• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2009

From 2006 to 2008, natural habitat of Sparassis crispa were surveyed for investigating ecological conditions at sixteen different sites in Korea. The investigated sites showed very wide altitudinal distribution ranged from 240 meters to 1,100 meters above the sea level. In general, S. crispa showed distinct feature of heart-rot fungi as it occurs on soils around the stems of larch (Larix kaempferi) and Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis). But it also could be found on stems or on the stumps of dead trees, which indicated that the fungus might have several invasion routes and capabilities to grow on various ecological conditions. All of the sixteen sites were pure stands consisted with conifers such as larch or Korean white pine. The dominant tree layer showed $15.3{\sim}38.0$ meters for tree heights, thicker than twenty centimeters for the diameter at breast height (DBH), and all of them were older than thirty years. Since the stands were pure stand, species diversity of trees in the sites was extremely low. While the dominant tree layer showed only pure coniferous stand, the co-dominant tree layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer showed more diverse features with higher Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. Soil texture of thirteen sites among sixteen investigated sites were loamy soils, and the contents of organic matter in soil were more or less higher than general forest soils in Korea with $3.79{\sim}14.32%$. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was also relatively higher than general forest soils with $16.1{\sim}27.2$ cmol+/kg. The data indicated that the cauliflower mushroom occurring sites were relatively fertile than general forest soils. The soils were acidic with pH ranged from 4.2 to 5.2, which were typical features for conifer stands in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 1978

In afforestation of denuded forest land soil conditions play a very important role in early growth of cover vegetations. This study was designed for understanding the effect of soil moisture regime on growth and nutrient uptake of some seedlings. Cover vegetations such as Pinus rigida Miller, Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. were planted in pot with the soil transported from denuded forest land in Musu-ri Sannae-Myeon. Daedeog-Kun, Chungnam Province. There were 3 moisture treatments and 4 fertility levels in $P_2O_5$ with 4 replications. Influence on growth was observed by the variation in dry weight and nutrient uptake was studied in nitrogen, phosphate and kalium. Results are as follows: 1. For Pinus rigida seedlings decrease in soil moisture tension increases growth of dry weight and enhance the uptake of kalium. Increase in $P_2O_5$ fertility level tends to decrease the uptake of kalium rather than increase in $P_2O_5$ uptake. 2. In Robinia pseudoacacia increase in soil moisture content stimulates the uptake of nitrogen and kalium. Increase in $P_2O_5$ level enhances the uptake of $P_2O_5$ and increases growth of dry weight. 3. In Lespedeza bicolor increase in soil moisture content has a tendency of decrease in nitrogen uptake. Increase in $P_2O_5$ level increases the growth of dry weight as well as the uptake of $P_2O_5$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2018

Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) is a subtropical plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, and is a tuberous vegetable used as various food material with a crisp and juicy taste. This study was conducted to seek optimum sowing time of yam bean in Korea. For this, we surveyed germination properties by the different temperatures and compared the accumulation temperature (AT) and dry matter production (DMP) on growth stages of yam bean by the different sowing times. Two types of varieties cultivated mainly in Korea, Thailand local variety (TLV) and Cheongunmanma cultivar (CGMM), was used. The germination rate of yam bean was 86.0~94.0% at above $18^{\circ}C$, and germination days was longer at lower temperature. The times for flowering and tuber formation of CGMM were later than those of TLV, and the AT required for flowering, tuber formation and hypertrophy of CGMM were higher than those of TLV by $293^{\circ}C$, $280^{\circ}C$ and $108^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, DMP of shoot and tuber in CGMM were greater than those in TLV. In sowing at April 25, tuber formation was slower than sowing after that time, and harvest index (HI) was relatively low due to delayed formation and hypertrophy of tuber. In sowing after June 9, DMP of shoot was relatively greater in early growth, but tuber was not sufficient to enlarge due to lack of growth days by cold and frost in late October. In sowing May 10 and 25, DMP of tuber and HI were the highest, because the change of day length and temperature gave an advantage to vegetable growth and tuber development. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seeds on May for increment of tuber productivity in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 1992

This experiment was designed to gain information on factors affecting stubble death of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) during the first rainy season. According to the experimental plan, the effects of sowing methods, drainages and cutting dates on the stubble carbohydrate content of orchardgrass, available soil moisture content of experimental plots, temperatures at the ground level and in the soil, and relative light intensity and humidity at the base of orchardgrass canopy were measured during the rainy season. The carbohydrate content of orchardgrass was sharply decreased to 2.9 % at 3rd day after cutting in the plots cut before rainy season and a gradural recovery was noted following the sharp reduction, but in the plots cut after rainy season, orchardgrass showed 5.5% of carbohydrate content before cutting and 3.0% at the 3rd day after cutting. The same pattern in both carbohydrate reduction and recovery was found between two cutting treatments. The available soil moisture content in the plots cut before rainy season was slightly higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season. But after the rainy season, the available soil moisture content in the plots cut after rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut before rainy season. Soil temperature at lOcm depths in the plots cut before rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season. Daily maximum air temperature at the ground level in the plots cut before rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season and changeable. Relative humidity at the ground level was below 70% in the plots cut before rainy season, but 75 to 90 % was observed in the plots cut after rainy season. Relative light intensity at the ground level in the plots cut before rainy season was much higher, recorded 50 to 90 %, than that in the plots cut after rainy season showing less than 10%. The results of this study suggest that the stubble death of orchardgrass during the rainy season is due to plant diseases influenced by a decrease of light penetration and increase of relative humidity at the base of the grass canopy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 1990

For the purpose of evaluating nutrient loadings into rivers and lakes from agricultural land, especially from paddy fields and also nutrient degradation in drainage channels, the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN) and the Total Phosphorus(TP) were investigated in 29.5 ha. paddy fields in Hwa-Sung, Kyong-Ki, Korea, during the period from May 8, 1989 to Sep. 27, 1989. The results of the study can be su㎜arized as follows : 1. Annual inputs into paddy fields were 180 N-kg/ha 46 P-kg/ha. by fertilization, and 15.0 TKN-kg/ha. 10.0 TP-kg/ha. by irrigation, 8.0 TKN-kg/ha. 0.34 TP-kg/ha. by rainfall respectively. The amount of nutrient involved in surface runoff from paddies was 39.0 TKN-kg/ha. 9.2 TP-kg/ha. and in seepage 7.5 TKN-kg/ha. 2.1 TP-kg/ha. respectively 2. In WS1 stream(reach length equals 950m), nutrients decreased 0.31 TKN-mg/L/km, 0.01 TP-mg/L/km and in WS2 stream (reach length equals 750m) which are more meandering and undulating than WS1, the nutrients decreased 0.84 TKN-mg/L/km, 0.11 TP-mg/L/km. From these results, it was concluded that low stream velocity due to meandering and undulation promotes more degradation of nutrient concentrations. 3. For the purpose of decreasing nutrient loads from paddy fields, the amount of fertilizer used needs to be controlled, irrigation weirs need to be constructed in the drainage channels to delay the transportation of nutrients by decelerating the stream velocity and plants such as plantain-lily need to be cultivated in the channel to consume nutrients and therefore enlarge chances of self-purification.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

This research was conducted to investigate the possibilities of usage of germinated-buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum $M{\ddot{o}}ench$) by examining antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of extracts from different germinated root length of buckwheat. Antioxidant activity $(RC_{50})$ was shown higher in extracts of non-germinated seed $(50.41\;{\mu}g/mL)$ and root length 10 mm $(80.57\;{\mu}g/mL)$, 2 mm $(93.77\;{\mu}g/mL)$, 5 mm $(107.09\;{\mu}g/mL)$ than BHT $(163.96\;{\mu}g/mL)$ as a synthetic antioxidant. In antimicrobial activity, non-germinated and germinated seeds were formed inhibitory zone against S. aureus $(4{\sim}10\;mm)$, P. aeruginosa $(2{\sim}9\;mm)$ at the concentrations of $10{\sim}40\;mg/mL$ but B. subtilis, E. coli and S. typhimurium were not apparent antimicrobial activity. Extracts of germinated seed also decreased their antimicrobial activity compared to non-germinated seed extract. In addition, the growth of Calu-6 was inhibited of both 5 mm root length germinated and non-germinated seeds $(800\;{\mu}g/mL)$ as 95.12% and 87.15%, respectively, but these did not show any influence on cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines. Extracts of 2 mm and 5 mm germinated seeds were also inhibited against Calu-6 and SNU-601 cell lines.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1970

A pot experiment of paddy rice was carried out primarily to find out the effect of potash in relation to the application of wollastonite on paddy rice. The result which showed increased paddy rice yield has been evaluated from the factors of yield, yield components, soil and plant analysis data at different stages of plant growth and the summary of review is described as follows : 1. Effect of potash is likely to be greater in the presence of wollastonite and a larger quantity of wollastonite application would require correspondingly larger quantities of potash. 2. Application of potash and wollastonite resulted increased paddy rice yield may be largely due to increased contents of potassium, calcium and silica in the soil and increased concentration of $K_2O$, CaO and $SiO_2$, $SiO_2/N$ ratio and $K_2O/N$ ratio in rice straw. 3. The maximum paddy rice yield, at less than 300kg/10a application of wollastonite was obtained by applying 8kg of $K_2O$ per 10 are while 600kg/10a application of wollastonite gave the maximum yield by applying 16kg of $K_2O$ application per 10 are. 4. Application of wollastonite decreased the number of ears per hill and number of grains per ear. While ripening percentage and 1,000 grain weight tended to increase with wollastonite. The increased contents of CaO and $SiO_2$ in straw due to wollastonite application showed a negative correlation with the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear but a positive correlation was shown with ripening percentage and 1,000 grains weight. 5. Potash application appeared to be increasing the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear. There was a positive correlation exist between the higher content of $K_2O$ in rice straw and the number of grains per ear 6. Amount of nitrogen absorbed tended to decrease with increase in quantities of potash and wollastonite but the ratio of $SiO_2/N$ was increased by further application of potash and wollastonite. 7. $K_2O/N$ ratio was increased with incrementing in quantities of potash application but in the absence of potash, $K_2O/N$ ratio was decreased as to increasing wollastonite application.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2013

The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of Ca fertilizer on the growth of mother plants, physiological disorders, and occurrence of daughter plants in propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry through plastic bag cultivation. To achieve this, chemicals of 1.125 mM $Ca(OH)_2$, 0.375 mM $MgCl_2$, 1.250 mM KCl were blended and designated to combined fertilizer (CF). Then, the effect was compared to the treatment of no Ca application (control) and a commercial fertilizer, CalMag (13-0-1.9-16-6:N-$P_2O_5$-$K_2O$-CaO-MgO), when those were applied every two weeks with controlled electrical conductivity (EC) of solution such as 0.6 or 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The number of plants showing Ca deficiency symptoms was the highest in control treatment, but those decreased significantly in CF or CalMag treatments. The differences between CF and CalMag in appearance of Ca deficient plants were not significant when two fertilizers were applied with same EC. The fresh and dry weights of mother plants were the greater in the treatments of CF or CalMag than those of control treatment. The treatments of 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of CF or CalMag were more effective than those of 0.6 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ on the fresh and dry weight of the mother plants. The runner lengths in the treatment of 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of CF were the longest among the all treatments tested. The treatments of 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ were more effective than those of 0.6 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of CF or CalMag in lengths and fresh and dry weight of runners. The fresh and dry weights of daughter plants were heavier in the treatments of CF than those of CalMag. Based on the above results, we concluded that the Ca deficiency in raising 'Seolhyang' strawberry can be lessened by the application of Ca containing fertilizers, but combined application of Ca, K and Mg was more effective than that of Ca alone for seedling production.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2004

The most commonly used inorganic nutrient compositions such as Murashige & Skoog medium have been optimized for heterotrophic growth. Therefore, they may not be optimal for photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic growth of plantlets. In photomixotrophic micropropagation, emdium sugar level is often lowered, while light and $CO_2$ levels in vessel are raised, and chlorophyllous explants are used to facilitate photosynthetic carbon acquisition. In a factorial experiment effect of addition (+) and omission(_) of organic materials (OM, 0.5 g ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$ each of thiamine, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine and 100 ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$ myo-inositiol) combined with three sucrose levels (0, 15, and 30 kg ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$) was tested on the growth of potato plantlets. Each of nodal cuttings with a leaf was cultured on 0.1${\times}$$10^{-4}m^{-3}$) MS agar ( 8 kg ${\cdot}$ $m^{-3}$) medium (pH 5.80 before autoclave) in glass test tubes (100 mm${\times}$25mm) capped with a sheet of transparent film with a 6 mm diameter gas permeable filter (5.1 air exchanges ${\cdot}$$h^{-1}$). Cultures were maintained in a room for 27 days at $23^{\circ}C$, 50% RH, 350-450${\mu}mol\;{\codt}\;mol^{-1}CO_2$, 16 h ${\cdot}$ $d^{-1}$ photoperiod at 13${\mu}mol\;{\codt}\;m\;{\codt}\;s^{-1}$ PPFD provided by white cool fluorescent lamps. Growth of potato plantlet in the +OM and -OM treatments were similar, while medium pH was 0.2 scale lower in the latter. Dry weight, % dry matter, and stem diameter enhanced, while shoot to root dry weight ratio, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration per gram dry weight, and medium pH decreased with increasing initial sucrose level. Interaction between OM and sucrose levels was observed in shoot length and medium pH. Results indicate that OM can be omitted from the medium without detrimental effect while addition of sucrose was beneficial for the photomixotrophic growth of potato plantlets under raised light and $CO_2$.