• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth characteristics, carbon and nitrogen content of containerized 1-0 Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings at various levels of fertilizer (2 g/L, 1 g/L, control) and three container volumes (500 mL, 400 mL, 320 mL). The growth of root collar diameter was highest in the 2 g/L (3.14 mm), followed by the 1 g/L (2.75 mm) and control (2.41 mm) treatments, while the height of seedling was significantly higher in the 1 g/L (21.88 cm) than other treatments (2 g/L: 20.92 cm; control: 19.06 cm). The growth of root collar diameter by container volume was better in the 500 mL than in the 320 mL. Dry weight of seedling was the highest in the 1 g/L ($4.41g\;seedling^{-1}$), followed by the control ($3.67g\;seedling^{-1}$) and the 2 g/L ($2.92g\;seedling^{-1}$) treatments. The dry weight of seedlings by container volume was significantly higher in the 500 mL than in the 320 mL. Nitrogen concentration in foliage was ranged from 1.51% in the control to 2.45-2.60% in the fertilizer treatments. However, carbon concentration of seedlings was not affected by the fertilizer or the container volume treatments. The growth of seedlings following planting in mountain area was better in the fertilized seedlings compared with in the unfertilized seedlings. The results indicate that the 1 g/L fertilization was an optimum rate for growth following planting of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2020

본 연구는 7~10월에 백색 꽃이 개화하는 화훼류인 너도개미자리[Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf.]를 지피용 관상식물로 활용하기 위한 재배방법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 유용식물증식센터에서 종자를 분양 받아 2019년 4월 19일에 트레이에 파종하여 충북대학교 유리온실에서 육묘한 유묘를 7월 4일에 정식하여 실험재료로 사용하였으며, 9월 24일까지 약 11주 동안 재배하였다. 식재 용기에 따른 너도개미자리의 생육을 알아보기 위하여 비닐 포트 2, 3, 4치를 이용하였다. 토양 실험은 단용토로 원예상토를 사용하였으며, 혼용토는 마사토와 중화 피트모스를 2:1, 3:1 비율로 혼합한 후 토양 9L당 퇴비 1L를 첨가하였다. 묘 소질에 관한 실험은 파종립수(1, 2, 4, 6립)와 파종용기(162, 200, 288구 트레이)를 각기 달리하여 육묘한 유묘를 정식한 후 생육을 비교하였다. 대조구는 비닐 포트 3치에 원예상토를 충진하고, 200구 트레이에 1립씩 파종하여 생산된 1셀을 정식하였다. 연구의 결과, 식재 용기에 따른 너도개미자리의 생육은 4치 비닐 포트에서 가장 효과적이었다. 그러나 경제적 측면을 고려하면, 개화율이 양호하였던 3치 포트를 이용하는 것도 고려해볼만한 것으로 판단된다. 토양 종류별로는 원예상토에서 생육이 가장 양호하였다. 그러나 너도개미자리는 배수가 잘되는 산지에 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있어, 생육이 비교적 양호한 결과를 보인 마사토와 피트모스를 3:1로 혼합한 토양에서 재배하는 것도 이용가치가 높을 것으로 생각된다. 파종 립수에 따른 너도개미자리의 개체당 생육은 셀당 파종된 립수가 적을수록 왕성하였으며, 1립과 2립 파종묘가 우수하였다. 2립 파종묘의 포트당 생체중이 가장 무거운 결과를 보였으며, 4립과 6립 파종묘는 개체당 생육이 크게 억제되어 2립 파종묘에 비해 저조하였다. 파종 용기에 따른 생육은 육묘에 사용된 용기의 크기가 클수록 정식 후 모든 생육이 왕성하였으며, 162구에서 생산한 묘가 가장 우수하였다. 한편 개화율은 200구 생산 묘가 가장 높았으며, 생육이 가장 왕성하였던 162구 생산 묘는 왕성한 생육으로 인해 개화가 비교적 지연되는 경향이었다. 결론적으로 너도개미자리의 재배는 4치 비닐 포트에 원예상토를 충진하여 200구 트레이에 셀당 2립 파종하여 생산된 유묘를 정식하는 것이 지피용 재배에 가장 효과적인 것으로 생각된다. 경제적인 측면을 고려할 때 3치 비닐 포트에 마사토와 피트모스를 3:1로 혼합한 토양을 이용하는 것도 효율적일 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.593-601
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish an effective marketing strategy based on Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) of rice-convenience foods. IPA is one of the most efficient and simple methods to evaluate product quality. Data were collected from 652 people (320 males and 332 females) and analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Subjects consumed rice-convenience foods as a snack substitute (19.3%), breakfast (20.7%), lunch (37.4%), dinner (15.2%), and late-night meal (7.4%). The purpose for consumption of rice-convenience foods were as follows: light meal (34.8%), lack of time to prepare meal (42.2%), favorite restaurant is not nearby (2.3%), save money (3.4%), and outdoor activities (9.7%). All attributes about rice-convenience foods were categorized into intrinsic property and extrinsic property. As a result of factor analysis, health, sensibility, and diversity factors were extracted from intrinsic property. In addition, dependence and appearance factors were drawn from extrinsic property. In analyzing the differences between importance and performance, there were significant differences; 16 items in the intrinsic property (P<0.01), and 10 items in the extrinsic property (P<0.001). The IPA matrix is composed of four quadrants, and each represents different strategies; the first, 'keep up the good work', the second, 'possible overkill', the third, 'low priority for management', and the fourth, 'concentrate management'. As a result, factors of rice-convenience foods positioned in the fourth quadrant were 'safety (from food additives, etc.)' and 'price' in the intrinsic property and 'nutrition label' and 'safety of packaging material' in the extrinsic property. They need to be improved immediately. In this study, rice-convenience food factors for continuous maintenance and concentrative improvement were compared by IPA. Based upon the results of this study, it is necessary to develop methods to make efficient use of limited resources and practical marketing strategies.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate effects of fertilization treatments (non-fertilizing, deep-fertilizing 20g, 50g, 100g, and surface-fertilizing 20g) on survival rate, growth performances, and seedling quality index (SQI) of container seedling and bare root seedling of Pinus densiflora in the field. There were no significantly differences in survival rate among fertilization treatments in the field. Besides, there was no toxic effect on seedling by over 100g fertilization in deep-fertilizing treatment. The root collar diameter and height of P. densiflora in both seedling types were the highest at 100g fertilization in deep-fertilizing treatments, and the biomass products and SQI were the same as above growth of root collar diameter and height. In most of the treatments, container seedlings showed better growth performances than bare root seedlings. In optimal fertilization, effect of fertilization was higher in container seedling than bare root seedling.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2013

This study was carried out to develop the proper cultivation methods of Brachythecium rivulare and Myuroclada maximowiczii which showed high-value for the interior landscaping and potting. Growth of two moss species cultivated in the compost covered with cloth was vigorous compared to that grown in containers only using cloth or compost, and their harvesting processes were easier. The growth and harvest easiness of mosses cultivated in compost were great rather than in bark or peatmoss. Compared to division, the spray of crushed mosses using mixer was effective for both gametophyte generation and their harvesting processes. In addition, the optimum inoculum for each container ($27{\times}17{\times}3cm$) was 2.0 g in B. rivulare and 4.0 g in M. maximowiczii. Overall growth of B. rivulare treated with nutrient solution (N:P:K=20:20:20) was inhibited compared to control, fresh-weight gain was reduced toward the higher concentration. But fresh-weight gain of M. maximowiczii was the highest with $0.25g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. Therefore, adequate moisture supply, after spraying crushed mosses (2.0 and 4.0 g each) in the compost covered with cloth, were the appropriate cultivation methods for B. rivulare and M. maximowiczii. Nutrient solution treatment with low concentration, during the cultivation period, would be the proper way only for M. maximowiczii.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1417-1423
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• 2011

For evaluating the effect of various organic fertilizer ratios on the Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' growth, a container green wall system experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Konkuk university. The experimental planting grounds were prepared with different organic fertilizer ratios ($A_1L_0$, $A_8L_1$, $A_4L_1$ $A_2L_1$ and $A_1L_1$) and with drought tolerance and an ornamental value Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' was planted. The change in soil moisture contents, plant height, number of branches, number of dead leafs, number of leaf, number of shoots, length of node, length of leaf, width of leaf, root-collar caliper, chlorophyll contents and survival rate were investigated from April to Jun 2010. 1. The result of soil moisture contents was analyzed with weight unit in the container green wall system during the dry summer season. The soil moisture contents were significantly enhanced in the container green wall system in increasing order as the amount of fertilizer level increased $A_1L_1$ > $A_2L_1$ > $A_4L_1$ > $A_8L_1$ > $A_1L_0$. 2. Compared to the control treatment (amended soil with 100% + organic fertilizer 0%) application, the highest plant growth was observed in the treatment of $A_2L_1$(amended soil with 67% + organic fertilizer 13%) application. However, the differences between the organic fertilizer ratio treatments of $A_1L_1$, $A_4L_1$, $A_8L_1$, and the $A_1L_0$ organic fertilizer application were mostly not significant. 3. The survival rate increased with the increasing application of organic fertilizer, but in the control treatment (amended soil with 100% + organic fertilizer 0%) application all the plants died. Experimental results from the presented study clearly demonstrated that the organic fertilizer improved the survival rate more than the Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' growth at different levels of organic fertilizers. This strain can be utilized as a plant growth application in living wall systems during the dry summer season. Therefore, Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' is expected to be a highly valuable shrub for the green wall system if it should be considered in integration with stormwater retention or as a soil conditioner for increasing soil water contents in planting ground.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2019

벼룩이울타리(Arenaria juncea M.Bieb.)는 7~8월에 백색의 꽃이 취산화서로 아름답게 피며, 산지, 산비탈 또는 메마른 초지에 자생한다. 청열 및 양혈의 효능이 있고, 은시호의 대용으로 쓰이며, 뿌리에는 triterpenoid saponins과 sapogenin이 함유되어 있다. 본 연구는 분화용 식물로 벼룩이울타리를 활용하기 위한 효율적인 포트 정식방법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험은 2018년 선행연구에서 생산된 유묘를 7월 2일에 정식하여 10월 15일까지 약 15주 동안 재배하였다. 대조구는 플라스틱 화분 10호($9{\times}9cm$)에 원예상토를 충진하고 200구 트레이에 셀 당 4립씩 파종하여 생산된 1셀을 정식하였다. 재배 실험은 용기종류[비닐포트(3, 4치), 플라스틱 포트(8, 10, 12호)], 토양 종류[원예상토, 중화 피트모스:펄라이트(3:1, 4:1), 마사토:중화 피트모스(2:1, 3:1)], 묘의 소질[파종 립수(1, 2, 4, 6립), 파종 용기(162, 200, 288구 트레이)] 등을 달리하여 진행하였다. 연구의 결과, 벼룩이울타리는 토양의 양이 많을수록 생육이 양호한 결과를 보여, 플라스틱 12호에 재배하는 것이 분화용으로 가장 효과적이었다. 한편, 비닐 4치와 플라스틱 10호의 경우, 플라스틱 12호와 생육에 큰 차이가 없어 경제적인 것으로 판단된다. 벼룩이울타리는 원예상토에서 재배하는 것이 전반적으로 생육이 우수하였으며, 다음으로 마사토와 피트모스 혼용토 순이었다. 그러나 피트모스와 펄라이트 혼용토는 비율과 관계없이 생육이 감소하며, 잎에 황백화 현상이 나타났다. 셀당 파종량을 달리하여 육묘한 후 정식한 결과, 전반적인 생육은 1립 파종묘에서 양호하였으나, 2, 4, 6립 파종묘가 1립 처리구에 비해 포트당 엽수가 약 1.35, 1.44, 2.01배 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러므로 유묘 생산시 셀당 파종량을 늘려 재배하는 것이 분화용으로 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. 파종용기별 유묘의 생육은 162, 200, 288구 트레이 순이었으나, 정식 후 약 15주 동안 재배한 결과, 162, 200구에서 생산된 유묘를 정식하는 것이 288구보다 양호하였다. 따라서, 육묘 단계에서 토양 및 공간을 절약할 수 있는 200구에 파종하여 재배하는 것이 효율적인 방법으로 생각된다. 결론적으로, 벼룩이울타리의 분화용 재배는 플라스틱포트 12호에 원예상토를 충진하고 200구 트레이에 4립 또는 6립을 파종하여 육묘한 묘를 정식하는 것이 가장 효과적이다. 한편, 경제적인 측면을 고려할 때, 재배면적을 적게 차지하는 비닐포트 4치 또는 플라스틱 포트 10호에 마사토와 중화 피트모스를 혼용하여 충진한 다음 유묘를 이식하는 것도 하나의 방법으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.132-138
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• 2015

Trees, cultivated in containers, are appropriate in soil deformation such as road sites with cutting and filling. This study tested the effectiveness of trees produced in containers for early rootage in street tree transplantation. For the study, Korean Mountain Ashes(Sorbus alnifolia) were used for experimental groups. The groups were categorized into three categories: trees cultivated in containers with mulching treatment(group A), trees cultivated outdoors with mulching treatment (group B), and trees cultivated in containers with weeding treatment(group C). Each group consisted of ten trees of the same size and transplanted to the experimental site. In order to compare each group's rootage, the study was carried out with the chlorophyll fluorescence method by the analysis of photochemical reaction. As a result of the study, group B had the lowest the maximum fluorescence amount(P). The amount of fluorescence increased by OJ transition of the process, and appeared to reduce the photosystem II electron transport efficiency. In photosystem II, electron transfer energy flux through photosystem I(RE1o/RC, RE1o/CS) was also reduced by more than 20% in group B. These results may imply that transplantation of container-cultivated trees with mulching treatment provides the most rapid rootage among the groups. The weeding treatment is also more effective than mulching treatment for rapid rootage of street trees.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2017

To identify the appropriate irrigation level for Pinus densiflora, a common reforestation species in Korea, we investigated their growth response characteristics according to different irrigation treatment levels for producing container seedlings with relatively high growth rate for higher survival rate when planted at the reforestation site. The container seedlings including control seedlings (no irrigation was applied) were grown in 104-cell trays were irrigated for 8 weeks from 15 weeks after seeding, at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 days. Analysis of the height growth, root collar diameter growth, and dry matter production of the container seedlings according to irrigation showed that the highest growth reaction was observed for the irrigation interval of 1 day. A shorter irrigation cycle resulted in better growth of the container seedlings, but overall, longer total root length were observed with an irrigation cycle of 3 days compared with cycles of 1 or 2 days. Quality index (QI) was the highest for the irrigation interval of 1 day, and tended to decrease with increase in the irrigation interval. Thus, it was determined that irrigation at intervals of 1-2 days was appropriate for growing Pinus densiflora container seedlings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.406-418
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate optimal storage techniques for bare root plants and container seedlings of Quercus variabilis and Zelkova serrata in order to maintain high quality of seedlings until planting. Refrigerated storage treatments were given at two temperatures (-2℃ [freezing] and 2℃ [cooling]) for nine different durations (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after storage). We analyzed total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content and measured shoot moisture content (SMC) during the storage stage and survival rate (SR) and dry weight during the planting stage of seedlings. The TNC content and SMC of the seedlings of the two species decreased with an increase in storage duration. The TNC content of seedlings rapidly decreased after 180~240 days of storage. The TNC reduction rate in the freezing treatment was lower than that in the cooling treatment. Also, with an increase in the storage duration of the two species, the SMC reduction rate in the cooling treatment increased in comparison with that in the freezing treatment. In both the species, the SR after planting decreased rapidly after 60 days of cooling storage and 180 days of freezing storage, respectively. The SR after planting was less than 60% when the TNC content for both the species dropped below 20 mg g^-1. In addition, the SR was lower than 80% when SMC measured before storage decreased by approximately 30% and 20% for Q. variabilis and Z. serrata, respectively. Our results suggest that cooling (1~2℃) storage is recommended for a short-term period (2 months or less), whereas freezing (-2~-4℃) storage is suitable for longer periods (2~6 months). These optimal storage techniques, allied with seedling harvesting and handling systems, will improve the quality of seedling production in nursery stages and increase seedling growth performances in plantations.