pre-fitting of glasses frame minimized prism induction in horizontal and vertical components, which ameliorates ocular fatigue. Therefore, appropriate optometric dispensing through fitting by opticians and precise design about monocular PD and monocular Oh are necessary to improve visual perception.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.49-66
• /
• 2006

As business-to-business electronic commerce becomes activated, usage rate of standard electronic documents is rapidly increasing. Types and forms of standard documents exchanged between businesses have also been changed. Instead of EDI documents, mainly used in the initial phase, XML documents have been actively used recently. However, most framework standards for XML documents just specify basic syntax rules, messaging protocols, and standard documents. As a result, it has been usually difficult to procure efficiency and effectiveness in developing new standard electronic documents. Reflecting the experiences of developing UN/EDIFACT, UN/CEFACT provides a methodology and library for reusing standard data items as components when defining electronic documents. However, much additional effort is required for applying the methodology and library to the development process. In order to improve this situation, this paper proposes a system for supporting the development process by reusing various resources of registries/repositories, focusing on UN/CEFACT submission forms for standard electronic documents.