• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.127-131
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• 2006

본 연구는 VGIS(Virtual Geographic Information System)을 이용, 환경친화적인 도로건설을 위해 실제 좌표를 사용하므로 3차원 도로의 선형과 구조물을 설계하였다. 그리고 시공 중에 발생 할 수 있는 민원문제 및 설계변경 시 효율적인 의사결정 할 수 있도록 하였다. 대상지역은 전라남도 장흥군의 최대 역점사업인 관광을 테마로 한 정남진 가는 길을 컨셉으로 한 '가고 싶은 길', '보고싶은 다리', '기억하고픈 터널'을 주제로 설계하였으며 명실공히 남도의 새로운 관광명소가 될 자연관광도로가 될 것으로 기대된다. 기존의 3차원 설계에서는 평면적인 선형과 구조물의 형상을 이해하는데 상당한 시간이 소요되었지만, 구조물을 3차원으로 설계함으로써, 비전문가라도 구조물을 쉽게 파악할 수 있었다. 그리고 3차원 설계는 기존 구조물과 신설될 구조물 사이에 공사 중 발생할 수 있는 환경 및 민원문제를 사전에 파악할 수 있었다. 또한, 실제와 같이 구현된 도로와 구조물의 시뮬레이션을 통하여 기존의 각종 의사 결정에 있어 보다 시각적 효과를 증진시켜 효율적인 의사결정을 가능하게 하였다. 본 연구에서는 실제 평면 설계에 쓰이는 좌표 값을 3차원설계에 적용하였다. 도로 노선 및 경관분석에 많은 도움이 될 것으로 보이며 VGIS를 이용하므로 도시계획, 식물, 토양, 수로 또는 도로형태, 홍수계획 등 많은 일들이 평가에 사용된다. 여기서는 구조물 3차원 설계에 관한 기초적인 연구를 시행하였으며, 3차원설계를 통해 의사결정 시 효율적인 판단을 할 수 있었고, 환경 친화적 시공 및 설계에 대한 연구가 이루어 져야 될 것으로 판단된다.상의 "일반원칙의 통용"을 계약성립(Formation of Contract)의 과정별로 정리하였다.의 가치, 생활의 편익 등을 증대한다는 믿음 때문이다. 한편 현실은 여러 가지 역기능이 함께 나타나고 있다. '네티즌 윤리강령'까지 선포했지만, 진정한 네티즌 윤리는 강령을 선포했다고 저절로 확립되는 것이 아니다. 네티즌 각자의 실천의지가 있어야 한다. 인류가 새로운 이상향이라고 추구하는 가상사회는 윤리적인 사고와 행동으로 질서를 유지하지 못하면 인류의 밝은 미래는 보장할 길이 없다. 21세기 정보화 사회, 인터넷 사회를 맞이한 우리는 이 세상을 참으로 살기 좋은 세상으로 만들어야 할 고귀한 책무를 안고 있다. 아무리 험한 길, 어려운 과제라 할지라도 그 목표를 잃어서는 안 되며, 그 해답을 얻는 노력을 결코 게을리 해서는 안 된다.기여한 것으로 평가되고 있다. 이들 프로그램은 특히 보조금을 통해 어선의 제3국 영구이전과 낡고 비효율적인 어선의 신조를 가속화시킨 것으로 보고되고 있다.받고 그 의견에 대한 결과를 게시하여 학생들이 제공되기 원하는 식단을 급식 시 제공하여 학생들이 식단선택에 동참할 수 있는 기회를 주는 것이 바람직하겠다. 또한 영양사는 학급의 반대표와의 정기적인 모임을 가짐으로서 학생들의 불만사항 및 개선 요구사항에대해 서로 의견을 교환하여 설문지조사가 아닌 직접적인 대화를 하여 문제점을 파악하고자 하는 적극적인 자세가 필요하겠다. 특히 아침식사의 결식 빈도가 높았고 이는 급식성과에 부정적인 영향을 줄 뿐 아니라 학교에서 제공하는 음식의 섭취정도에도 영향을 주고 있으므로 학생들에게 학부모와 전담교사 및 학교영양사는 학생들에게 이상적

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.915-923
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• 2015

A method of estimating irrigation water need based on water balance and net water consumption concept is proposed, and applied to four watersheds in order to assess the regional and altitudinal characteristics of evapotranspiration and water need for upland crops in Jeju Island. Potential and actual evapotranspiration, and net water need were calculated during the period 1992 to 2013 using SWAT-K watershed model. The annual potential evapotranspiration decreased linearly with increasing elevation, while actual evapotranspiration showed increase with elevation to 400 m around and gradual decrease at higher elevation due to vegetation species, water availability, and cold limitation. Altitudinal pattern of net water need showed linear decrease with increasing elevation for three watersheds (Han-cheon, Cheonmi-cheon, and Oedo-cheon), and annual values of net water need for upland areas (below 200 m in elevation) were 559~680mm/yr. The comparison between actual pumping rate from wells and net water need for irrigation area showed that the amount of pumping water significantly increased during summer season (June to August), while net water need for crop cultivation relatively decreased during this period. To ensure these results, more water use data from pumping wells and additional watersheds should be investigated in the next study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.452-460
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• 2017

Rice fields are important stopover sites for the conservation of shorebirds during long-distance migration. These fields serve as food sources providing energy for the next leg of the journey. Shorebirds are able to change their preferred food source at stopover sites. However, the type and distribution of food resources remain unknown for the shorebirds in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, we studied the type and distribution pattern of food resource (macroinvertebrates, remaining rice, and other seeds) for shorebirds in the rice fields. We have identified potential and actual food sources for shorebirds in the rice fields. The potential food sources were collected by using a core-sampling method and the actual food source was ascertained by observational analysis. As a result, a total 19 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in 15 families were recorded as potential food sources. A total of 9 families in 9 orders of benthic macroinvertebrates known to be actual food sources were also recorded during the study period, including loaches, and a tuber of sea club rush. Also, the distribution of the food source depended on soil conditions generated by cultivation such as plowing, harrowing, and the use of pesticides. In the present study, we identified the type and distribution of food sources for shorebirds. This information can be used as essential primary baseline data for conservation of shorebirds using the rice fields of the Republic of Korea.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 2019

This paper is a basic study for the performance evaluation, durability improvement and optimal design of tractor transmission. The engine torque of the 78 kW agricultural tractor during rotary tillage was measured using CAN communication. It was calculated with equivalent torque and then analyzed. In order to develop a reliable tractor, it is important to convert measured torque in various agricultural operations into equivalent torque and analyze it. The equivalent torque was calculated using Palmgren-Miner's rule, which is a representative cumulative damage law. The equivalent torque of rotary tillage period and steering period are 229.2 and 136.7 Nm, respectively. The maximum and average torque during rotary tillage period are 336.0 and 234.4 Nm, respectively. The maximum and average torque of the steering period are 288.0 and 134.6 Nm, respectively. The engine torque in rotary tillage period is higher than in the steering period because of cultivation of soil through PTO. The maximum and rated torque of engine are 387.0 and 323.0 Nm, respectively, which are 183% and 136% higher than the equivalent torque during rotary tillage and of steering section. Because transmission of agricultural tractor in Korea companies is generally designed by the rated torque of engine, there is a difference from measured torque during agricultural operations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider it for optimal design.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-50
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• 1982

The objective of this paper is to review the changes in fertilizer use pattern and to discuss some aspects of the fertilizer development in Korea. Fertilizer consumption in Korea have steadily increased to triple the application rates of N, P and K during the 15 years from 1965 to 1980, and Korea became one of the countries which apply fertilizers at the highest rate. The ratio of N: $P_2O_5$: $K_2O$ in fertilizer consumption changed from 55.4 : 31.4 : 13.1 in 1965 to 54.0 : 23.8 : 22.2 in 1980. It can be said that Korean farmers practise a balanced fertilization at least in view of fertilizer consumption as compared to other developing countries. However, differences in soil properties, crops, and climate varying as region were not reflected on fertilization. In the technological development of fertilizer, the chemical form and composition of the fertilizer as well as the suitability to the specific crops must be taken into consideration for the efficient use of fertilizers. Although organic fertilizers and manure are accepted as minor element suppliers, it is necessary to add minor elements into chemical fertilizers on the industrial process. Industrial waste may be used for the agricultural production as a measure of pollution control providing careful study on the waste.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2014

Biochar (BC) from biomass pyrolysis is a carbonaceous material that has been used to remove various contaminants in the environment. The eliminatory action for burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) as an invasive plant is being consistently carried out because of its harmfulness and ecosystem disturbance. In this study, burcucumber biomass was converted into BCs at different pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and $700^{\circ}C$ under a limited oxygen condition. Produced BCs were characterized and investigated to ensure its efficiency on antibiotics' removal in water. The adsorption experiment was performed using two different types of antibiotics, tetracycline (TC) and sulfamethazine (SMZ). For the BC pyrolyzed at a high temperature ($700^{\circ}C$), the values of pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of ash and carbon increased whereas the yield, mobile matter, molar ratios of H/C and O/C, and functional groups decreased. Results showed that the efficiency of BCs on antibiotics' removal increased as pyrolysis temperature increased from 300 to $700^{\circ}C$ (38 to 99% for TC and 6 to 35% for SMZ). The reaction of ${\pi}-{\pi}$ EDA (electron-donor-acceptor) might be involved in antibiotics' adsorption to BCs. BC has potential to be a superior antibiotics' adsorbent with environmental benefit by recycling of waste/invasive biomass.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.86-97
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• 2015

"The Jayeon Madang Development Project("JMDP")" is a project being promoted by the Ministry of Environment to create a cultural space and a natural rest area within the city. Abuksan, located at Abuksan in Gyeongsangnam-do Miryang-si Naeil-dong, has suffered a substantial amount of environmental degradation over time, so the need for ecological restoration made it a natural choice for the location of the JMDP's site. The purpose of this study is to examine ecological restoration design strategies used in Abuksan as part of the JMDP using system dynamics. The national archery center, hole, and arable land sites are key restoration areas in Abuksan that have faced with ecological problems. In this study, we identified the status of each site, determined key strategies being implemented, and designed based on the strategies implemented up to this point for solving problems associated with each sites through the use of causal loop diagrams. The results of the causal loop diagram analysis are as follows. The national archery center site was designed around strategies including planting green manure crops and introducing hugelkultur to reduce soil acidification and green network degradation. The hole site was designed as a constructed wetland based on the emergence of hygropreference vegetation, hydrated by rainwater collected at the bottom of hole, ecological and cultural benefits of such an environment. The arable land site restoration design was built around planting native vegetation on one part of the arable land site after soil quality improved and around restoration of grassland and a dry wetland on the other part of the site to reduce soil acidification, erosion, and green network degradation. This study is a significant attempt to apply principles of system dynamics to ecological restoration by providing the design strategies using comprehension of some problems in the ecosystem feedback loops, which has not been used before in general design processes for ecological restoration.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2008

Current soil remediation principles for toxic metals have some limitations even though they vary with different technologies. An alternative technology that transforms hazardous substances into nonhazardous ones would be environmentally beneficial. Objective of this research was to assess optimum conditions for Cr(VI) reduction in soils as influenced by ZVI(Zero-Valent Iron), organic matter and moisture content. The reduction ratio of Cr(VI) was increased from 37 to 40% as organic matter content increased from 1.07 to 1.75%. In addition, Cr(VI) concentration was reduced as soil moisture content increased, but the direct effect of soil moisture content on Cr(VI) reduction was less than 5% of the Cr(VI) reduction ratio. However, combined treatment of ZVI(5%), organic matter(1.75%) and soil moisture(30%) effectively reduced the initial Cr(VI) to over 95% within 5 days and nearly 100% after 30 days by increasing oxidation of ZVI and concurrent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The overall results demonstrated that ZVI was effective in remediating Cr(VI) contaminated soils, and the efficiency was synergistic with the combined treatments of soil moisture and organic matter.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.4 s.165
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• pp.299-311
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• 2006

In this paper it is outlined the methodology of estimating the parameters of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge, using ground water level rises in monitoring well when values of specific yield of aquifer are not available. This methodology is applied for two monitoring wells of the case study area in northern area of the Jeiu Island. A water balance of soil layer of plant rooting zone is computed on a daily basis in the following manner. Diect runoff is estimated by using SCS method. Potential evapotranspiration calculated with Penman-Monteith equation is multiplied by crop coefficients($K_c$) and water stress coefficient to compute actual evapotranspiration(AET). Daily runoff and AET is subtracted from the rainfall plus the soil water storage of the previous day. Soil water remaining above soil water retention capacity(SWRC) is assumed to be recharge. Parameters such as the SCS curve number, SWRC and Kc are estimated from a linear relationship between water level rise and recharge for rainfall events. The upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$) at the monitoring well location is derived from the relationship between rainfall and the resulting water level rise. The specific yield($n_c$) and the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) are calculated from a linear relationship between observed water level rise and calculated recharge for the different simulations. A set of parameter values with maximum value of $R^2$ is selected among parameter values with calculated specific yield($n_c$) less than the upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$). Results applied for two monitoring wells show that the 81% of variance of the observed water level rises are explained by calculated recharge with the estimated parameters. It is shown that the data of groundwater level is useful in estimating the parameter of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-179
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• 2003

Multifunctionality of agriculture which is not traded on the market now has been an important international issue in that it environmental and public benefits. We carried out to modify and to update the function of upland farming on flood prevention and fostering water resources. Economic values of environmental benefits were evaluated by replacement cost methods. Models to evaluate the function of preventing flood were selected as: (1)precipitation(flood-inducing) - runoff(A), (2) soil depth ${\times}$ soil air phase, (3) precipitation (flood-inducing) - runoff(B), (4) soil depth ${\times}$ effective porosity of soil. Models to estimate the function of fostering water resources were (1) saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) ${\times}$ duration of saturation(days) ${\times}$ (1-ratio of water flow directly into river), (2) precipitation ${\times}$ ratio of water fostered by rain resources ${\times}$ (area of upland/total land area), and (3) soil water retention quantity(under standing crop or tree) - SWRQ(in bare soil). Function of preventing flood was $883Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of water per year and 645 million Mg for the whole upland area. Function of fostering water resources was $94.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of water per year and 69 million Mg for the whole upland area. The value of flood-preventing function evaluated by replacement cost methods was estimated 1,428 billion won per year as compared to the cost for dam construction. The value of water resource fostering were estimated 8.6 billion won in the price of living water.