• 전기의세계
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.21-30
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• 1992

내연기관의 가솔린자동차보다 역사가 오래된 전기자동차는 상대적으로 주생성능과 가격 경쟁력의 열세로 그 자취를 감추었고 최근까지 주로 특수목적의 단거리 저속차량으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 1890년대 후반부터 전세계가 자동차배기가스에 의한 대기오염과 지구온난화 현상등의 문제를 심각하게 공감하게 되었고 마침내 미국 캘리포니아주에서는 전가자동차의 강제판매를 규정화하게 이르렀다. 이 규정에 의하면 1998년도부터 차량 판매대수의 2%를 전기자동차 판매로 강제요구하고 있다. 이 비율은 2000녀도에 5% 2003년에는 10%로 늘어날 계획이다. 따라서 미국에 많은 자동차를 수출하고 있는 일본, 독일 및 여러 유럽국가에서는 이 사업에 막대한 자금을 투자하며 개발에 몰두하고 있다. 미국의 Big3도 에너지성의 도움으로 최근 USABC를 결성하여 전기자동차 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 지금까지 기존의 가솔린자동차 기술에 있어서 일본과 독일에 상대적 열세에 있었던 미국도 이번 캘리포니아주의 전기자동차 강제판매 규정에 따른 전기자동차 사업으로 미국자동차 시장의 새로운 판도를 조성하겠다는 의도인듯하다. 국내에서도 정부가 이 사업의 중요성을 심각히 인식하고 G7사업과제의 하나로 선정하여 산, 학, 연 각층의 전문가가 참여하여 성공적으로 개발을 마칠 수 있도록 적극 지원하고 있다. 지금까지의 평균주행성능을 보면 최고속도 100-120km/h, 일층전 최대주행거리 150-200km 정도이며, 아직 양산체제에 돌입하지 않았기 때문에 가격면에서 경쟁력이 없는 실정이다. 그러나 1990년도에 들면서 각종 요소부품들의 기술수준이 급성장을 이루어서 앞으로 10년정도 후면 성능과 가격면에서 가솔린자동차와 대등한 수준의 전기자동차 개발이 실현될 수 있으리라 예측된다.는 영향받지 않았다. Clonidine의 심박수 감소작용은 .뇌실내및 정맥내 diltiazem이나 nifedipine 처리후에 감약되었다. 5). 뇌실내 clonidine$(30{\mu}g)$ 처 리후 뇌실내 diltiazem$(400{\mu}g)$과 nifedipine$(350{\mu}g)$의 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 영향 받지 않고 그대로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 diltiazem과 nifedipine은 가토뇌내에서 methoxamine에 의한 혈압상승의 작용점인 alrfia-1 adrenoceptor의 흥분에는 영향을 미치지 못하나 clonidine의 작용점인 alpha-2 adrenoceptor의 흥분에 의한 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 억제한다고 추론하였다.thin 함량은 110.6 mg/L로서 산업적인 생산성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이번 연구를 통하여 개발된 변이주 B76 및 이의 대량 발효를 위한 최종조건의 정립은 향후 astaxanthin의 산업적 생산공정에 필요한 기초자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.색총말내에 소형의 도형, 소형의 장형 연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE의 3가지 연접소포를 가지고 있었고 출현빈도수는 촉각엽에서 가장 큰 33%이었다. 제5형 신경연접은 축색종말내에 중등도크기의 원형, 대형의 원형연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE을 포함하였고 13%의 출현빈도수로 관찰되었다. 배추횐나비의 촉각에 있는 지각신경세포가 뇌의 촉각엽으로 뻗어 들어가 위의 5가지 신경연접중 어느 형을 형성하는지를 관찰하기 위하여 좌측 촉각의 기부를 제거하여 지각신경세포를 절단하였는데 그 결과, 좌측 촉각엽에서 제4형의 신경연접이 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.136-145
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial was to examine how acupuncture treatment at Shinmun(HT7) affects the brain activity and the autonomic nervous system(ANS), using electroencephalograms(EEG) and heart rate variability(HRV). Methods : Eighteen healthy volunteers participated in two separate experiments: in each experiment, either real acupuncture(RA) or non-penetrating sham acupuncture(SA) was applied at HT7 in random sequences to each person. The EEG and HRV measurements were conducted simultaneously before and during the acupuncture stimulation for 5 minutes, respectively. Resulting EEG and HRV parameters were compared between RA and SA groups. To assess differences according to the stress levels for participants, subgroup analysis was performed based on the results of the stress response index questionnaire. Results : In the results, acupuncture stimulation at HT7 increased ${\alpha}$ band in EEG. In the HRV analysis, heart rate was decreased significantly but HF and RMS-SD were increased in the RA group, compared with those of the SA group. In the subgroup analysis by stress level, participants in the RA group with high stress exhibited an increased in ${\alpha}$ band in their EEG while the low stress participants showed decrease or little increase in the band. For the SA group, ${\alpha}$ band reported relatively moderate changes in all channels. Conclusions : Our results showed that acupuncture induces changes in brain activation and the ANS. Acupuncture was related to the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. The brain activities of the participants were different depending on the stress level.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2003

Purpose : In Rett syndrome patients, the incidence of sudden death is greater than that of the general population, and cardiac electrical instability including fatal cardiac arrhythmia is a main suspected cause. In this study, we are going to find out the possible cause of the higher risk of sudden death in Rett patients by the evaluation of heart rate variability, a marker of cardiac autonomic activity and corrected QT intervals. Methods : Diagnosis of Rett syndrome was made by molecular genetic study of Rett syndrome (MECP2 gene) or clinical diagnostic criteria of Rett syndrome. Heart rate variability and corrected QT intervals were measured by 24 h-Holter study in 12 Rett patients, and in 30 age-matched healthy children with chief complaints of chest pain or suspected heart murmurs. The were compared with the normal age-matched control. Results : Patients with total Rett syndrome, classic Rett syndrome, and Rett variants had significantly lower heart rate variability(especially rMSSD)(P<0.05) and longer corrected QT intervals than age-matched healthy children(P<0.05). Sympathovagal balance expressed by the ratio of high to low frequency(LF/HF ratio) also showed statistically significant differences between the three groups considered(P<0.05). Conclusion : A significant reduction of heart rate variability, a marker of autonomic disarray, suggests a possible explanation of cardiac dysfunction in sudden death associated with Rett syndrome.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2002

Cases of applying game in the medical area are increasing thesedays. This game has been developed to prevent disease in self-nervous system through the control of respiration after monitoring the mental stress and physical stress from the heart rate variability (HRV) of the game user. The game is a kind of a stress relaxation program (SRP) designed not to avoid boring or rejecting mind of users by traditional simple training of continuous repetition, but to increase interaction which is a unique feature of games.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2015

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate stress-related factors. Method: The subjects were 22,937 persons who had received health examination by Korean Medicine and submitted questionnaires for 8 months from March to November in 2011. The stress was measured by heart rate variability in an automobile manufacturing industry. We analyzed the relationship between stress and other factors including ages, smoke amount, drinking frequency, exercise frequency, occupational category, conjugal condition by multivariate analysis with SPSS ver. 19.0. Results: Comparing "normal" to "very bad" and "bad" level of stress, ages, drinking frequency, conjugal condition are not significant difference(p>0.05). But smoking amount and occupational category are significant difference(p<0.05). Whereas comparing "normal" to "very good" and "good" level of stress, ages, occupational category, conjugal condition, smoking amount, drinking frequency are not significant difference(p>0.05). Exercise is significant difference(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that smoke is affected to stress negatively, whereas exercise is affected to stress positively.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.250-259
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relation of Job Stress, Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure and Lifestyle on White-Collar Workers. Method: Data were collected from August to December in 2007. HRV was measured using Freeze-Framer. WSRI and Lifestyle data were collected from the self-reported questionnaire. Result: 1) Total score of WSRI was 32.88, H score was 47.92, L score was 16.90, systolic blood pressure was 138.88mmHg, diastolic blood pressure was 81.20 mmHg. 2) WSRI correlated with L score of HRV, BP, smoking, drinking positively. WSRI correlated with H score, exercise times negatively. H correlated with exercise positively and had negative correlation with BP and L. Systolic pressure correlated with smoking and drinking positively. Conclusion: WSRI, HRV, BP and lifestyle are interrelated strongly and they need to be monitor continually. It is considered that education of health and intervention with HRV make white-collar workers concern more about their health and care.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

Background : There are findings indicating that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is affected negatively in atopic dermatitis (AD). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a tool to examine ANS. But, studies investigation the relationship between AD and HRV is rare. Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between atopic dermatitis severity and HRV and to find out the role of ANS in AD. Methods : Retrospective chart review was performed. The Severity Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and HRV parameter was investigated and analyzed. Results : There were 55 patients (25males and 30 females) who met the criteria. Objective SCORAD had significant positive correlation with HRT and Subjective SCORAD had significant negative correlation with SDNN, TP and VLF. Intensity item of SCORAD index had negative correlation with most HRV parameters, but TP, LF and LF/HF ratio had significant positive correlation with dryness. Conclusion : This study supports the concept that atopic dermatitis is a stress-responsive disorder and involves autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.544-547
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Doin Gigong Exercise program on HRV in elderly women. This study was one group in a pre-test / post-test desgian with repeated measures. The experimental group of 27 patients were selected through sampling from H-public health center in the P-city. The subjects received Doin Gigong Exercise twice a week for 50 minutes for 12 weeks. All of the subjects were examined on the congnition assessment tool. Prior and post surveys were measured before and after the experiment. Among the stress assessment, RRV tachogram's 'mean RR' was very significantly increased after Qigong Exercise(p<0.01), and the 'mean HRV' was significantly decreased after Qigong Exercise(p<0.05). But the SDNN was not significantly increased after Qigong Exercise. And TP(RRV power's total power) was significantly increased after Qigong Exercise(p<0.01). VLF and HF was significantly increased, and LF was significantly decreased after Qigong Exercise(p<0.05). In the RRV's Phase Plot, RMSSD and SDSD were significantly increased after Qigong Exercise(0.05). As mentioned above; the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program was identified the effects of the heart rate and anti-stress.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.186-198
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• 2007

Purpose : Postnatal depression is a major public health problem. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and Heart rate variability in the Early Postpartum. Methods : The subjects were 33 women who admitted for postpartum treatment in Hospital of Woosuk University from 13th October to 8th December 2006. 33 women filled out an EPDS, general questionnaire and then they took the test of Heart rate variability at 3th day after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. We studied the results to investigate the relation between EPDS and HRV. Results: 1. Mean age of risk group of depression is larger than non-risk group. 2. SDNN, RMSSD and SDSS of non-risk group of depression significantly increased compared with that of risk group. 3. Ln(TP), Ln(HF) of non-risk group of depression significantly increased compared with that of risk group. Conclusion : The results suggest that there were significant differences on HRV between risk group and non-risk group of early postpartum depression examined by EPDS.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the autonomic nervous system activity in various ambient temperature situation. To evaluate autonomic function, we use the time domain analysis of heart rate variability. Electrocardiogram was recorded to derive heart rate variability in 3 different temperature room which temperature is controlled in 18℃(low), 25℃ (mid) and 38℃(high), respectively. Totally 22 subjects were participated in the experiment. The result shows that the time-domain variables such as AVNN, SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, NN20 and pNN20 show the significant difference between low and high temperature (p<0.01). However, these variables has no significance (p>0.05) between mid and high except on AVNN, RMSSD and pNN20. AVNN, RMSSD shows the highest significance (p<0.001) according to the various temperature environment.