• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.267-286
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to understand the structures underlying Korean elementary teachers' attitudinal beliefs toward reform-oriented mathematics instruction and predict their intentions to change traditionally-oriented teaching practice. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) developed by Fishbein and Ajzen provided a conceptual framework for the examination of factors that influence Korean teachers' beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of control factors. Data were gathered through a survey instrument from 281 teachers who teach mathematics in a metropolitan city of Korea. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data. Findings indicate that Korean elementary teachers' change in Instructional practice is based primarily on their judgements regarding the likelihood of occurrences of certain consequences if they engage in teaching mathematics in a reform-oriented way. Teachers' perceptions of important others regarding the reform-oriented mathematics instruction seem to play a minor role in teachers' instructional change. Teachers' perceptions about control factors that prohibit or help teach mathematics in a reform-oriented way do not seem to make significant improvement in predicting their intentions to change traditionally-oriented teaching practice.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.01a
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• pp.7-13
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• 2011

Scratch programming comes into the spotlight as Education Programming Language. Especially, it is made better use at educational class by accessibility and visuality in elementary school. But most of latest research is just focus on effective for programming education and prove effectiveness once more. In this study, possibility about curriculum using Scratch programming and specific applicable methods were suggested. This research suggested that how to study with scratch programming through lesson "Make a pattern" in 5th grade Math curriculum at elementary school. And there was reflected that we can verify programming procedure visually and improve creativity.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.507-523
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• 2020

This study is to establish the items on instructional evaluation based on the teacher's practical knowledge in mathematics educations. Namely, this study deals with the items on how pre-service or in-service teachers reflect and revise their own or peer's class. To accomplish this, first of all the items on instructional evaluation was developed by researchers of this study on the basis of the results of two previous study. One is the literature of Elbaz(1981) and the other is the literature of Hwang(2013). Elbaz(1981) defined the definition of practical knowledge and five sub-domains of the practical knowledge. On the other hand, Hwang(2013) defined the teacher knowledge in mathematics education and four sub-domains of the teacher knowledge. According to these four domains, Hwang(2013) developed the items on the instructional evaluation in mathematics class. From now on, based on these two study, this study was to develop the items on the instructional evaluation involving the practical knowledge. Futhermore, the final and ideal items on the instruction would be established through the reflection and comments of professionals such as mathematics teachers, professors, and researchers.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.755-768
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• 2016

According to TIMSS, secondary math teachers in Korea has lower confidence compare to other countries, despite the fact that teachers' confidence of teaching is an important variable. This not only influences the student's improvement but, also the quality improvement of teachers' career. Therefore, this study explores the effect of secondary math teachers' confidence according to the context variables such as teaching years, teaching preparation, collaboration with other teachers, and teaching limitation. Additionally, these context variables' $R^2$ toward the change of teaching confidence is also included. Results indicate that teaching preparation, collaboration with other teachers, and teaching limitation contribute in the confidence of teaching. $R^2$ of the change of teaching confidence shows large contribution to teaching preparation which does not accomplish with other variables.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.281-295
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• 2021

This study examines the breadth and depth of knowledge of the teacher employment test for secondary mathematics. For the breadth of knowledge, we attempted to figure out the range of knowledge in terms of the content areas using the standards from the Korea Society Educational Studies in Mathematics[KSESM](2008). For the depth of knowledge, we chose Anderson & Krathwohl(2001) framework to analyze levels of each item in the test. The results from the analysis of 180 items in the teacher employment test between 2014 and 2021 show that while items in mathematics education have considerable variation in terms of range and levels of knowledge, those in some subjects of mathematics can be found only certain level of knowledge. i.e., merely certain topics or levels of knowledge have been heavily evaluated. Thus, considering the breadth and depth of knowledge teachers should have, the current exam needs to be improved in terms of teacher knowledge. It does not mean that every topic and every level of knowledge should be evaluated. However, it is a meaningful opportunity to think about what kinds of knowledge teachers should have in relation to K-12 mathematics curriculum and how we can evaluate the knowledge. More collaborative effort is inevitable for the improvement of teacher knowledge and teacher employment test.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 2001

This paper tries to find out about organizational and managemental aspect of Korean curriculum through a comparison between Korea's 7th elementary mathematics curriculum and that of Japan's elementary mathematics curriculum, which will start in m2 through researching various literatures. The main characteristic of this elementary mathematics curriculum is that Korea has organized a teaming program that tended to individual differences, and focused on student-centered activities and communication based on constructivism. On the other hand, Japan reduced learning contents a lot by running 5-schooldays a week so that 80% of teaching time can be spent to help the students master mathematical contents of the textbook. This leaves 20％ of teaching time to be used for improving mathematical thinking power as a foundation of creativity through mathematical activities. Korea's teaching time spent for elementary mathematics is about 80％ of Japan's, which is also less than that of other country's. Less time in teaming mathematics will lead to decrease in teaming ability. Therefore, there is a need for increased teaching time in mathematics. Korea's revision of curriculum is about 5 years which is often compared to that of Japan's 10 years. Frequent revising is good in that it reflects the social demand, but it can cause much confusion and problems in accepting and applying its program in a real classroom setting, which is why it needs to be looked at again. The direction, objective and assesment of revision fits the demands of international trends and essentials of mathematics. Japan puts its emphasis on learning through repetition and Korea puts its emphasis on problem solving and communication. Regarding assesment, both Korea and Japan is looking for ways to find various assessing ways which will focus on mathematical process rather than the mathematical results, and also will put emphasis on criterion-directed assesment to measure goal achievements. However Japan emphasize on using report cards of assesment to help mathematics learning.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.235-257
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• 2010

Contemporary belief is that the creative talented can create new knowledge and lead national development, so lots of countries in the world have interest in Gifted Education. As we well know, U.S.A., England, Russia, Germany, Australia, Israel, and Singapore enforce related laws in Gifted Education to offer Gifted Classes, and our government has also created an Improvement Act in January, 2000 and Enforcement Ordinance for Gifted Improvement Act was also announced in April, 2002. Through this initiation Gifted Education can be possible. Enforcement Ordinance was revised in October, 2008. The main purpose of this revision was to expand the opportunity of Gifted Education to students with special education needs. One of these programs is, the opportunity of Gifted Education to be offered to lots of the Gifted by establishing Special Classes at each school. Also, it is important that the quality of Gifted Education should be combined with the expansion of opportunity for the Gifted. Social opinion is that it will be reckless only to expand the opportunity for the Gifted Education, therefore, assessment on the Teaching and Learning Program for the Gifted is indispensible. In this study, 3 middle schools were selected for the Teaching and Learning Programs in mathematics. Each 1st Grade was reviewed and analyzed through comparative tables between Regular and Gifted Education Programs. Also reviewed was the content of what should be taught, and programs were evaluated on assessment standards which were revised and modified from the present teaching and learning programs in mathematics. Below, research issues were set up to assess the formation of content areas and appropriateness for Teaching and Learning Programs for the Gifted in mathematics. A. Is the formation of special class content areas complying with the 7th national curriculum? 1. Which content areas of regular curriculum is applied in this program? 2. Among Enrichment and Selection in Curriculum for the Gifted, which one is applied in this programs? 3. Are the content areas organized and performed properly? B. Are the Programs for the Gifted appropriate? 1. Are the Educational goals of the Programs aligned with that of Gifted Education in mathematics? 2. Does the content of each program reflect characteristics of mathematical Gifted students and express their mathematical talents? 3. Are Teaching and Learning models and methods diverse enough to express their talents? 4. Can the assessment on each program reflect the Learning goals and content, and enhance Gifted students' thinking ability? The conclusions are as follows: First, the best contents to be taught to the mathematical Gifted were found to be the Numeration, Arithmetic, Geometry, Measurement, Probability, Statistics, Letter and Expression. Also, Enrichment area and Selection area within the curriculum for the Gifted were offered in many ways so that their Giftedness could be fully enhanced. Second, the educational goals of Teaching and Learning Programs for the mathematical Gifted students were in accordance with the directions of mathematical education and philosophy. Also, it reflected that their research ability was successful in reaching the educational goals of improving creativity, thinking ability, problem-solving ability, all of which are required in the set curriculum. In order to accomplish the goals, visualization, symbolization, phasing and exploring strategies were used effectively. Many different of lecturing types, cooperative learning, discovery learning were applied to accomplish the Teaching and Learning model goals. For Teaching and Learning activities, various strategies and models were used to express the students' talents. These activities included experiments, exploration, application, estimation, guess, discussion (conjecture and refutation) reconsideration and so on. There were no mention to the students about evaluation and paper exams. While the program activities were being performed, educational goals and assessment methods were reflected, that is, products, performance assessment, and portfolio were mainly used rather than just paper assessment.

• School Mathematics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-83
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• 2016

There has been a continual need for change of teachers' assessment practices as shifting a paradigm in education. Teachers' appropriate perception of assessment influences quality of assessment and leads to change of teachers' assessment practices. This study aimed at investigate prospective elementary teachers' perceptions on assessment in mathematics. To this end, we conducted a survey with the questionnaire which was developed based on previous studies on assessment. The questionnaire was composed of 41 questions about purposes and roles of assessment, materials of assessment, reliability of assessment, methods and strategies of assessment. 95 prospective elementary teachers participated in the survey. As a result, we found that prospective elementary teachers had appropriate perception on roles of assessment, materials of assessment and strategies of assessment, whereas they showed somewhat narrow perception on reliability of assessment, purposes and methods of assessment. Based on the results, we presented possible explanations about prospective elementary teachers' lack of perception on assessment and discussed implications for prospective elementary teacher education.

• School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.513-526
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper intuitively shows the exact and logical explanation of Independent Event and Dependent Event. In actual classrooms, teachers have difficulty in describing the connection between those events and real life. Some teachers have wrong perceptions on the definition of those events. For example, they may not realize exactly what P(B A)=P(B) means and may not explain intuitively the original meaning of why it is independent event. Also they believe that Independent Event and Dependent Event do not always match with real life. This paper, therefore, tries to prove intuitively the exact meanings of those events in the Verbal Form with some examples and it proves that those events exactly match with real life. It is expected that this paper will greatly contribute to the improvement of probability education.

• School Mathematics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.773-791
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• 2016

Teacher noticing ability has been considered as one of important elements influencing a quality of teaching. Noticing is closely related to teachers' in the moment decision making in a class, and teachers notice things as they create and interact with their classroom setting. Mathematics teachers as an expert should notice students' mathematics learning during a class. The aim of this study was to analyze how mathematics teacher's pre-noticing activity that the teacher anticipated students' typical strategies and difficulties in learning targeted mathematics knowledge and prepared appropriate responses worked in practice. As a result, the teacher conducted three types of noticing in her classes: noticing shaping students' understanding by using students' misconceptions or errors; noticing creating students' learning opportunities based on their prior knowledge; noticing improving students' informal reasoning. This study concluded with discussion about the positive effect of teacher's pre-noticing activity on her actual noticing in practice, as well as implications for teacher education.