• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1995

To estimate buffer capacity and sensitivity of forest ecosystem to acid rain in Taejon, ionic components of throughfall, stemflow, soil leachate, and open rain in Pinus rigida and Quercus variabilis forest were analysed. The spatial sensitivity based on parent rock and forest type was given by IDRISI of GIS which created imagery conversion from soil and vegetation map. Parent rocks and soils were classified into acidic, sedimentary, metamorphic rock and then subdivided based on $SiO_2$ content. Average pH of vegetation leachate was higher in throughfall but lower in stemflow than open rain and higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in Pinus rigida forest. The flow of $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $Cl^-$ through vegetation leaching(throughfall plus stemflow) into soil were 7.2, 4.3, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.4, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. But the concentration of exchangeable cations was 4.1 times higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.6 times higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. Average pH of soil leachate was lower than that of throughfall, but higher than that of stemflow. The concentration of exchangeable canons and $Al^{3+}$ in soil leachate were more in Pinus rigida forest than in Quercus variabilis forest and increase signficantly with the increase of acidic deposits. Pinus forest had more deposition and canopy interception of acidic pollutants and more nutrient loss than Quercus forest, and Quercus forest had more cation exchange and proton consumption and than consequently had less nutrient loss and better buffer capacity than Pinus forest. The 69% of forest soils was distributed on acidic rock, 25% of it on metamorphic rock, and 6% of it on intermediate and basic rock. Acidic rock residuals which had low very canon exchange capacity and high sensitivity to acid rain occupied a half of total forest land in Taejon area. Therefore forests in Taejon showed high vulnerability to acid rain and will receive much more stress with the increase of acid rain precursors.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.321-328
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• 2002

In order to provide the basic information for restoration of vegetation, conservation of rare species and maintenance of biodiversity, changes of site factors and vegetation by human trampling disturbance were investigated at the subalpine zone near the peak of Mt. Sorak in Korea. The destructed vegetation was found mainly in the southern parts with gentle slope in this study area. Height and coverage of vegetation and the species diversity decreased, and the community structure depended on trampling strength. Soil moisture, organic matter contents and litter thickness in the site with destructed vegetation by human trampling showed lower values than in the undisturbed site. Soil depth decreased, and gravel exposure on the ground surface increased by soil erosion responded to trampling strength.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2002

This study was carried out to identify the relationship between naturally introduced vegetation on the abandoned coal mine lands and the surrounding forest, and to select the indigenous tree species for the revegetation of the real mine lands in Taeback, Kangwon Province, Korea. The apparent species in the surrounding forest of Sododong were 9 species of tree layer, 13 species of subtree layer, 23 species of shrub layer and 23 species of herb layer, respectively. The dominant species in Sarijae were 6 species of tree layer, 15 species of subtree layer, 31 species of shrub layer and 25 species of herb layer, respectively. The plant species in the abandoned real mine land were 31 species in Sododong and 30 species in Sarijae, respectively. The number of plant species in the abandoned coal mine land was smaller than the surrounding forest. The common species of the coal mine lands and the surrounding forest were 6 species(Betula schimidtii etc.) in Sododong and 4 species(B. costata etc.) in Sarijae. It was considered that the species in the coal mine lands introduced from the species of top layer in the surrounding forest. Especially, B. costata in Sarijae showed the edge effect which regenerates the vegetative community from the boundary area of coal mine land and surrounding forest. Natural revegetation in Sododong was also progressing by the invasion of tree species in surrounding forest, such as B. schmidtii. Consequently, natural revegetation in the disturbed coal mine lands may be related to the species composition of the surrounding forest.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1275-1280
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• 2006

자연 저항체인 식생은 유체역학적으로 하천의 평균흐름과 난류량을 변화시키며, 이와 관련하여 유사, 영양 물질, 용존 산소, 그리고 서식 동물 등에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 과거에는 식생된 수로의 흐름을 식생에 의해 항력이 증가된 경계층 흐름으로 단순하게 보아 왔으나, 근래의 실험유체역학적 연구는 식생된 하천 흐름에 대한 미시적인 구조를 규명하였다. 본 연구는 식생수로에서 평균흐름 및 난류량에 관한 수리특성을 분석하고자 하며, 부유사의 퇴적, 유입, 이송 등의 거동에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려진 고유구조를 파악하였다. 식생된 개수로 흐름의 일반적인 평균흐름 및 난류구조는 기존의 연구결과와 동일하였으며, 본 연구에서 중점을 둔 고유구조의 경우, 식생높이를 기준으로 하여 상 하부의 흐름특성이 서로 상이한 것을 확인하였다. 식생높이 상부에서는 유속이 수면방향을 향하는 분출현상이 지배적으로 나타났으며, 식생높이 하부에서는 이와는 반대로 유속의 변동성분이 하상으로 향하는 쓸기현상이 지배적으로 나타났다. 이는 개수로에 식생이 존재할 경우 부유사의 농도분포가 수심에 따라 일정해지는 것에 대한 물리적인 근거로 파악된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.483-487
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• 2006

본 연구는 비점오염원에 의한 수질오염현상을 억제하기 위한 수변지역의 관리기법 중 하나인 식생여과대를 효과적으로 설치하기 위하여 식생에 의한 오염물질의 저감능력을 파악하고 효율적 설치방안을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구결과 T-N과 T-P의 깊이별 오염물질 저감효과는 나대지에서 표면유출이 각각 17.6%, -23.9%, 단면유출이 각각 51.7%, 91.0%, 하부유출이 각각 38.4%, 89.3%인 것으로 나타나 표면층을 통한 유출보다는 토양층에 침투될수록 오염물질의 저감효과가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 잔디로 표면층을 식재한 실험에서는 표면, 단면, 하부유출에서의 T-N이 각각 16.0%, 57.1%, 38.4%의 오염물질 저감효과를 보였고, T-P의 저감효과는 각각 -9.7%, 83.6%, 88.8%인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 돌미나리로 표면층을 식재한 실험에서는 표면, 단면, 하부유출에서의 T-N 처리효율이 각각 -2.6%, 62.1%, 71.2%로 나타났으며, T-P는 각각 -7.2%, 94.5%, 84.5%인 것으로 조사되었다. 결론적으로 식생을 한 경우 전체적으로 오염물질의 저감효율이 비교적 안정되게 유지되는 것으로 나타났으나, T-P의 표면층을 제외하면 전체적인 저감효과에 크게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 일반적으로 알려져 있는 식생에 따른 오염물 저감효과에 대한 순기능 즉 토양입자의 침식방지, 토양용액의 저류작용 및 공극확대에 따른 침투능력 증대, 토성의 개량 등과 같은 기능을 무시할 수 없으므로 오염저감효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 처리대상이 되는 하천유역의 자생적 식생을 보다 효과적으로 활용할 수 있는 방안마련이 비용적 측면이나 생태 보존적 측면에서 유리할 것으로 판단된다.one)을 설치하는 대책이 필요하다. 저수지 관리를 효과적으로 수행하기 위해서는 저수지 내부의 탁도 거동을 정확히 예측할 수 있어야 한다. 따라서 추후 동수역학 및 열역학에 기초한 3차원 수치모형 연구와 성층흐름에 정밀한 밀도류 실험연구 및 이에 대한 적용이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.함으로써 정보의 질적보장과 정보전환의 표준화방안을 제시하는 정보분석시스템이다.이용, 수자원의 지속적 확보기술의 특성에 따른 4개의 평가기준과 26개의 평가속성으로 이루어진 2단계 기술가치평가 모형을 구축하였으며 2개의 개별기술에 대한 시범적용을 실행하였다.하는 것으로 추정되었다.면으로의 월류량을 산정하고 유입된 지표유량에 대해서 배수시스템에서의 흐름해석을 수행하였다. 그리고, 침수해석을 위해서는 2차원 침수해석을 위한 DEM기반 침수해석모형을 개발하였고, 건물의 영향을 고려할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 본 연구결과 지표류 유출 해석의 물리적 특성을 잘 반영하며, 도시지역의 복잡한 배수시스템 해석모형과 지표범람 모형을 통합한 모형 개발로 인해 더욱 정교한 도시지역에서의 홍수 범람 해석을 실시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 모형의 개발로 침수상황의 시간별 진행과정을 분석함으로써 도시홍수에 대한 침수위험 지점 파악 및 주민대피지도 구축 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 있을 것으로 판단되었다.4일간의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6151-6158
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• 2012

By the activation of environment-friendly river works, application of vegetation mats is increasing, however, evaluation techniques for hydraulic stability of vegetation mats are not presented. This study is conducted to develop the objective test method for vegetation mats. Two kind of vegetation mats are tested by the real scale experiments, and hydraulic quantities are measured and analyzed to evaluate acting shear stresses. Roughness and shear stress are evaluated by 1 D non-uniform model. After each tests, changes in mat surfaces and sub-soil are evaluated, and from these evaluation, 3 types of mat surface damages and 2 types of sub-soil damages are presented. In the study, the case in which some damages in mat surface don't cause loss of sub-soil, is presented to be in the stable condition. Appling this stable condition and acting shear stresses, permissible shear stresses of vegetation mats are evaluated, and the results show that the reinforced mat with wire netting has more permissible shear stress.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2005

Vegetation composition and structure of forest community around Mt. Kumbong, Uiseong-Gun, Korea, were studied using a qualitative and a quantitative approach. Vegetation types and various ecological characteristics including constancy classes, relative coverage, species diversity and interspecific similarity of the major component species were analyzed. Seventy relatives were sampled in $100 m^2$ plots. Forest communities were grouped into mountain vegetation and lower-valley vegetation. The former were divided into 3 communities (Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata communities). The latter was an Acer mono community. Vegetation units were classified into ten groups. Woody vegetation coverage was $50\~65\%$. The lower-valley vegetation type showed from $2.06\pm0.25\;to\;2.31\pm0.26$ in the species diversity. The species showing interspecific similarity over 0.5 with Quercus mongolica appeared to be Pinus densiflora, Quercus dentata and Tilia amurensis in the tree and subtree layer, and Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Carex humilis and Carex siderostica in the shrub and herb layer, The species showing higher interspecific similarity with Acer mono were Cornus controversa and Ulmus davidiana in the tree and subtree layer, and Philadelphus schrenchkii and Aristolochia manshuriensis in the shrub and herb layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest vegetation management method as the cultural landscape forest of Dongbaek Island which is the district monument. The study area was $20,000m^2$ around the peak area in management as the nature sabbatical area. Vegetation structure type was classified with the criteria of topography, vegetation, management and the management plan was derived from the vegetation structure analysis according to the types. Vegetation structure types were Management-Camellia japonica, Non-management-Eurya japonica, Non-management-Rugged area-Eurya japonica. As the result of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii dominated in canopy layer and Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica dominated in Type I and in Type II and III, respectively. Especially, Machilus thunbergii as the climax species in the warm temperate forest were distributed centering shrubs, and as the result of distribution of diameter of breast height, middle size of Celtis sinensis and Machilus thunbergii were distributed in type I, II. Machilus thunbergii were distributed in range of 4 to 44 individuals through the all types. Mean age of canopy layer was 66 year-old and sub-canopy layer was 22.9 year-old. Shanon's species diversity was analysed from 0.5472 to 0.8646. As the vegetation management direction of Dongbaek island, managed Camellia japonica forest was suggested to maintain the regular management and non-managed Eurya japonica forest was required to remove the Eurya japonica and plant the Camellia japonica. In case of non managed Eurya japonica forest in rugged area, vegetation succession was required to laurel forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the changed vegetational community structure according to vegetational succession in Chiaksan National Park of Korea by applying ordination and classification method of floristic composition along with the actual vegetation by correlation. As for the ratio of actual vegetation, Mongolian oak forest(33.1%) was the highest, followed by mixed forest(16.2%), Japanese larch forest(15.6%), deciduous broad-leaved forest(14.7%), red pine forest(11.1%), Korean pine forest(2.3%) and Pitch pine forest(0.1%), respectively. The vegetation was classified into Acer pseudosieboidianum-Quercus mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Carpinus cordata community, Quercus sonata community, Pinus densiflora community and afforestation. The Acer pseudosieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community-a subordinately ranked community-was divided into Carpinus laxiflora-Sassa borealis community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa-Carex siderosticta community. The results of community classification using by ordination and classification method of floristic composition were similar to each other. The vegetational succession, with the combination of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, was predicted to form a climax forest from above the hillside.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.150-168
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• 2017

This study was carried out to compare stand structure in Bihwajin basin Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, Korea for ten years between 2003 and 2014, in which occurred the east coastal forest fire in 2000. Data were collected from 32 quadrates that followed by the analysis of vegetation classification according to plant sociology, importance value by Mclntosh and Curtise, species diversity and similarity index. In the result of vegetation classification, the vegetation unit decreased from 7 units to 4 units, and the number of species groups changed from 11 to 7. As a result of importance value (IV) changes, IV of Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata and Q. variabilis was increased by 6.8%, 5.2% and 2.9% in the order, respectively. However, that of Pinus densiflora was decreased by 2.8%. That of major planted species such as Castanea crenata, Chionanthus retusa, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Acer triflorum and Koelreuteria paniculata was reduced. As a result of species diversity, it was increased from 0.252 to 0.287 in tree layer, from 0.252 to 0.434 in subtree layer, and from 1.293 to 1.333 in shrub layer. But that in herb layer was decreased from 1.745 to 1.646. As a result of similarity index, it was 0.78, 0.65, 0.72 and 0.55 by layers that showed most difference in herb stratum. Considering the results, this study would be applied to the ecosystem diagnose and management of forest fire damaged area similar to the investigated area.