• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

During a last decade, the introduced traits in commercialized GM crops have been diversified from a simple trait such as herbicide resistance gene or insectresistance gene which are related to the crop production into more complicated traits such as modification of fatty acid or essential amino acid composition, modified coloring pattern of flower. In addition, it was investigated that several other GM crops bearing more refined traits expected to lead next generation are also awaiting for risk assessment (RA) or under field test for the preparation of RA in the near future. These GM crops include abiotic stress resistance including drought or cold, increased biomass, production of bioethanol or diesel, production of pharmaceuticals or functional materials for industrial. In particular, in 2008 and 2009, it was reported that the highest number of GM crops for molecular farming are under developed in laboratory or green house level in all the world. Likewise, in Korea, 171 events from 49 plant species are under developed to introduce several important traits. At present, about 10 events are under field test to select elite lines for RA application. For the first time, herbicide resistance turfgrass developed by Korean research team has been submitted for RA and currently under requested for additional data. Moreover, GM rice resistant to leaf roll (folder) disease is expected as a next event to be submitted for RA application.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.46-58
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• 2007

제2형 당뇨병은 대사성 질환으로 간, 근육 그리고 지방 조직 세포에서 인슐린 작용의 장애로 나타나는 인슐린 저항성으로 혈당의 이용이 감소하여 혈당이 높아짐에도 불구하고 췌장의 베타세포에서 인슐린 분비가 충분하지 못할 때 유발된다. 서구에서는 비만 등으로 인해 인슐린 저항성이 증가하면 인슐린 분비가 높은 고인슐린혈증을 나타내어 당뇨병으로의 진전은 늦다. 하지만 우리나라를 비롯한 아시아의 사람들은 인슐린 저항성이 증가할 때 인슐린 분비가 충분치 못해 혈청 인슐린 농도가 정상인과 비슷하거나 더 낮은 상태에서 당뇨병으로 진전된다. 이러한 차이는 우리나라를 비롯한 아시아 사람들에게서 제2형 당뇨병의 발생이 급격하게 증가할 것이라는 보고되었다. 결국 당뇨병은 간, 근육 및 지방조직에서의 인슐린 작용의 장애와 췌장의 베타세포에서 인슐린 분비의 부족의 복합적인 장애에 의해서 나타나고 이것은 공통적으로 각 조직에서의 인슐린/insulin growth factor (IGF)-1 신호전달의 장애와 관련이 있다. 베타세포에서의 인슐린분비 자체는 인슐린/IGF-1 신호전달과 관계가 없지만 간접적으로 관련이 있다. 인슐린 분비능은 베타세포의 증식과 생존에 의한 베타세포의 양과 밀접한 관련이 있는데 인슐린/IGF-1 신호전달은 베타세포의 증식과 생존을 조절한다. 그러므로 혈당 조절에 관여하는 기능성 식품은 인슐린 작용을 향상시키는 인슐린 민감성 특성을 가지거나, 혈당이 높아질 때 인슐린 분비를 촉진시키는 insulinotropic 작용을 하는 성질을 가지고 있어야 하겠다. 전자의 대표적인 약은 1999년에 미국 FDA에서 승인 받은 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR)-{\gamma}$ agonist 인 thiazolidinedione 계통의 약물인 troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone 등이 있고, 후자는 2007년에 승인 받은 Exenatide는 glucagon like peptide (GLP)-1 agonist이다. 이 두 가지 약은 모두 자연계에 존재하는 동식물에서 유래된 것으로 식품에도 많이 다양한 종류의 인슐린 민감성 물질이나 insulinotropic 작용을 하는 물질이 함유되어 있을 것이다. 이러한 기능 이외에 혈당조절 약이나 식품으로 사용되는 것은 탄수화물의 소화를 방해하는 것으로 탄수화물 소화효소인 a-amylase 또는 maltase의 활성을 억제하여 식후 혈당의 급격한 상승을 방지하는 것이 있다. 우리나라 사람들은 탄수화물의 섭취가 너무 많아서 실제로 이러한 식품이나 약의 효능이 높지 않을 것이다. 혈당을 조절하는 기능성 식품은 이 세 가지 효능 중 일부를 가지고 있는 것이 될 수 있다. 이러한 기능을 스크리닝하기 위해서 3가지 단계를 거쳐야 한다. 먼저 시험관에서 또는 세포 실험을 통해서 앞서 언급한 3가지 기능을 가지고 있는 지 여부를 각각 조사한다. 이중에서 효과가 있는 것은 당뇨 동물 모델을 사용하여 in vivo에서 혈당 강하기능과 혈당 강하기전을 조사하는 실험을 한다. 효과가 있는 식품이 우리가 전통적으로 식품으로 섭취해 왔다면 독성 검사를 거쳐야 할 필요가 없지만 한약재이거나 특수 식품의 경우에는 in vivo 실험 전에 GLP 기관에서 반드시 독성 실험을 거쳐 독성 유무를 확인할 필요가 있다. 동물 실험에서 효과적인 것은 인체 실험을 거쳐 혈당 조절 기능성 식품으로 식약청에서 허가를 받을 수 있겠다. 결론적으로 식품에는 항당뇨 특성을 가진 물질들이 함유되어 있는 것들이 상당히 많다. 혈당 조절기능이 있는 기능성 식품으로 개발할 때 고려해야 할 것은 1) 그 양이 혈당 강하 기능성 식품으로 지정받을 수 있을 정도로 충분히 함유되어 있느냐, 2) 혈당을 강하시키는 기전이 단순히 당의 배설을 촉진시켜서 혈당을 저하시키는 것이 아니라, 인슐린 작용을 촉진시키거나, 포도당 자극에 의한 인슐린 분비를 촉진시키거나 탄수화물의 소화 흡수를 억제시킴으로 혈당을 강하시키는 지 등을 파악하는 것이다. 이러한 조건을 만족시키는 식품은 지속적으로 섭취할 때 당뇨병을 예방하거나 진전을 지연시킬 수 있는 혈당조절기능이 있는 기능성 식품으로 개발 가능성이 있겠다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-134
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• 2021

This paper suggests that the Internet is not free through analysis of U.S. Internet history and lawsuits related to the Charter merger in 2016. Generally speaking, the players in internet connectivity market agree to Non-Disclosure Agreement, when connecting their facilities and networks each other. So, I adopted the case study & analysis as research methodologies due to limitation of collecting the transaction data between them. The former finds that Internet access has never been free in U.S Internet history. As we know, some including Content Providers(CPs) argue that the Internet is a free network and there are many cases to use the internet for free, so they came to conclusion that ISPs have no right to charge the users like CPs. This study refutes these arguments in two ways. One is that using the internet has never been free. From ARPANET, known as the beginning of the U.S. Internet, to the commercialization of backbone, no Internet has been considered or implemented for free since the early Internet network was devised. Also, the U.S government was paying subsidies or institutions were paying fees to secure network operations for the NSFNET backbone. the other is that "free peering" refers to barter transactions between ISPs, not to free access to counterpart internet networks. Second, this study analyze the FCC' executive order of conditioned merger approval and the court's related ruling and verify that using the internet is not free. According to the analysis, this study finds that it's real situation to make paid settlements between ISP-CPs (including OTTs) in the US Internet market at the moment. This study concludes that the Internet has never been free in terms of its technical characteristics, network structure, network operation, and system. Also it proposes how to improve the domestic settlement system between ISPs-CPs in terms of policy and regulation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.67-95
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• 2014

Some Contracting States of the Chicago Convention issue FAOC(Foreign Air Operator Certificate) and conduct various safety assessments for the safety of the foreign operators which operate to their state. These FAOC and safety audits on the foreign operators are being expanded to other parts of the world. While this trend is the strengthening measure of aviation safety resulting in the reduction of aircraft accident. FAOC also burdens the other contracting States to the Chicago Convention due to additional requirements and late permission. EASA(European Aviation Safety Agency) is a body governed by European Basic Regulation. EASA was set up in 2003 and conduct specific regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civil aviation safety and environmental protection. EASA's mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation. The task of the EASA has been expanded from airworthiness to air operations and currently includes the rulemaking and standardization of airworthiness, air crew, air operations, TCO, ATM/ANS safety oversight, aerodromes, etc. According to Implementing Rule, Commission Regulation(EU) No 452/2014, EASA has the mandate to issue safety authorizations to commercial air carriers from outside the EU as from 26 May 2014. Third country operators (TCO) flying to any of the 28 EU Member States and/or to 4 EFTA States (Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland) must apply to EASA for a so called TCO authorization. EASA will only take over the safety-related part of foreign operator assessment. Operating permits will continue to be issued by the national authorities. A 30-month transition period ensures smooth implementation without interrupting international air operations of foreign air carriers to the EU/EASA. Operators who are currently flying to Europe can continue to do so, but must submit an application for a TCO authorization before 26 November 2014. After the transition period, which lasts until 26 November 2016, a valid TCO authorization will be a mandatory prerequisite, in the absence of which an operating permit cannot be issued by a Member State. The European TCO authorization regime does not differentiate between scheduled and non-scheduled commercial air transport operations in principle. All TCO with commercial air transport need to apply for a TCO authorization. Operators with a potential need of operating to the EU at some time in the near future are advised to apply for a TCO authorization in due course, even when the date of operations is unknown. For all the issue mentioned above, I have studied the function of EASA and EU Regulation including TCO Implementing Rule newly introduced, and suggested some proposals. I hope that this paper is 1) to help preparation of TCO authorization, 2) to help understanding about the international issue, 3) to help the improvement of korean aviation regulations and government organizations, 4) to help compliance with international standards and to contribute to the promotion of aviation safety, in addition.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-27
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• 2006

"본 논문은 대한내과학회지 2006년 제70권 제3호에 실렸던 논문으로 대한내과학회 편집위원회의 승인을 득하고 본 협회지에 게재함. Background : Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. In recent years non-invasive high resolution B-mode ultrasound methods have been developed to measure the intima-media thickness(IMT) of the carotid artery as an indicator for early atherosclerosis. Itis known that obesity plays a role in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and it has also been reported that not only the amount but also the distribution of body fat is important. This study investigated the relationship between obesity and the development of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasound B-mode imaging in 144 patients with type 2diabetes mellitus. All subjects underwent assessment for the degree and distribution of obesity, the presence of coronary artery disease risk factors, and the presence of diabetic complications. Resuts: Carotid IMT was increased in the abdominal obese group defined by waist circurference. However, there was no significant difference in carotid TMT between the non-obese group and obese group as defined by body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and total body fat percent measured by bio electrical impedance analysis. There were positive correlations between carotid IMT and age, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the variable that interacted independently with carotid IMT was age in type 2 diabetic patients. Carotid IMT was significantly increased in type 2 diabetic patients with macrovascular complications and microvascvlar complications .Conclusion: This study suggested that abdominal obesity rather than general obesity was associated with carotid atherosclerosis reflected by increment of carotid IMT in type 2 diabetic subjects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.438-449
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• 2016

This study investigates the factors influencing nurses' turnover intentions after evaluation for certification at geriatric hospitals. Focus is centered on job stress and burnout. The study was approved by the KUIRB. Data were collected from April 1 to August 31, 2015, and analyzed using SPSS WIN 18.0 software. The participants were 205 nurses recruited from 15 long-term care hospitals in metropolitan city B in province G. The average scores for job stress, burnout, and turnover intention were 3.83, 2.92, and 3.12, respectively (range: 1-5). Nurses' turnover intention had positive relationships with job stress (r=.356, p<.001) and burnout (r=.729, p<.001). The major factor influencing turnover intention was burnout (${\beta}=.729$), which explained 53% of the intention. In conclusion, intervention programs should be developed to reduce burnout, the key influencing factor, for decreasing nurses' turnover intention.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 2010

Block system has been used to protect trains from occupying the same section of track at the same time so that only one train is permitted in each block at a time. Domestic driving regulations on the block system is divided into two classifications, such as regular block and substitute block. If it is impossible to use this regulation, the block applied method can be applied. However, domestic urban railway administrator has established his own operation rule within the regulation. Therefore, in order to assure continuous safety of train in operation, it is necessary to strengthen the regulation as can cope with the various block systems. In this study, domestic urban railway administration's own rules are examined and the appropriate driving regulation on the block system is proposed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.365-374
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• 2019

Unlike benign tumors, malignant tumors are capable of metastasis, easy to relapse, poor survival, and low quality of life. In Korea, here is a tendency to treat the tumors collectively according to the General Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy(GPCC) of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA). But recently, companion diagnostics(CDx) is recommended rather than unilateral medication because biomarker-based molecular diagnostics is possible to predict the drug response of patients before drug treatment. Not only domestic but also overseas Food and Drug Administratio (FDA) recommends the development of the CDx system at the stage of drug development to ensure the responsiveness and safety of medicines. In this study, I focused on the necessity of CDx development direction as well as CDx development status through literature review. Furthermore I also discussed CDx types according to the molecular diagnostic technology such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) not only in the approved CDx but also in the developing one by US FDA. And I suggested the technology issue of CDx development process such as a selection of molecular diagnostics at the time of release, a clear understanding of the CDx mechanism, and a convergence of drug with CDx development. The necessity of social insurance system also was proposed for CDx development.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.245-256
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• 2008

The current legislation in South Korea clearly states that the tolerance threshold on the adventitious presence of GMO in environment-friendly agricultural products is 3.0% and no GM seed should be detected in their planting seed batches. To date, in Korea, there is no approved GM crop for commercial cultivation in field. However, several GM crops including rice, Chinese cabbage, potato and wild turf grass are currently under risk assessment for their environmental release. Also Korean government (Rural Development Administration, RDA) announced that 11 institutes including universities have been currently certified to carry out a risk assessment of GM crops. Meanwhile, the cultivated area and certified quantities of environment-friendly crops (organic, pesticide-free and low-pesticide) are sharply increasing every year according to the report of National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS). In detail, in 2007, the certified quantities of environment-friendly agricultural products were elevated up to 100-fold for organic, 171-fold for pesticide-free and 2,324-fold for low-pesticide crops when compared with those in 1999. The total certified quantity of environment-friendly cereal crops in 2007 was equivalent to 6.4% of total production of cereal crops. Moreover, 24% of total production of root and tuber crops such as potato and sweet potato were certified for environment-friendly agricultural products. In these circumstances, I strongly suggest that current legislations on GM crop's safety management should be revised to include strategies for the coexistence of GM with non-GM crops, especially environment-friendly crops before GM crop is approved to be cultivated for commercialization. Since all types of crops are grown in an open environment, the adventitious presence of GM crops among non-GM crops is inevitable if appropriate measures for coexistence are not established for species by species such as isolation distance, workable management measures to minimize admixture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1076-1080
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• 2018

Carrageenan (CGN) has been used as a safe food additive for several decades. CGN has also been widely used to induce inflammation in various animal models. Likewise, degraded CGN (dCGN), which is produced by subjecting CGN to acid hydrolysis, also induces inflammation and does so more effectively than CGN. One of the most important characteristics of an immunological adjuvant is its ability to activate innate immunity. The immune-adjuvant effects of CGN and dCGN have not yet been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunological adjuvant activities of both CGN and dCGN, which was done by comparing the levels of an ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibody after treatment with OVA in the absence or presence of CGN or dCGN in plasma from immunized mice. CGN and dCGN showed similar levels of adjuvant activity, as evidenced by increased antibody titer. Specifically, both CGN and dCGN significantly increased the levels of OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies in the plasma as compared with OVA alone (the control). However, compared to the positive control (Freund's adjuvant), both CGN and dCGN caused greater increases in IgG1 than in IgG2a. These results suggest that CGN and dCGN have similar adjuvant activities and produce more IgG1 antibodies than IgG2a.