• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2014

Introduction: Persistent vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), a major cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children, can result in serious renal complications, such as reflux nephropathy and chronic renal failure. We evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of VUR. Methods: From December 1993 to May 2011, we examined 117 children with vesicoureteral reflux who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics and Urology, Chungbuk National University hospital for a UTI. The patients were managed medically or surgically. Results: Male patients had a slightly higher prevalence of VUR than female patients (55%). The degrees of the 161 refluxing ureters, as classified by the International Reflux Study Committee, were as follows: grade I, 15 ureters; grade II, 32 ureters; grade III, 54 ureters; grade IV, 26 ureters; grade V, 34 ureters. One hundred and sixty-one renal units (115 cases) underwent a 99m TC-DMSA renal scan, and 62% showed abnormal findings. The incidence of renal cortical defects showed a direct correlation with the severity of VUR. Ninety-four refluxing ureters were followed up medically, and 66 ureters (67%) either disappeared or improved. However, 9 refluxing ureters persisted. The spontaneous resolution rate of VUR seemed to be higher in younger patients with lower grades of reflux, and without renal cortical defects. Sixty-seven refluxing ureters (41%) were treated surgically, 62 refluxing ureters (92%) disappeared, and 5 refluxing ureters (8%) persisted. Conclusion: The incidence of renal cortical defects in patients with UTIs was 62% (in a 99m TC-DMSA renal scan), and showed a direct correlation with the severity of VUR. The spontaneous resolution rate seemed to be lower in the patients with higher grades of VUR, older age (over 4 years old) and diffuse renal cortical defects.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2003

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is known to be the main cause of childhood hypertension and renal failure. Knowing its familial occurrence, we determined the incidence of VUR and renal scar in asymptomatic siblings of Korean patients with primary VUR Methods : A total of 50 siblings from 37 index patients were included. Voiding cystourethro-graphy(VCUG) and renal scintigraphy using $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ were peformed in these siblings from June, 1994 to May, 2001, Index patients were classified into two groups according to the presence of VUR in their siblings, and the clinical factors of the index patients such as age, sex, grade of reflux and renal cortical defect were compared between the groups. Results : Among the 50 siblings, VUR were found in 8(16%) and renal cortical defects were detected in 8(16%) siblings respectively. The incidence of renal cortical defects was 87.5%(7 out of 8) in the VUR(+) siblings. There was a case of VUR(-) cortical defect in one sibling, presumed as a scar from an old VUR. There was no relationship among age, sex, grade of reflux and renal cortical defect of the index patient to the presence of VUR in siblings. Conclusion : This study confirmed a significant incidence of VUR(16%) and renal cortical defects(16%) in the asymptomatic siblings of patients with primary VUR in Korea. It Is resonable to recommend screening studies to the siblings of patients with VUR for the early detection and prevention of probable reflux nephropathy. (J K orean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2003;7:181-188)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.648-652
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• 2006

Objective : $^{99m}Tc$-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan is considered to be the most sensitive examination for detection of renal scars. However, because of its high radiation exposure to the kidney and its limited usefulness for patients with low grade vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), some authors have suggested that DMSA scans should be reserved primarily for children with VUR grade 3 and above. The aim of this study was to reevaluate the necessity of DMSA scans as a screening test in infants without reflux or with low grade reflux. Methods : In this retrospective study, 189 infants(mean age : 6.2 months) diagnosed as UTI were enrolled. Voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG), DMSA scan and renal ultrasonography were performed within 1 month of UTI. VUR grade was classified into three subgroups; low grade(grade 1-2), moderate grade(grade 3), and high grade(grade 4-5), respectively. Results : Renal defects were present in 67 of 189 infants, and 82 of the 378 renal units. The incidence of renal defects was significantly correlated with VUR grade(P<0.01); 28 percent without reflux, 38 percent with low grade, 53 percent with moderate grade, 100 percent with high grade, respectively. However, there was no significant differences in incidence of renal defects between the low grade and moderate grade group. Conclusion : In this study, renal defects were found in quite high percentages; 28 percent patients without reflux and 38 percent patients with low grade VUR, respectively. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the incidence of renal defects between the low grade and moderate grade groups. Therefore, DMSA scan should be performed for infants with UTI as a screening test regardless of the presence of VUR.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1006-1015
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• 2009

This paper developed FRESH(Face image REcognition System for intelligent Home), proposed by Hopkins, which was to recognize the face of family members applying for HTM system that integrates a principal movement of human brain's neocortex with computers. For the purpose of confirming a result of the works, we took real photographs of both clear and distorted images, but the result produced higher accuracy about the distorted images providing by a real environment as well as clear images. In addition, the existing studies were focused on the recognition of facial zone that it was difficult to adapt for System for intelligent home. However, this thesis developed a system suitable for intelligent home which corresponds a facial image to his or her name.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1494-1505
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• 2010

A variety of sounds take place in medium and small-sized manufactories producing many kinds of parts in a small quantity with one press. We developed the identification system for the quality of parts using HTM(Hierarchical Temporal Memory)-based sound recognition. HTM is the theory that the operation principle of human brain's neocortex is applied to computer, suggested by Jeff Hopkins. This theory memorizes temporal and spatial patterns hierarchically about the real world, which is known for its cognitive power superior to the previous recognition technologies in many cases. By applying the HTM model to the sound recognition, we developed the identification system for the quality of molding parts. In order to verify its performance we recorded the various sounds at the moment of producing parts in the real factory, constructed the HTM network of sound, and then identified the quality of parts by repeating learning and training. It reveals that this system gets an excellent and accurate results at the noisy factory.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.4
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• pp.613-620
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• 2009

It is necessary to develop a system of judging whether or not the parts are defective easily at low cost, especially in a small scale factory which manufactures a large variety of products in small amounts. To develop such system, we require to recognize objects using human's cognitive ability under various circumstances. Human's high intelligence originates mostly from neocortex of human brain. The HTM theory, which is proposed by Jeff Hopkins, is one of the recent researches to model the operation principle of neocortex. In this paper we developed PRESM (Parts image REcognition System for small scale Manufacturing industry) system based on the HTM theory to judge badness of manufactured products. As a result of application to the real field of workplace environments we identified the superiority of our recognition system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.687-694
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• 2003

Purpose : Regeneration and repair after ischemic renal injury appears to be modulated by circulating or locally produced growth factors. This study examined the changes of serum insulin like growth factor(IGF-I) and renal expression of IGF-I and II, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$($TGF-{\beta}$), and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) during the active regeneration period after acute ischemic injury. Methods : Sera and kidney tissue samples(whole kidney, cortex, outer medullae and inner medullae) were obtained before and after one, three, five and seven days of 40 minutes bilateral renal pedicle clamping. Acute renal failure was assessed by measuring the concentration of serum creatinine. Serum IGF-I level was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA expression in kidney was measured by RT-PCR. The distribution of IGF-I and CTGF was detected by immunohistochemistry. Resuts : Serum IGF-I concentration after one day following acute ischemic renal injury was significantly decreased compared to preischemic value. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and VEGF in whole kidney were temporally decreased on day one of ischemic injury. IGF-I and IGF-II expressions in outer medullae were significantly decreased on day one after ischemic injury. $TGF-{\beta}1$, CTGF and VEGF expressions were markedly decreased in medullae after one day of ischemic injury compared to other kidney sections. IGF-I was markedly decreased in cortical tubules on day one of uremic rat. CTGF was markedly increased on tubule within three days of ischemic injury. Conclusion : These findings suggest that IGFs, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and CTGF may involve in the pathogenesis or the recovery from acute ischemic renal injury.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.245-253
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• 2003

Puorpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$ DMSA scintigraphy on the dignosis of a renal scar in children with urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: Eighty three patients were included in this study, who were diagnosed as the urinary tract infection on the basis of symptom, urinalysis and urine culture. $^{99m}Tc$ DMSA scintigraphy and voiding cystoureterography were peformed within 7days before the treatment in all patients. We classified the scintigraphic findings as follow s : 1 ; a large hypoactive upper or lower pole. 2 ; a small hypoactive area. 3 ; single defect resulting in localized deformity of the outlines. 4 ; deformed outlines in a small or normal sized kidney. 5 ; multiple defects. 6 ; diffuse hypoactive kidney without regional impairment. Follow-up scintigraphy was done at least 6 months after the initial study. When the abnormality on the initial scintigraphy was not completely resolved on the follow-up scan, the lesion was defined as containing a scar. Results: One hundred and fifteen renal units of 166 units(69.3%) showed abnormal findings on the DMSA scintigraphy. 65 units(56.5%) was diagnosed as containing renal scars on follow-up scintigraphies. Incidences of renal scar among renal units showing pattern 3, 4 and 5 on the initial scan was 75%, 78% and 78%, respectively. Whereas many of renal units showing 1, 2 and 6 pattern were recovered(65%, 76%, 50%). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of pattern-based DMSA scintigraphic findings on the diagnosis of renal scar was 76.9%, 85.1% and 81.9%, respectively. VUR was significantly associated with the renal scar when the initial DMSA shows unrecoverable findings(pattern 3, 4, 5). Odds ratio of the renal scar in a kidney showing unrecoverable initial scintigraphic findings was 19.1. Odds ratio in a kidney with mild or moderate-to-severe VUR was 3.5 and 14.4 respectively. Conclusion: In the urinary tract infection, renal scar was significantly developed in a kidney showing unrecoverable findings on the initial DMSA scan and VUR on voiding cystoureterography.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.1 s.57
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• pp.103-114
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• 1995

Platinum coordination complexes are currently one of the most compounds used in the treatment of solid tumors. However, its use is limited by severe side effects such as renal toxicity. Our platinum-based drug discovery program is aimed at developing drugs capable of diminishing toxicity and improving antitumor activity. We synthesized new Pt (Ⅱ) complex analogue containing 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (dach) as carrier ligand and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino) ethane (DPPE) as a leaving group. Furthermore, nitrate was added to improve the solubility. A new series of [Pt(trans-ddach)(DPPE).$2NO_3(PC)$ was synthesized and characterized by their elemental analysis and by various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR), $^{13}carbon$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)]. PC demonstrated acceptable antitumor activity aganist P388, L-1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells and SK=OV3 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells, and significant. activity as compared with that. cisplatin. The toxicity of PC was found quite less than thar of cisplatin using MTT, $[^3H]$ thymidine uptake and glucose consumption tests in rabbit proximal tubule cells, human kidney cortical cells and human renal cortical tissues. Based on these results, this novel platinum compound represent a valuable lead in the development of a new anticancer chemotherapeutic agent capable of improving antitumor activity and low toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 1993

Pt-complexes is currently one of the most compounds used in the treatment of solid tumors. However, its used is limited by severe side effects such as renal toxicity. Our platinum-based drug discovery program is aimed at developing drugs capable of diminishing toxicity and improving antitumor activity. We synthesized new Pt (II) complex analogues containing 1, 2-diaminocyclohexane (dach) as carrier ligand and 1, 3-bis (diphenylphosphino) propane (DPPP)/1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane (DPPE) as a leaving group. Furthermore, nitrate was added to improve the solubility. A new series of (KHPC-001) [Pt (trans-1-dach)(DPPP)] $2NO_3$ and (KHPC-002) [Pt (trans-1-dach)(DPPE)] $2NO_3$ were synthesized and characterized by their elemental analysis and by various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR), $^{13}carbon$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)]. KHPC-001 and KHPC-002 demonstrated acceptable antitumor activity aganist P-388, L-1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells and significant activity as compared with that of cisplatin. The toxicity of KHPC-001 and KHPC-002 was found quite less than that of cisplatin using MTT, $[^3H]$ thymidine uptake and glucose consumption tests in rabbit proximal tubule cells and human kidney cortical cells.