• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.291-292
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• 1998

The purpose of the study was aimed to evaluate the BOLD contrast fMRI in occipital lobe and compare this imaging with metabolite changes based on $^1H$ MRS and MRSI before and after visual stimulation. As a result, the activation map were sucessfully produced by thresholding with minimum cross-correlate value of 0.45. In MRS, NAA/Cr ratio is almost same. however, latate was elevated almost 9 times higher than before activation. Lactate metabolic images were consistent with the BOLD effect map. The BOLD contrast fMRI is not enough to detect the activation area in human brain. so, the other modality was required such as lactate metabolic map.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.121-122
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• 1998

To induce perturbed magnetic field variations in the range of auto prescans permitted, we chose artificially shim values and applied manualy as DC offsets to X, Y, Z gradient amplifiers. The STEAM spectra were obtained from a localized region (8ml) of phantom's center and a Marquart Algorithm is employed to quantify MRS spectra. Results indicated that Creatine (Cr) which had a good correlation between a signal intensity and an area, changed little bit and showed extremly a stabilized state in perturbed magnetic field variations. Therefore, during the MRS experiments, to minimize the SNR reduction by means of unavoidable inhomogeneous magnetic fields, the present study suggested that the quantification method of relative ratios produced by replacing Cr concentration with standard quantify was most desirable.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Clinical and animal studies have shown that free radical overload is an important cause for a variety of diseases. Although ginseng has been recognized as antioxidant, how it modulates anti-oxidative process at the molecular level remains unknown. Free radical production is induced by tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) under the stress condition, and (TNF-$\alpha$) release is activated by TNF-$\alpha$-converting enzyme (TACE). Since TACE inhibitor is also well known for anti-inflammatory agent, ginseng seems to show anti-oxidative activity by repressing TACE pathway. Further studies on signal transduction would be warranted to elucidate molecular action mechanisms of ginseng on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2003

In vivo $^1$H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 4.7 T was applied to investigate the cerebral metabolite changes of mice brain before and after experimental brain trauma. In vivo $^1$H MR spectra were acquired from a voxel covering right parietal cortex in normal brain, used as control subjects. After experimental brain trauma using the fluid percussion injury (FPI) method, $^1$H MR spectra were acquired from the same lesion three days after trauma. Metabolite ratios of the injured lesion were compared to those of controls. After trauma, N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratio, as a neuronal marker was decreased significantly versus controls, indicating neuronal loss. The ratio of NAA/Cr in traumatic brain contusion was 0.90$\pm$0.11, while that in normal control subjects was 1.13$\pm$0.12 (P=0.001). Choline (Cho)/Cr ratio had a tendency to rise in experimental brain contusion (P=0.02). Cho/Cr ratio after trauma was 0.91$\pm$0.17 while that before traumas was 0.76$\pm$0.15. Cho/Cr ratio was increased and this might indicate a inflammatory activity. However, no significant difference of [(glutamate＋glutamine) (Glx)]/Cr was established between experimental traumatic brain injury models and normal controls. Lactate (Lac)/Cr ratio was appeared as a sign of shifted posttraumatic energy metabolism and increased versus controls. These findings strongly suggest that in vivo $^1$H MRS may be a useful modality for clinical evaluation of traumatic contusion and could aid in better understanding the neuropathologic process of traumatic contusion induced by FPI. In the present study, in vivo $^1$H MRS was proved to be a useful non-invasive method for in vivo diagnosis and monitoring of posttraumatic metabolism in models of brain contusion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.509-515
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• 1999

신체를 구성하는 여러 가지 요소 중에서 인간이 일상생활을 하는 데에는 신진대사를 일정하게 유지하기 위한 인체내의 여러 가지 전달물질들이 그 구성에 맞게 역할을 수행하여야 한다. 그러나, 만약 그 구성 비율이 바뀔 때에는 인체 내에 이상이 발생하게 된다. 그 대표적인 예로는 운동을 심하게 하였을 경우 갈증과 근육의 피로감이 몰려오게 되는데 이는 세포내의 이온농도의 변화에 의한 것이며 이때 물, 스포츠 이온 음료 등을 섭취한다. 순간적으로 그 증상이 회복되지는 않지만 신경계 내에서 회복하는데 에는 많은 시간이 소요된다. 생리학, 임상적으로 나트륨과 물은 신진대사에 밀접한 연관이 있다. 인체의 나트륨은 음식물의 섭취량과 나트륨의 생리작용사이의 균형에 좌우된다. 건강한 상태에서 나트륨의 생리적인 손실은 무시할 만 하며 나트륨 생리작용은 음식물의 섭취량과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 칼륨은 단지 전체 신경계 용질의 일부이기 때문에 이것은 세포의 체적과 세포 용질의 삼투현상을 결정하는 주요한 것이다. 더욱더 칼륨은 신진대사 과정의 많은 중요한 변수가 되며, 세포밖의 칼륨은 전체중에 매우 작은 일부이긴 하지만 신경근육 작용에 매우 큰 영향을 준다. 세포안과 밖의 칼륨의 농도 비율은 흥분성 조직내의 막 전위의 주요한 결정요소가 된다. 본연구에서는 세포막 설계 후 시뮬레이션을 통한 정상상태의 세포막 전위의 활동전위 전달 특성과 Na, K의 이온 농도를 변화시킬 경우의 세포막 전위의 활동저위 전달 특성곡선을 비교 관찰하여 운동 생리학적인 신경세포내의 전달특성 메카니즘을 이해, 분석하였다.서의 속도를 최소한으로 줄이면서 스케줄링에 의해 시간 문제를 해결하는 방법을 제시하도록 한다. 이는 기초과학 수준이 높은 북방권 국가들의 과학자들이 주로 활용되고 있다는 점에서도 잘 알 수 있으며 우리의 과학기술 약점을 보완하는 원천으로써 외국인 연구 인력이 대안이 되고 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 한국 연구 조직에서 일하는 외국인 연구자들의 동기 및 성과에 영향을 미치는 많은 요인들을 확인할 수 있었다. 상관관계, 분산분석, 회귀분석 등을 통해 활용 성과에 미치는 영향 요인들을 도출하였다. 설문 분석을 통하여 동기 및 성과 사이에는 강한 상관관계가 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 이는 전통적인 동기 이론들과 부합한다. 대부분의 변수가 동기 및 성과에 동시에 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었으며 그중에서도 조직 협력 문화, 외국인 연구자의 의사소통 및 협력성, 외국인 연구자의 연구 능력 관련 변수들 및 연구 프로젝트의 기술수명주기, 외국인 연구자의 기존 기술지식의 흡수 등이 가장 중요한 변수로 나타났다. 이는 우리가 주로 중국 및 러시아 과학자들을 활용하여 상업화하는 외국인 연구인력 활용 패턴과도 일치하는 결과이다. 즉 우호적인 조직문화를 가지고 있는 연구 조직에서, 이미 과학기술 지식을 많이 가지고 있고 연구 능력도 높은 외국인 과학기술자를, 한국에서 기술이 태동 또는 성장하고 있는 연구 분야에서 활용하는 것이 가장 성과가 좋다는 사실을 확인시켜 주고 있다. 국내에서 최초로 수행된 본 연구는 외국인 연구 인력의 활용 성과가 매우 높으며, 우리의 과학기술혁신시스템을 보완하는

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.305-318
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• 2022

To minimize the effects of aging-related comorbidities and to maintain a good quality of life and physical independence for a longer period, the improvement of lifestyle and dietary habits is essential, and healthy foods can be helpful. Among them, medicinal plant such as ginseng (Panax ginseng) and bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum) contain natural functional substances and have been used for disease treatment and prevention since ancient times. This review summarizes the scientific of these treatments basis by investigating the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic effects of major functional substances on the aging-related health effects of Panax ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum. The main functional substances of Panax ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum are saponins, which have a similar molecular structure and confirmed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-metabolic syndrome effects (improvement of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity). Both types of saponins in Panax ginseng (Ginseonside) and Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycoside) have very low absorption profiles in their purified state, but methods to increase absorption in the body through extraction or fermentation have been studied.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.231-243
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• 2020

Purpose: To determine the metabolic influence of the traditional Korean diet (K-diet), which has been regarded as a healthy diet, we investigated the profile of urine organic acids that are intermediates of various types of metabolism including energy metabolism. Methods: Ten women aged 50-60 years were recruited and randomly divided into 2 diet groups, K-diet and control diet, the latter of which is a Westernized Korean diet that is commonly consumed by Koreans nowadays. Before and after the 2-week intervention, 46 urine organic acids were determined using LC/MS/MS, along with clinical parameters. Results: The average concentrations of succinate (4.14 ± 0.84 ㎍/mg creatinine vs. 1.49 ± 0.11, p = 0.0346) and hydroxymethylglutarate (3.67 ± 0.36 ㎍/mg creatinine vs. 2.97 ± 0.29, p = 0.0466), both of which are intermediates of energy metabolism, decreased in the K-diet group after the 2-week intervention, but these were not observed in the control diet group. In particular, the average concentration of succinate in the K-diet group was lower than that in the control group (3.33 ± 0.56 ㎍/mg creatinine vs. 1.49 ± 0.11, p = 0.0284) after 2 weeks. The concentrations of two tryptophan metabolites, 5-hydroxyindolacetate (3.72 ± 0.22 ㎍/mg creatinine vs. 3.14 ± 0.21, p = 0.0183) and indican (76.99 ± 8.35 ㎍/mg creatinine vs. 37.89 ± 10.06, p = 0.0205) also decreased only in the K-diet group. After the 2-week intervention, the concentration of kynurenate, another tryptophan metabolite, was lower in the K-diet group than that in the control diet group (3.96 ± 0.51 ㎍/mg creatinine vs. 2.90 ± 0.22, p = 0.0356). Interestingly, the urine level of kynurenate was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.61424, p = 0.0003) and total cholesterol (r = 0.46979, p = 0.0088), which decreased only in the K-diet group (239.40 ± 15.14 mg/dL vs. 198.20 ± 13.25, p = 0.0163). Conclusion: The K-diet alters the urinary excretion of organic acids involved in energy metabolism and tryptophan metabolism, suggesting the influence of the K-diet on these types of metabolism. Urine organic acids changed by the K-diet may serve as biomarkers in future studies.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.179-196
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• 2015

Because of our aging population, there is increasing concern about the impact of dementia and age-related cognitive decline. Intense research efforts on effective dietary interventions for the prevention or amelioration of dementia and age-related cognitive decline have indicated that dairy products affect physiological health and potentially healthy brain function during aging. Milk is a rich source of proteins and peptides with nutritional and immunotropic activities. The preparation of biologically active proteins and peptides generally requires enzymatic degradation, chemical modification, or the addition of specific co-factors. Milk-derived preparations are widely available in the food industry in the form of hygiene products and infant formulas. However, milk-derived products could also be applied as preventive or therapeutic measures for a wide-range of pathological conditions not only in neonates and infants but also in adults, including the elderly. Because they have no adverse side effects, milk-derived proteins and peptides could be used as a supplementary treatment for dementia and age-related cognitive decline.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

The efficient strategies to cope with unpredictable and/or harmful environmental changes have been developed by every organism in order to ensure its survival and continuity of it's own species. As a results, all living things on earth maintain dynamically internal stability via a process termed 'homeostasis' among physiological parameters despite of external environment changes. Stress is an emotional and physical response to threat homeostasis. Stress may have not only transient but rather permanent effect on the organism; recent evidence clearly show that prenatal stress could organize or imprint permanently physiological systems without any change in genetic codes, a process known as 'epigenetic programming'. In this review, a series of reproduction-associated events occurred in prenatally stressed male rats such as alteration in the structure of sexually dimorphic brain regions, modification of neurotransmitter metabolism, changes in reproductive endocrine status, and finally, disorders of sexual behavior will be introduced. The fetal brain is highly sensitive to prenatal programming and glucocorticoids in particular have powerful brain-programming properties. The chronic hyperactivation of fetal brain by maternal stress-induced glucocorticoid input will provide new program via increasing the neuroplasticities. This 'increased neuroplasticities' will be the basis for the 'increased phenotypic plasticities' rendering the organism's better adaptation to environmental challenges. In conclusion, organism who experienced 'harsh' environment in his fetal life seems to give up a certain portion of reproductive competence to make good chance of survival in his future life by epigenetic (re)programming.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1996

After rapid eye movement(REM) sleep was idenified in 1953, a lively interest developed concerning a possible role of this kind of sleep in memory processes. The author reviewed studies relating REM to memory/learning. Many studies in animals and humans gave substantial evidence for relating REM sleep to memory function. The evidence supporting the position taken in this paper comes from experiments showing that : (1) learning session is followed by the significant augmentation of REM sleep : (2) REM sleep deprivation, prior to learning or immediately thereafter, impairs the formation of a permanent memory/learning : (3) there is a vulnerable period of time(eg, REM sleep "window") following succussful learning, during which REM sleep deprivation results in memory impairment : (4) theta rhythm which develops during REM sleep induces long-term potentiation in hippocampus : (5) there are some evidences providing the relationship of neurotransmitter systems to the maintenance of REM sleep and memory storage processes.