• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.86-98
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate factors affecting bone density of food and nutrition vegetarian and non-vegetarian university students in Seoul area. Data for food habits, dietary and health-related behaviors were obtained by self administered questionnaires. BQI(bone quality index) of the subjects was measured by an Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). The results are summarized as follows: The average height, weight, BMI and osteopenia percentage of the vegetarian and non-vegetarian male and female student were 172.61cm, 62.42kg, 20.98 and 24.2%; 175.38cm, 72.52kg, 23.71 and 16.7%; 160.47cm, 55.76kg, 21.66 and 55.9%; 161.77cm, 56.34kg, 21.53 and 37.6%, respectively. The BQI of the subjects were 101.73 and 107.43 in male student group, and 84.15, 89.64 in female student group, respectively. The BQI, Z-score value of bone density was significantly different in female group. Weight and BMI were positively related with BQI in male and female group. BQI was positively affected by nutrition supplement and negatively affected by seafood in vegetarian male student group. In vegetarian female student group, amount of meal was positively related with BQI and meal regularity was negatively related BQI. The result of this study revealed that the desirable food habits, dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyles may have a beneficial effect on bone density. They should have practically and systematically organized nutritional education on optimum body weight, good eating habits, weight bearing exercise and intakes of good quality nutrient for higher bone density level.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2005

Xerostomia is defined as a subjective complaint of dry mouth that may be perceived when there is insufficient mucosal wetting. However, the diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia is not that simple because of the fact that the subjective awareness of dry mouth is not always correlated with a diminution in the flow of saliva and there is always a difference between individuals in salivary flow rates needed for normal oral function. In the present study, the aim was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate the dry mouth symptoms and to analyze its reliability and usability as a diagnostic and analytic tool for xerostomia. The questionnaire which consists of 6 Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) type questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness and 4 questions to evaluate behavior to avoid oral dryness was developed and administered twice with 1 week's interval to the healthy 88 young adults without dry mouth symptoms(44 males and 44 females; mean age was $25.6{\pm}3.1$ years in male and $24.3{\pm}2.1$ years in female). The results were as follows. 1 The intraclass correlation coefficients of 6 questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness were as significantly high as 0.767 for the degree of oral dryness at other times of the day, 0.850 for the amount of saliva in the mouth, and 0.791 for the degree of effect on daily life due to oral dryness and as high as 0.563 for the degree of oral dryness at night or on awakening, 0.674 for the degree of oral dryness during eating, and 0.641 for the degree of difficulty in swallowing foods. 2. Cronbach's alpha value of 6 questions was 0.982. It can be concluded that the series of questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness has high internal consistency. 3. Cohen's kappa values of 4 questions to evaluate behavior to relieve oral dryness were as significantly high as 0.850 for the frequency of keeping a glass of water at the bedside and as high as 0.506 the frequency of awakening during sleeping due to oral dryness, 0.419 for the frequency of sipping liquids to aid in eating dry foods, and 0.407 for the frequency of using a candy or chewing gum due to oral dryness. From the results, it can be concluded that the questionnaire consisting of 6 VAS type questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness and 4 questions to evaluate behavior to relieve oral dryness has reliability of good to excellent level, and that the series of 6 VAS type questions has significantly high internal consistency to evaluate the subjective oral dryness.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.597-601
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• 2007

1990년대 정부는 비점오염원 부하의 심각성을 인식하여 1995년부터 한강, 낙동강, 금강 그리고 영산강 이른바 4대강 유역에 대한 비점오염원의 조사연구사업을 실시하였다. 그러나 비점오염원의 경우 처리시설만으로는 처리하는데 한계가 있다는 특성 때문에 도시지역과 비도시지역에 대한 비점오염원을 관리하기 위한 대책 마련과 제도적 관리방안의 수립이 시급한 실정이었다. 따라서 본 연구는 토지매수가 상수원 수질개선에 미치는 영향 및 효과분석을 하고, 토지매수를 통한 비점오염물질 저감효과 분석을 위해 토지매수에 따른 비점오염원에 의한 오염물질 변화 해석 및 토지매수에 따른 최적 수변녹지대 조성을 위한 식생 효과를 분석 하였다. 수변구역 내의 비점오염물질의 공공수역 유입을 억제하기 위한 방법들 중에서 보편적이고 자연친화적인 방법이 수변구역(riparian buffer strip), 또는 수변완충구역(riparian buffer zone)을 조성하여 관리하는 것이다. 수변구역은 하천유역의 토양, 식물, 동물을 포함하는 시스템으로서 하천흐름을 조절하고, 물을 저장하며, 물에서 유해한 물질을 제거할 뿐만 아니라, 수중 및 육상의 식물과 동물을 위한 서식처를 제공하는 등 수질과 수량 그리고 생태계 측면에서 중요한 지역이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 현재 낙동강 수계에 수변구역 조성시의 수질개선효과 연구를 수행하였다. 토지매수가 상수원 수질개선에 미치는 영향 및 효과분석을 위해서 SWAT 모형을 적용하여 유량 및 수질모의를 실시하였다. 유역내 수변구역을 조성시 수변구역의 범위가 증가함에 따라 비점오염원의 감소가 크게 나타나고 있었다.로 대부분의 가정(家庭)은 아침 식사로 밥을 좋아하였다. (8) 편식을 고치는 것이 어렵다고 하였으며, 어린이 간식에 대하여는 깊은 관심을 나타냈다. 2. 영양교육(營養敎育) 현황실태(現況實態) (1)식생활(食生活)에 필요한 지식(知識)은 신문이나 잡지, 라디오와 텔레비젼을 통해서 대체로 얻고 있다. (2) 음식과 영양섭취와의 관계성이 있다고 답한 주부(主婦)는 70.8% 이었으며, 가족(家族)의 영양(營養)에 대하여 늘 생각하는 주부는 60% 이었다. 3. 식품섭취 빈도 거의 먹지 않는 식품(食品)으로 버터가 43.%로 가장 높았고, 육류의 섭취율이 낮았다. 반면, 김치와 채소류의 섭취율은 높았다. 집단간의 상관도를 보면 교육별로 김치, 장아찌, 콩이 각각 p>0.5 수준에서 유의한 차가 없었고, 나머지는 유의한 차가 있었다. 연령별로는 멸치가 유의한 차가 없었고(p>0.5), 수입별로는 콩이 유의한 차가 없었다(p>0.5). 4. 영양지식(營養知識) 검토 가정생활(家庭生活)에 필요(必要)한 일반적(一般的)인 영양지식(營養知識)은 대체적으로 낮은 편이었다. 어린이 영양, 편식의 해로움, 비만증의 해로움, 임신부 그리고 수유부 영양에 대하여는 일반적으로 알고 있다고 하였으며, 그다음으로 이유기 영양, 어린이 발육에 필요한 식품, 식품과 영양소와의 관계, 우유의 성분, 노인영양에 대하여 잘 알고 있는 비율이 낮았으며, 인체의 영양소, 식단작성여부, 간식의 이론, 식품감별법에 대하여는 가장 낮은 비율을 나타냈다. 각 영양지식은 교육정도가 높을수록 영양지식이 높았고, 교육별 집단간의 유의한 차가 나타났다. (0.001

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.935-943
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• 2015

The purposes of this study were to investigate consumption of home-delivered meals among children from low-income families and to assess their perception of the home-delivered meal service. A survey was conducted on 392 children who had received home-delivered meals, and 208 questionnaires (response rate: 53.1%) were analyzed using SPSS (ver 18.0). The respondents consisted of elementary school students (36.1%), middle school students (33.7%), and high school students (30.2%). Approximately half of children received home-delivered meals during their semester and vacation periods, and 52.2% of respondents shared the delivered meals with their brothers or sisters. Eighty-six point one percent of respondents consumed delivered meals within 4 hours after the meals were received at home, and approximately a fifth of respondents left the delivered meal boxes on a sink counter or table until eating. Leftover foods were kept in the refrigerator (52.2%) or on the sink counter/table (2.5%). The quality of the home-delivered meal service was assessed as 3.3 points based on a 5-point scale. 'Food safety is good' received the highest score (3.62) and 'Food taste is good' received the lowest score (3.07). The results showed that children receiving the home-delivered meal service should be provided information on proper handling and consumption of the delivered meals at home.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.300-308
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the night eating habits of middle schoolers. A total of 705 middle school students residing in Gyeonggi were surveyed about their dietary habits related to night eating. Among the total subjects, 59.9% (n=422) had night eating more than once a week and were classified into a night eating group (NEG). The main reason for night eating was hunger (79.1% of NEG) and the highest proportion of night eating was related to food purchased by family (39.3% of NEG). Most of the NEG had night eating in their home with family members, and the time with highest frequency of night eating was between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m.. About 33% of the NEG went to bed within an hour after night eating and 69.2% of the NEG did not report any change after night eating. The most common factors considered when choosing a night eating menu, in order of frequency, were taste, hygiene, and amount. The favorite items on the night eating menu were frozen desserts, fresh fruits, chicken, fruit juice, Ramen, pizza, and Jajangmyeon. The most frequent menu choices were fresh fruits, frozen desserts, Ramen, chicken, yogurt, and fruit juice. The NEG had higher scores for picky eating (P<0.01), overeating (P<0.01), salty eating (P<0.01), and irregular meal times (P<0.001) compared to the non-NEG. Consequently, the NEG had more dietary problems than the non-NEG and their night eating behaviors were related to family habits. Night eating was mainly dominated by a diet of carbohydrates and fats, and the intake frequency and preference for foods with low nutritional value were high; thus, a practical and systematical nutrition education is required. Seasonal and comparative studies on night eating status according to various times and amounts of night eating are also required.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-316
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the body image, food habits, nutrition knowledge, food intake frequency, nutrient intakes of female university students in Masan. Methods: Two groups (n = 302, nutrition major: 147, non-major: 155) were classified into underweight, normal weight and overweight/obesity groups according to BMI respectively. Results: Height and weight of all subjects were 161.5 cm, 53.2 kg and were 161.5 cm, 55.1 kg, 161.5 cm, 51.3 kg in major and non-major female students, respectively. The BMI and body weight were significantly different (p < 0.001). Significantly higher proportions of underweight students in both study groups had perceived as 'normal' or 'fat' (p < 0.001). Higher proportion of the subjects skipped breakfast and main reason was no time to eat. Nutrition knowledge score was significantly higher in major than in non-major subjects (p < 0.001). Fish intake frequency score was significantly higher in non-majors, while the vegetable intake frequency score was significantly higher in majors. Nutrient intakes were significantly higher the majors compared to non-majors, particularly the intake of calcium (p < 0.05), zinc (p < 0.001), vitamin C (p < 0.001) and vitamin E (p < 0.01). Subjects in both groups did not have adequate nutrient intakes compared to KDRIs. BMI showed a positive correlation with body image, body weight and nutrition knowledge score (p < 0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that systematic nutrition education program which can be applied in real life is important for the formation of correct choices of food and good eating habits.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.565-569
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• 2007

Purpose : With a duration of action of approximately 24 hours and peakless levels, Lantus is a more physiologic basal insulin analogue compared with NPH. The aim of this study was to compare the glycemic control of Lantus plus Humalog with that of premixed insulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods : The subjects consisted of 25 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, aged 12-19 years, who changed their insulin regimen from premixed insulin to Lantus plus Humalog. Daily insulin doses, frequency of hypoglycemia, fasting blood glucose, C-peptide concentration and HbA1c before and 6 months after Lantus treatment were compared. 24 hour blood glucose of 11 patients among Lantus treatment group (n=25) and premixed insulin treatment group (n=10) were self-monitored and compared. Results : 6 months after Lantus treatment, the episodes of hypoglycemia were reduced by 50%(15.1 vs. 7.6 events/month), especially nocturnal hypoglycemia by 67%(6.7 vs. 2.5 events/month). HbA1c was reduced from 9.3% to 8.7% after Lantus treatment. Self-monitored blood glucose of Lantus treatment group at postbreakfast 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes were 171.1, 169.5, 171.0 and 154.1 mg/dL respectively and lower than those of premixed insulin treatment group (259.7, 282.7, 280.0 and 250.9 mg/dL respectively). Conclusion : Compared with premixed insulin, Lantus plus Humalog is more effective in glycemic control and reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.352-367
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• 2002

In order to assess the quality of dietary intake among the elderly, a survey was conducted during Jucy-August, 1999, of 230 subjects who were 65 years or older and who were living in Jeonju City. Results of the analysis of the data are as follows : Regarding Dietery Variety Score (DVS), the average number of food items consumed per person was significantly higher for males (19.6) than for females (17.7). The intake of plant food was higher than animal food for both sexes the proportion of plant versus animal foods consumed by fresh weight was 85 : 15 for males and 89 : 11 for females. Diet Diversity Score (DDS) is determined by how many from five food groups (cereal, meat, dairy, vegetable and fruit) consumed per day while Korean Diet Diversity Score (KDDS) is determined by how many from five different food groups (cereal, meat, vegetable, dairy and oil) consumed per day. The subjects'average DDS and KDDS were 4.0 and 3.5 for males, and 3.7 and 3.2 for females, respectively. Overall, the distribution of DDS was lower than that of KDDS. The average Meal Balance Score (MBS : Apply the KDDS at breakfast, lunch and dinner) was 9.1 for malts and 8.1 for females. Average daily caloric intake for males and females was 1,740 kcal and 1,433 kcal, which was 84.0% and 80.9% of the RDA, respectively. Average daily protein intake for males and females, at 67 g and 49 g (100.7% and 88.3% of the RDA), respectively, was satisfactory. However, intakes of calcium and vitamin A were below 75% of the RDA (calcium : 62.7% for males and 55.3% for females ; vitamin A : 60.7% for males and 53.9% far females). The average proportional contribution of protein/fat/carbohydrate (PFC) to total calorie intake was 15.8 : 15.7 : 68.5 for males and 13.8 : 13.2 : 73.0 for females. Distribution of energy for each meal (breakfast : lunch : afternoon snack : dinner : night snack) was 29.2 : 32.4 : 5.0 : 31.2 : 2.2 among males and 30.5 : 33.5 : 4.5 : 28.6 : 2.91 among females. The Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) was above 1 for protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B$_1$, niacin, and vitamin C. However, the INQ of calcium and vitamin A were below 1 among both males and females, and the INQ of vitamin B$_2$was below l among females. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR = nutrient intake %RDA) was below 1 for all nutrients, and the NAR of vitamin A were the lowest among 9 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C) for both males and females, with values of 0.52 and 0.42, respectively. The second and third lowest NAR values were for calcium(males: 0.68: females: 0.54) and vitamin B$_2$(males: 0.77: females: 0.67). Values of Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR = sum of 9 NARs/9) for males (0.82) were higher than for females (0.73). These results indicate that the intakes of calcium and vitamin A were severely inadequate. The results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis, where the DVS or MAR were the dependent variables and the DDS, KDDS, and MBS were independent variables, indicated that DDS is a more useful variable than KDDS in determining the quality of meals of the elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.866-873
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current dietary habits, health related behaviors, nutrition knowledge and body indices, and to investigate the changes in nutrition knowledge for designing and monitoring nutrition education program among preschool children. The subjects were 1,200 preschool children, aged $4{\sim}6$ years. A measurement of the height and weight was conducted. The general home environment, the dietary habit of children and nutrition knowledge were collected using a questionnaire that included information about family income, parent's education and occupations. Using the PIBW, 14.6% of the preschool children were under weight, 54.4% were normal, and 31.0% were overweight or obese. We regarded to food habit score, the highest score was in the regularity of breakfast, while the lowest score was in consumption of yellow-green vegetables such as spinach and carrots. Result in food behavior showed that 69.1% of preschool children had a unbalanced diet, and their favorite snack was fast food like pizza and hamburger then followed soft drink and fried foods (chicken of potato). After nutrition education, there was somewhat improvement in the nutrition knowledge score of preschool children from $7.7{\pm}1.7$ point to $8.9{\pm}1.5$ point. These results suggest that nutrition education help preschool children change their nutrition knowledge. Therefore, it would be needed that new appropriate nutrition education to improve dietary habits and health status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

대황(Rhubarb)은 중국과 일본에서 혈액 순환제, 진통제, 신장치료제 등으로 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 약용식물이다. 이 연구에서는 한국산 R. undulatum L.의 뿌리 추출물, 미국산 R. rhabarbarum L.과 중국산 R. palmatum L.의 줄기 추출물의 두부 부패에 관여하는 미생물에 대한 항균 활성을 평가하였다. Rhubarb의 최적 추출을 위해서 각각 50%, 70%, 80% 에탄올을 용매로 사용하였으며, 항균 활성은 Kirby-Bauert test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)과 minimum bactericide concentration (MBC)에 의해서 평가되었다. Kirby-Bauert test 결과, R. undulatum L.의 뿌리 추출물은 대부분 두부 부패균에 대해서 항균 활성을 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, R. rhabarbarum L.의 줄기 추출물의 경우는 $20{\mu}g/disc$의 농도에서는 항균 활성이 거의 나타나질 않았으나, 고농도로 갈수록 높은 항균 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 R. palmatum L.의 줄기 추출물은 고농도로 갈수록 항균 활성이 높아졌으나, Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 관해서는 항균 활성이 나타나지 않았다. MIC와 MBC에 의한 항균 활성 평가실험에서는, 세 종류의 rhubarb 추출물 중에서 phenolic 화합물이 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 R. undulatum L.의 뿌리 추출물보다 R. rhabarbarum L.의 줄기 추출물이 MIC와 MBC 값이 낮았다. 이는 phenolic 화합물의 양 이외에 낮은 pH가 항균 활성에 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해서 rhubarb 추출물은 두부 부패에 관여하는 미생물에 대해서 항균 활성을 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 천연 항균제로써 식품에 적용 가능성이 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 87.1%이었으며, 아침을 매일 먹는 채식남학생은 78.8%, 비채식남학생은 33.3%, 채식여학생 47.1%, 비채식여학생 39.6%이었다. 또한 식사의 양은 과식한다는 응답이 채식남학생 24.2%, 비채식남학생 38.1%, 채식여학생은 29.4%, 비채식여학생 40.6%으로 비책식군의 과식율이 높았다. 5. 식품 섭취빈도는 두부 및 콩제품을 매일 섭취하는 경우는 채식남학생 54.6%, 비채식남학생 16.7%, 채식여학생은 38.2%, 비채식여학생이 16.8%이었다. 우유 및 유제품을 매일 섭취하는 경우는 채식남학생 6.1%, 비채식남학생 33.3%, 채식여학생 14.7%, 비채식여학생은 21.8%이었으며, 녹차, 커피 등 차를 마시지 않는다는 비율은 채식남학생 69.7%, 비채식남학생 28.6%, 채식여학생 29.4%, 비채식여학생 25.7%이었다. 인스턴트 식품을 매일 섭취한다는 응답율이 채식남학생 9.1%, 비채식남학생 21.4%, 채식여학생은 17.7%, 비채식여학생은 14.9%이었다. 6. 운동, 체중 조절 등에 대한 조사 결과 항상 운동을 하는 경우는 채식남학생 30.3%, 비채식남학생 28.6%, 채식여학생 14.7%, 비채식여학생 18.8%이었으며 운동시간은 $1{\sim}2$시간 하는 경우는 채식남학생 30.3%, 비채식남학생 38.1%, 채식여학생은 8.8%, 비채식여학생은 17.8%이었다. 체중에 만족하는 정도를 보면 채식남학생 57.6%, 비채식남학생 23.8%, 채식여학생은 23.5%, 비채식여학생은 15.8%가 만족한다고 하였다. 체중 조절 경험에서 경험이 있는 경우가 채식남학생 3.0%, 비채식남학생 31.0%, 채식여학생은 23.5%, 비채식여학생 31.7%이었다. 7. 골밀도 BQI값과와 몇가지 요인의 상관관계를 살펴보았을때, 채식남학생은 영양보충제의 섭취와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를, 해조류의 섭취정도와 유의적인 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다.