• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.126
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• pp.321-343
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• 2013

The Reformation seems to have nothing to do with modern philosophy, but in reality closely related to it. From a philosophical point of view, the Reformation had a profound effect on the formation of modern philosophy in two respects. Voluntarism, asserting the predominance of divine will over divine reason, which is the basic principle of the Reformation, allowed an arbitrary interpretation of the Bible by ignoring the tradition of the Church and emphasizing 'Sola Fide'. As a result, the severe religious disputes arose and the modern intellectuals sought a deism and natural religion as an universal religion which is expected to put an end to religious conflicts. Moreover, voluntarism changed the way of inquiring nature from the speculative to the experimental based on observation and experiment, and provided the clues of the birth of experimental philosophy (empiricism) which is the experimental inquiry of human nature. In short, the Reformation brings about the search for universal religion on the one hand, but on the other the advent of experimental philosophy. Universal religion is not a mystic religion on which the religious behaviors and practices are based but just a world view that is the basis for scientific inquiry, and it was nothing but a philosophy for science. And also the experimental philosophy was a philosophy by science in that it is a science of human nature through experiment and observation, After all, the Reformation expelled religion from the main living room of philosophy and placed science on the spot instead.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.04b
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• pp.256-258
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• 2002

지금가지 인지과학적인 연구는 주로 인간의 지능이나 신경망, 그리고 언어를 주 연구 대상으로 다루어 왔다. 그런데 인공지능은 철학의 고유영역에 속하던 많은 문제를 다루게 되었고, 그 주제들을 다뤄온 철학적 방법들을 여러 측면에서 채용하고 있다. 따라서 인지과학과 철학이라는 두 분야가 접목되어야 할 필요성이 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 위에 바탕을 두어 1) 인간 사유에 대한 데카르트의 성찰(cogito ergo sum)을 소개하고, 2) 이를 MFC를 이용한 Multi-threading으로 구현하고 실험하여, 3) 인간의 철학적 사유체계와 사고 중 이성과 오성에 관한 부분은 인공적으로 구현 가능하다는 사실과 응용 가능성을 검토하도록 한다.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.14 no.4 s.78
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• pp.46-51
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• 1975

이상의 다섯가지면 즉 사회와 교육, 경제면 교육목적, 교육과정, 교수와 학습에 대한 철학적 관첨을 간호교육과 관련해서 생각해 보았읍니다. 교육의 사회성과 학생의 개성이 우리 간호교육에 반영되고 있는지? 경제적 측면이 고려되고 있는지? 교육목적은 개인요구와 사회요구 어느쪽에 치중되고 있는지? 교육과정은 진술된 교육목적 달성수준으로 계획실시 되고 있는지? 어떠한 학습이론을 바탕으로 학습보도가 진행되고 있는지? 등등을 한번 생각해 볼 수 있돌고 저의 실용주의적 실험주의 교육철학을 바탕으로 교육철학적으로 본 간호교육이라는 주지를 감히 대신 합니다.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2024

In this study, we explored the philosophical perspective of Ian Hacking on experimentation and discussed its potential impact on science education in schools. Traditionally, many philosophers have advocated a theory-driven view of experimentation, emphasizing its importance primarily in validating theories. Similarly, in the context of education, the prevailing perspective has been to focus on experimentation primarily as a means of confirming and proving theories. However, in contrast to this theory-driven perspective, philosophers like Hacking have proposed that experimentation itself possesses autonomy and vitality. Through their discussions, they have brought to light the significance of previously overlooked elements in experiments, such as tool usage, materials, and the involvement of scientists. They have prompted a reevaluation of the role and importance of experiments in scientific activities. Therefore, in this study, we consider the application of this philosophical standpoint to school experimental education. We anticipate that the phenomenon-centered perspective we propose in this research will be beneficial for teaching scientific practices, including tool usage, the involvement of experimenters, and modeling activities.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.50
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• pp.171-200
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• 2016

The full-scaled study of Joseon conducted by Japan in the 1910s was part of its colonial policy, while the native Joseon studies against it contained political aspiration to recover the national rights and independence. Accordingly, the conceptual meaning of 'Joseon' varied according to its subject of speech. The establishment of modern nation-state failed along with the extinction of Korean Empire, but 'Joseon' was newly discovered within national ideology. It became a historical concept in which the experience of the past and the expectation toward the future could be united. The so-called 'Joseon Studies' was only limited to intellectuals in the academic circle, but 'Joseon' embraced the articulations from more various social agents. Furthermore, it is only natural that 'Joseon Studies' should be interpreted within the historical semantics of 'Joseon', considering the connection between concept and discourse. In his The History of Joseon Civilization, An Hwak encompassed the history from the times of ancient mythology to the contemporary times under the banner of 'Joseon'. Opposing Japanese distortion of history carried out in the name of historical positivism, he idealized Joseon history as comparable to that of the Western democracy. He extended the study of 'Joseon' into culture at large, foreshadowing a kind of Joseon philosophy. In his An Overview of Joseon Philosophical Ideas, the first description of 'Joseon philosophy' as an independent field, he proposed philosophy as one of three sources of pride in Joseon and asserted its uniqueness and originality compared to the West. It was an attempt to grasp the peculiarity of Joseon ideas from a perspective of the history of universal human civilization. He considered 'Jong'(倧) as an ideological foundation held from the ancient to the modern times, and the acceptance of Buddhism and Confucianism as beneficial to 'Joseon philosophy'. The birth of 'Joseon philosophy', the modern transformation of the traditional knowledge system, was an intellectual experiment to apply traditional knowledge to the modern disciplinary classification system.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.146
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• pp.307-328
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• 2018

The use of thought experiments has a long history in many disciplines including science. In the field of philosophy, thought experiments have frequently appeared in the pre-existing literature on the contemporary Analytic Philosophy. A thought experiment refers to a synthetic environment where the designer of the experiment-with his or her intuition and imagination-tests common-sense knowledge. It can be understood as a conceptual tool for testing the validity of the common understanding of an issue or a phenomenon. However, we are not certain about the usefulness or efficacy of a thought experiment in knowledge production. The design of a thought experiment is meant to lure readers into believing as intended by the experiment itself. Thus, regardless of the purpose of a thought experiment, many readers who encounter the experiment could feel deceived. In this paper, to analyze the logic of thought experiments and to seek the source of uneasiness the readers and critics may feel about thought experiments, I draw lessons from three renowned thought-experiments: Thomson's 'ailing violinist', Putnam's 'brain in a vat', and Searle's 'Chinese room'. Imaginative thought experiments are usually constructed around a gap between the reality and the knowledge/information at hand. From the three experiments, several lessons can be learned. First, the evidence of the existence of a gap provided via thought experiments can serve as arguments for counterfactual situations. At the same time, the credibility and efficacy of the thought experiments can be damaged as soon as the thought-experiments are carried out with inappropriate and/or murky directions regarding the procedures of the experiment or the background of the study. According to D. R. Hofstadter and D. C. Dennett(1981), the 'knob setting' in a thought experiment can be altered in the middle of a simulation of the experimental condition, and then the implications of the thought experiment change altogether, indicating that an entirely different conclusion can be deduced from thought experiment. Lastly, some pre-suppositions and bias of the experiment designers play a considerable role in the validity and the chances of success of a thought experiment; thus, it is recommended that the experiment-designers refrain from exercising too much of their imagination in order to avoid contaminating the design of the experiment and/or wrongly accepting preconceived/misguided conclusions.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.234-240
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interpretive style reading materials on high school students philosophical viewpoints on science. Subjects for this study were 137 girl students in four classes of a high school located in Daejeon city. The classes were divided into two groups: experimental groups and control groups. Students in the experimental groups were administered a series of the reading materials over thirty-six sessions. Additionally, PPP(Philosophical Perspectives Prove) was used in order to assess students philosophical viewpoints on science. Results of the study showed that the interpretive style reading materials takes effect on the change of students philosophical viewpoints on science. At the initial stage, a number of students exhibited viewpoints inclined toward inductivism. As time goes by, however, viewpoint of inductivism was decreased and view of falcificationism and view of relativism were increased. The results also indicated that the effect of intervention was stable.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.142
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• pp.27-50
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• 2017

When we lose our memories or when our self-identity becomes blurred, we may feel as if our mind has split into multiple minds. If someone makes another 'me' by copying my body and mind, how should two conscious 'I's change their credences? In this article, we present a new thought experiment that can be called the 'Two Adams Problem'. This thought experiment represents a piece of philosophical inquiry that speculates on the nature of self-consciousness information that 'I am awake now'. On Sunday evening, as soon as Adam falls asleep, the philosopher Roro makes another Adam by copying Adam's original body and mind. They sleep separately in another room. Within a minute, Roro throws a fair coin. If the coin lands heads up Roro wakes just one of the Adams up on Monday. If the coin lands tails up Roro wakes both Adams up. On Monday, at least one of the Adams will wake up. To what degree ought they believe that the outcome of the coin toss is heads? We will argue that the correct answer to this question is 1/2.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.88
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• pp.307-335
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• 2010

Gemäß der lernerorientierten Didaktik und Methodik des deutschen neuen Schulfaches "Praktische Philosophie" studiert die vorliegende Forschung die Unterrichtsmethoden zum fruchtbaren Philosophie-, Essay- und Ethikunterricht. Sie stellt die Unterrichtsmethoden unter der Gliederung von 1) Methoden für die Einführung in den Unterricht, 2) die für den Hauptteil des Unterrichts, 3) die für den Abschluss des Unterrichts, 4) die für Strukturierung des ganzen Unterrichts dar. Der zweite Teil wird wiederum in die Methoden der Form vom Sprechen und Horen, vom Lesen und vom Schreiben unterteilt. Wegen der Einschränkung vom erlaubten Umfang für den Aufsatz wird diese Forschung in zwei Aufsätze geteilt. Der erste Aufsatz behandelte den Teil 1) und den ersten Unterteil des Teils 2). Als Methoden für die Einführung in den Unterricht stellten sich Partnerinterview, Brainstorming und Schneeball dar und als Methoden der Form vom Sprechen und Horen Fishbowl, Pro-Kontra-Argumention, Gruppenarbeit und das sokratische Gespräch. Dieser zweite Aufsatz stellt Lesekompetenz, Lesestrategie, Textanalyse, Mindmapping, Dilemma, kooperatives Lesen und Placemat im Bezug auf Methoden der Form vom Lesen dar und das einfache und dialektische Argumentieren, das kreative Schreiben und Gedankenexperiment als Methoden der Form vom Schreiben. Als Methoden für den Abschluss des Unterrichts werden Blitzlicht, Feedback und Postersession und als Methoden für Strukturierung des ganzen Unterrichts Sandwich und Lernstop betrachtet.

• 한국과학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.12a
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• pp.313-326
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• 2015

데카르트는 사후에 출간된 1662년 "인간론"에서 자동기기의 유압체계모델을 이용하여 인간신체의 신경기능과 근육운동에 대하여 기계론적 설명을 제시하였다. 이것은 바로크 과학기술의 자동기기의 유압체계를 모델로 근육운동이 동물영혼에 의한 신경 전달로 진행된 것을 보여준 실험이었다. 근육운동은 동물영혼에 의한 신경 전달로 진행될 때 이를 기계론적으로 잘 설명될 수 있다고 본 데카르트의 동물영혼에 관한 견해는 출간 이후 3년 만에 네덜란드 자연학자, 해부학자, 현미경학자, 철학자 슈밤머담(Jan Swammerdam 1637-80)이 도전하였다. 그는 1664년 12월 8일 보르흐 앞에서 마취 없이 살아있는 개구리의 심장을 해부하고 두뇌 제거하는 전극실험으로 개구리의 근육운동이 데카르트가 가정하는 동물영혼과는 무관하다는 것을 보여주므로 반박하였다. 슈밤머담은 이 실험 이전에도 이미 라이덴 대학에서 여러 가지 실험으로 명성을 쌓았고 이 실험으로 해부학과 생리학의 출발을 알렸다. 뢰벤훅은 1673년 270배 확대 렌즈를 측정 대에 설치하여 눈에 가까이 갖다 대 고착시킨 첫째 동물이라는 뜻의 박테리아(${\pi}{\rho}\acute{\omega}{\tau}o$ ${\zeta}\acute{\omega}o{\nu}$)를 관찰하였다. 대학에서 전공하지 않았다는 비전문가로서 뢰벤훅이 이 연구에 뛰어들게 되는 것은 바로크 과학기술문명에 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 그라프는 그해 4월 왕립학회에 그가 빗물이나 연못물에서 채취하여 관찰한 미생물을 1677년에 아니말쿨레스(animalcules)라 불렀다는 것을 알렸고 이 관찰은 나중에 왕립학회 검증으로 확증되었다. 뢰벤훅이 명성을 얻게 된 것은 그라프가 그를 학문적으로 이끌어주었기 때문이다. 뢰벤훅에서 광학수업을 받은 하르췌커는 1694년 현미경으로 인간정액을 관찰하는 동안에 하르췌커는 정액 내에 수많은 아니말쿨레스로서 호문쿨리(homunculi)가 살고 있는 것을 보고 그 존재를 요청하였다. 하르췌커는 정규 학문과정에서 성장한 전문가로 뢰벤훅에서 렌즈닦는 기술을 습득하므로 정액주의 운동의 첨단에서 주목을 받게 되었지만 대중적 인기에 영합하였다. 이 발표는 17세기 후반 슈밤머담과 뢰벤훅이 실험철학에 기초한 곤충과 동물 및 미생물 세계의 연구 성과를 과학과 윤리 혹은 신학과의 상보적 관점에서 개관하고, 이들 연구방법을 이신론과 수사학의 입장에서 해명하고자 한다. 17세기 후반에 곤충학의 대가인 슈밤머담과 하르췌커에서 동물생성의 문제에 이신론의 물음은 물질과 정신과의 관계를 해명하려는 과학과 신학과 철학의 경계의 물음이다. 이 경계에서 이신론의 수사학적 접근은 개별분과에서 해결하지 못한 중요한 아포리아를 풀어가는 인문학적 역할에 기여를 할 수 있다.