• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1316-1326
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• 2017

We evaluated the proximate compositions of raw materials, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and radical scavenging activities of roasted maize tea according to cultivation period and variety. Proximate compositions of raw materials were significantly different according to cultivation period and variety, and quality characteristics of roasted maize tea extracts were significantly different according to cultivation period. Total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and radical scavenging activities of roasted maize tea were significantly different before and after roasting. The total polyphenol content of Pyeonggangok cultivar sown on April 5th was elevated about 3.60-fold before and after roasting by $3.42{\pm}0.16$ and $12.22{\pm}0.67mg$ gallic acid equivalents/g, respectively. Overall, total polyphenol content was higher in roasted maize tea produced using maize sown on April 5th. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of Gangdaok cultivar sown on April 5th was elevated about 31.6-fold before and after roasting by $7.61{\pm}1.93$ and $240.37{\pm}8.82mg$ Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively. 2,2'-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activity of Pyeonggangok cultivar sown on April 5th was elevated about 5.5-fold before and after roasting by $153.84{\pm}1.32$ and $843.54{\pm}3.64mg$ TE/g, respectively. The correlation between proximate compositions of raw materials and quality as well as antioxidant characteristics of roasted maize tea showed overall significance.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2008

The objective of this research was to investigate the suitable cultivar for organic strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivation in Korea. The six strawberry cultivars which were bred and commonly cultivated in Korea as forcing and semi-forcing culture were tested in this experiment. To achieve the objectives, various characteristics of these cultivars were investigated for two consecutive years such as growth habit, yield, fruit quality and occurrence rate of disease/pest. As results of this research, the total yield of 'Seolhyang' was the highest among cultivars tested in both forcing and semi-forcing cultivation. The average of soluble solid contents (SSC) in 'Seolhyang' was $12.0^{\circ}Bx$ that is lower than other cultivars and especially below $10^{\circ}Bx$ after March (high temperature period). But there was not much difference in SSC among 6 cultivars until the end of February. The average of hardness in 'Seolhyang' was 279g/${\phi}5\;mm$ which was a little higher than that of 'Akihime'. Titration acidity (TA) in 'Maehyang' was 0.69% which was the highest value among 6 cultivars. Total fresh/root weight of 'Seonhong' and leaf area of 'Seolhyang' were significant among other cultivars' ones in forcing culture. Growth habits (fresh weight, root weight, leaf area, etc.) showed no significant difference among cultivars in semi-forcing culture. The lowest occurrence rate for powdery mildew and aphids was found in 'Seolhyang', but gray mold was severer than other cultivars. The density of two spider mites was the lowest in 'Redpearl'. We have concluded that 'Seolhyang' is the most suitable cultivar for organic strawberry cultivation by the result of yield, fruit quality and resistance of disease/pest.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.392-398
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• 2009

This study identified risk factors of cross-contamination of foodborne pathogens and established a good agricultural practice (GAP) system for an agricultural products processing center (APC) for perilla leaves. All samples were collected before and after a standard work shift at the APC, while perilla leaves were also collected after each step in the APC. In addition, the workers and their surroundings were sampled by swabbing. The total plate count (TPC) and coliform count in the water samples increased significantly (p<0.05) to 3.36 and 1.73 log CFU/mL after work, respectively. However, no Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were detected. The bacterial populations of the workers and their surroundings did not differ significantly (p${\geq}$0.05) before and after work. However, Staphylococcus aureus (<1.66 log CFU) was detected at a high rate (13-50%) in the basket, packing table, gloves and cloth. Although perilla leaves passed through the washing steps, the TPC and coliform bacterial populations on the final products were higher (p${\geq}$0.05) than those of unwashed perilla leaves, which indicates that the washing system was not functioning properly. Accordingly, a GAP system with a better washing system should be employed at this facility.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.126-136
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• 2017

Gardeners have a desire to not only enjoy a garden but to create the garden themselves and play the role of garden designer. However, they express a great difficulty in gardening activities such as planting and managing plants, the main materials of the garden, due to lack of expertise. Therefore, in order to encourage hobby gardening activities, it is necessary to understand the preferences of the gardeners so that they can easily experience and create a garden, and to provide information on gardening know-how and preferred plants according to places given high preference. This study analyzed the preference for places and plants characteristics according to the purpose of creating a garden. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted with visitors to the Korea Landscape and Garden Expo, expected to have been attended primarily by gardening enthusiasts. As a result, gardeners were divided into three groups: appraisal - purposed type, multifunctional type, and participation - purposed type. The group of appraisal purposed type preferred porches and terraces, and private home front yards as well as favored indoor places rather than outdoor places compared with other types. In selecting plants, they prefer plants that can be easily managed in an indoor environment and appreciate natural colors through the colors of flowers and leaves. The multifunctional type group preferred a private home front yard as a garden creation space. Compared with the other types, it showed a high preference for 'unoccupied land in urban housing' and 'community garden' and was analyzed as a group having a high understanding of garden activities. In selecting plants, this group preferred fruit trees or productive plants such as homegrown crops. The participation purposed type group preferred porches and terraces as well as private home front yards as a gardening space. For plants, they preferred plants that are easy to manage. It is meaningful that this study provided preferences for places and plant characteristics according to the creative purpose of the gardener and provided basic data for selecting the place and the plant characteristics of the garden according to the gardener's type.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 1989

In 1988 the tolerance of corn, sorghum, sorghum-sudangrass. and pearl millet hybrids to simazine and alachlor was tested in field during the growing season and pots during the summer and fall. In field and summer pot experiments(Exp.) the above mentioned four crops were tested at the ratios of simazine WP (50% ai, g/10a) ; alachlor EC (43.7% ai. ml/10a) of 130: 0, 100: 0, 70: 200, 0: 300 and 0: 400 and a sorghum hybrid was tested at 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400ml/10a of alachlor and 70g/10a of simazine+ 200ml/10a of alachlor in fall pot Exp. In corn emergence rate, percent stand, plant height of seedlings, and dry matter(DM) yield were not affected by simazine and alachlor in all Exps. In sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass early growth and DM yield were not affected by simazine and alachlor in field Exp. In contrast, simazine reduced height and dry weight of seedlings slightly without any deterimental effects on emergence and survival rates. but alachlor reduced survival rate, plant height, and dry weight of seedlings significantly in summer pot Exp. In fall Exp. alachlor did not affect emergence rate of a sorghum hybrid, but survival rate, plant height, and dry weight of seedlings reduced with increased levels of alachlor when applied higher than 100ml/10a. In pearl millet simazine did not affect emergence rate, plant height, and DM yield in field, but reduced survival rate, plant height, and dry weight of seedlings in summer pot Exp. However, alachlor reduced DM yield significantly due to a lower percent stand even in the field. In summer pot Exp. although emeregence rate was slightly reduced, all seedlings were dead after emergence. Simazine did not control grasses such as Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli effectively, but controlled broadleaf weeds. Alachlor controlled all grasses, Porluraca oleracea, and Amaranthus mangostanus, but did not control Acalypha australis and Chenopodium album. A combination of simazine and alachlor controlled weeds more effectively than either simazine or alachlor alone.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

Excess nitrogen (N) uptake of rice, which could cause much lodging, disease and reduction of rice quality, could be occurred at the paddy field with previous upland condition at which much soil N could be mineralized by soil-drying effect. N fertilizers of 0, 3, and 6 kg N $10a^{-1}$ were applied to early-maturity rice, cultivar Joanbyeo at the paddy field of first and second year after upland condition, and rice growth and nitrogen uptake were investigated to know the increase of rice N uptake at the paddy field with previous upland condition for one-year. Total dry matter (DM) and N uptake of rice at the paddy field with previous upland condition increased more than continuous paddy field. Total DM and N uptake of rice at the paddy field with previous upland condition increased linearly to N fertilizer 6 kg $10a^{-1}$ at the paddy field owing to vigorous growth compared to continuous paddy field. Rice N uptake was higher at the paddy field of the first year than the second year after upland condition in considering N uptake at the plot of no N fertilizer. Vigorous growth at the paddy field with previous upland condition resulted in higher rice yield which was related with high panicle and spikelet, but much N fertilizer as much as 6 kg $10a^{-1}$ at the paddy field with previous upland condition resulted in higher lodging and protein content of brown and milled rice. Particularly, protein content of brown and milled rice increased more when the same N fertilizer was applied two times splitly at transplanting and panicle initiation stage than when N fertilizer was applied one time at transplanting as basal N. N application with under 3 kg $10a^{-1}$ as only basal N was recommended at the paddy field with previous upland condition to obtain high quality rice without lodging.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2019

Wet direct-seeding (WDS) is an important method for improving the competitiveness of rice production in South Korea. We analyzed the optimum direct-seeding date to establish the rice standing rate in each area and selected suitable areas for WHS by considering the heading stage limit date for improving cultivation safety. As a result, the rice direct-seeding date to control weedy rice was around 5.15, 5.17-5.19, and after 5.20 in southern Youngnam, southern Honam, and the Middle Coast areas, respectively. However, the optimum seeding date for good standing rice was in late March in most areas. Analyzing by area, most of the southern plains and parts of the central inland plain are suitable for WHS. However, most parts of Gwangwon-do, and the northern parts of Chungbuk, Gyeongbuk, and Yeonghonam areas are not suitable for WHS, and should therefore avoid WHS.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.414-421
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• 2019

Pod shattering during the maturing stage causes a serious yield loss in soybean. It is the main limiting factor of soybean cultivation and mechanization. It is important to develop varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting and to develop energy-efficient agricultural machinery to save labor and costs. 'Daewonkong,' developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 1997, is an elite cultivar that occupies more than 80% of the soybean cultivation area in Korea because of its strong tolerance to pod shattering. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in pod shattering degree in a RIL population developed from a 'Daewonkong' parent and to select promising lines with pod shattering tolerance. 'Daewonkong' demonstrated a high level of tolerance to pod shattering compared to the 'Tawonkong' and 'Saeolkong' varieties, with no shattered pods after 72 hours of drying. Screening of pod shattering showed a clear distinction between the tolerant and susceptible varieties. Also, the distribution of shattering pod ratio in the two populations showed a similar pattern for three years. The promising lines with pod shattering tolerance included 27 lines in the 'Daewonkong'×'Tawonkong' population and 21 lines in the 'Daewonkong'×'Saeolkong' population. The promising lines are expected to be widely used as breeding parents for creating soybean cultivars with pod shattering tolerance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is cultivated worldwide and one of important vegetables in Korea where year-round production of radish is possible. Most of radishes in autumn are cultivated with double-row spacing except for Gangwon-do where sing-row spacing is predominant. However, no research has been conducted on double-row spacing in radish cultivation so far. This study was conducted to reveal the optimum double-row spacing in autumn cultivation of radish. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using top two popular autumn radish cultivars 'S' and 'C', seeds were sown in spacing between rows of $55{\times}25$, $45{\times}25$, $35{\times}25$ and $25{\times}25cm$, and that within rows of $35{\times}28$, $35{\times}25$, $35{\times}22$ and $35{\times}19cm$. Plants were harvested 58 days after sowing and leaf weight, length and number, and root weight, length sugar content and pithiness were investigated. In the spacing between rows, no significant difference was observed in leaf weight, length and number in both cultivars; however, 25 cm of spacing between rows significantly reduced the root length and weight in 'S' and 'C' cultivars, respectively. In spacing within rows, 28, 25 and 22 cm did not affect fresh root weight in both cultivars, producing appropriate radish roots of 1,500g on average. However, 19 cm of spacing within rows did not reduced fresh root weight in 'S' cultivar but did significantly in 'C' cultivar (1148.3 g). Sugar contents and pithiness of roots were also affected by spacing but its effect was very small and different between cultivars. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that optimum double-row spacing in autumn radish cultivation is 35 cm and 22 cm of spacing between and within rows, respectively, the spacing that did not reduce the yield and quality of radish roots in two popular autumn radish cultivars.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2005

A study was conducted on three pollination methods on oriental melon(sageageol-ggul) grafting with pumpkin(seongjutozoa) for the labor-saving and to improve fruit set. Fruit weight, flesh thickness and fruit setting rate of oriental melon were greater in growth regulators treatment than those of pollinated by bees. Sugar content and hardness of fruits pollinated by bees were higher than those of by growth regulators. From the last ten days of the February to the first ten days of the March, fruit setting rate was $95\%$ in fruit setting growth regulators, whereas it was $46\%$ and $45\%$ in pollinated by honey and bumble bee, respectively. After the middle of March, the percentage of fruit setting was >$98\%$ in all the pollination methods. The cultivation under plastic houses of oriental melon, suitable fruiting time far the pollination by bees was decided after middle days of the March. Chromaticity and especially the value of 'a' of fruit of oriental melon pollinated by bees were higher than those of growth regulators. The percentage of fermented fruits of bee pollinated and growth regulators treated was $6.7\~9.1\%\;and\;28.1\%$, respectively. The weight of 100 seeds of bees pollinated were higher than that of growth regulators. The more increased the weight of 100 seeds the less appeared the rate of fermented fruits. The percentage of marketable fruits of the honey and bumble bee pollinated and that of growth regulators treated was $82\%,\;80.3\%\;and\;62.5\%$, respectively. The decreasing rate of fruit weight during storage of bees pollinated was less than those of growth regulators. In these results, the introduction of honey bee and bumble bee for the pollination of oriental melon was able to labor-saving of fruit set and increase of fruit quality.