• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the association among bone mineral density (BMD), biochemical bone markers, nutrients, and salt intake in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. We evaluated 431 subjects who visited a health promotion center of a university hospital between January 2008 and July 2009. We excluded those who were taking medications or who had an endocrine disorder affecting osteoporosis. The subjects were divided into premenopausal (n = 283) and postmenopausal (n = 143) women. We evaluated the correlation among BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femoral, as well as biochemical bone markers, hormone, serum profiles, general characteristics, nutrient intakes, and food intake frequencies. From a stepwise multiple regression analysis, lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with weight (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with osteocalcin (OC)(p < 0.001), Femoral neck BMD was positively correlated with weight (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with C-telopeptide (CTx) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)(p < 0.001, p < 0.05). In premenopausal women, femoral total BMD was positively correlated with BMI (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with CTx (p < 0.001). In postmenopausal women, lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with calcium intake (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with sodium intake (p < 0.01). Femoral neck and femoral total BMD were both positively correlated with weight (p < 0.001), and femoral neck BMD was negatively correlated with age and ALP (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). Femoral total BMD was negatively correlated with age and OC (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). These results suggest that reducing sodium intake may play an important role delaying bone resorption and preventing a decrease in BMD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.496-506
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary flavonoids intake of Korean adolescents. Methods: Using data from the 2007-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 3,957 subjects aged 12-18 were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intake of total flavonoid and six flavonoid classes including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones by linking food consumption data with the flavonoids in the commonly consumed food database. The distribution of sociodemographic, health-related, and dietary factors according to flavonoids intake was examined. Results: Average dietary flavonoids intake of the study subjects was 195.6 mg/d in girls, and 189.4 mg/d in boys. The highest flavonoids intake group consumed significantly more fiber, vitamin C, legumes, fruits, and vegetables (p < 0.01) and less fat, grains, meats and dairy foods than other lower consumption groups (p < 0.001). Dietary flavonoid intake showed negative correlation with waist circumference and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provided basic data for estimation of flavonoids intake of Korean adolescents. Further research will be required for analysis of the association of flavonoids intake and health-related factors such as cardiovascular risk factors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.120-140
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether adherence to the Korea Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) was associated with metabolic syndrome and risk markers. Methods: The participants included 8,345 adults, aged 20-59 years, who took part in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The data were analyzed using a complex-sample t-test, the Rao Scott χ²-test, and logistic regression analysis on the SPSS v. 26.0 software. The participants were divided into four groups by quartiles of KHEI scores. Results: The average KHEI score was 61.06 points out of 100, and the women's score (62.50 points) was significantly higher than that of men (59.63 points). The KHEI quartiles status showed significant differences by age (p < 0.001), household income (p < 0.001), smoking status (p < 0.001), and food security. Specifically, the KHEI quartiles in the men showed significant differences in education (p < 0.001) and economic activity (p < 0.001) whereas those of women showed significant differences in alcohol-consumption (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.01) and eating-out (p < 0.001). As the KHEI scores increased, the proportion of subjects with an energy intake below the estimated energy requirement (EER) was lower, and significantly better levels of intake were observed for carbohydrate, protein, vitamin C, calcium, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, and niacin. The incidence of the metabolic syndrome risk factors, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia for men and hypertension, and hyperglycemia for women showed significant differences. The KHEI scores were inversely associated with abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Based on these results, we conclude that higher adherence to the KHEI was associated with lower metabolic syndrome risk factors and incidence of the metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 1980

The present study was conducted to investigate smoking status and the relationship of smoking to hypertension and diseases on 1,504 subjects who were over 30-year-old age in Kyungsan Gun, Kyungpook province, during the period of 12 months from March 1978 to February 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Of 1,504 subjects, 52.2 percent smoked. The percentage of males smoking showed 84.8 and the percentage of females was 30.7. There were no statistically significant differences between the rate of smoking and educational levels. Protestants demonstrated lower rates of smoking compared with other groups. Regarding the age started to smoke, 66.4 precent of male smokers and 16.9 percent of female smokers commenced smoking before the age of 19. In the regard to the average number of cigarettes smoked daily, 45.8 percent of male smokers consumed some 20 cigarettes and 24.1 percent of female smokers consumed some 10 cigarettes. 3.2 percent of male smellers smoked 40 or more cigarettes a day. Alcohol consumption was closely associated with smoking. 90.7 percent of male alcohol drinkers and 60.1 percent of female drinkers smoked. Cigarette smokers have higher rates of ailments than nonsmokers as a whole. The complaints of cough with sputum and shortness of breath revealed higher rates among smokers than among nonsmokers. Frequency of illnesses showed higher for smokers than for nonsmokers. Smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to suffer from chronic obstructive lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. Abnormal systolic blood pressure (>160mmHg) and diastolic (>100) revealed significantly higher among smokers than among nonsmokers.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.176-188
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• 2009

Purpose : Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the major form of dialysis in use for infants and children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to gain insight into the current status of children on PD in Korea. Methods : In May 2008, questionnaires were sent to the pediatric nephrologists via e-mail. Four centers replied and those data were reviewed. Results : A total of 103 patients were included in this study. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Mean age was $11.5{\pm}4.9$ years (0-19 years). Primary renal diseases diagnosed were as follows: primary glomerular disease (34%), chronic pyelonephritis-reflux nephropathy (14.6%), systemic disease (9.7%), renal hypoplasia/dysplasia (8.7%), heredofamilial disease (6.8%), vascular disease (3.9%), drug-induced nephropathy (1.0%), and unknown (12.6%). PD modalities were as follows: CAPD (42.7%), CCPD (27.2%), NIPD (11.7%), and Hybrid (18.4%). Weekly total Kt/V was $2.1{\pm}0.7$ (0.3-4.1). Results of peritoneal equilibrium test were as follows: low 36.8%, low average 31.6%, high average 19.7%, and high 11.8%. Z-score for weight was $-1.00{\pm}1.20$ (-4.54~+2.50). Z-score for height was $-1.55{\pm}1.65$ (-9.42~+1.87). Growth hormone was administered in 24.3% of patients. Anti-hypertensive drugs were administered in 64.0% of patients. Laboratory findings were as follows: hemoglobin $10.5{\pm}1.4$ g/dL, calcium $9.7{\pm}0.7$ mg/dL, phosphorus $5.4{\pm}1.4$ mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone $324.2{\pm}342.8$ pg/mL. Conclusion : Primary glomerular disease was the most common cause of ESRD. CAPD was the most prevalent PD modality. Low and low average peritoneal transport type were common. Growth disturbance were noted in many patients. Some patients had hypertension even with anti- hypertensive drugs. Calcium-phosphorus levels were maintained adequately, but many patients had secondary hyperparathyroidism.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2003

The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of tiletamine/zolazepam(TZ, 10 mg/kg IV), xylazine-tiletamine /zolazepam(XTZ, X: 1.1 mg/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) and medetomid-ine-tiletamine/zolazepam(MTZ, M: 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) were evaluated to 15 healthy mongrel dogs (4.16$\pm$0.65 kg). These dogs were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups(Control, XTZ, MTZ) with 5 dogs in each group. All experimental animals were premedicated with atropine(0.03 mg/kg, IM). Xylazine or medetomidine were administered to dogs in XTZ group and MTZ group 10 minutes after atropine injection. TZ was administered 20 minutes after atropine injection in all groups. The loss of pain response at pedal reflex and ear pinching tests in XTZ and MTZ groups were much longer compared with those of Control group(P < 0.01). All dogs in this study showed head rocking and hypersalivation during recovery time. Body temperature decreased progressively during experimental period in all groups, but it was not significant. After TZ injection, heart beat rate significantly increased 10 and 20 minutes in Control group, and 20 and 40 minutes in XTZ group(P < 0.05). Respiratory rate significantly decreased 0,10,20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection in XTZ and MTZ groups. In Control group, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) 20 minutes. diastolic arterial pressure(DAP) 10 minutes and mean arterial pressures (MAP) 10 and 20 minutes after 72 injection significantly decreased(P < 0.05). In XTZ group, SAP, DAP and MAP significantly decreased 20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection(P < 0.05). Thus, it was considered that XTZ and MTZ were useful in a canine surgical treatment that requires long anesthetic duration and deep analgesia.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.576-587
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• 2009

Background: The up-regulation of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway might be involved in the change of vascular reactivity in rats 3 days after they suffer acute myocardial infarction. However, the underlying mechanism for this has not been clarified. Material and Method: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 30 min (Group AMI), whereas the sham-operated control rats were treated similarly without LAD occlusion (Group SHAM), The concentration-response relationships for phenylephrine (PE), KCl, acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were determined in the endothelium intact E(+) and endothelium denuded E(-) thoracic aortic rings from the rats 3 days after AMI or a SHAM operation. The concentration-response relationships of PE in the E(+) rings from the AMI rats were compared with those relationships in the rings pretreated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor $N{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. The plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were checked via a Griess reaction. The cyclic GMP content in the thoracic aortic rings was measured by radioimmunoassay and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression was assessed by real time PCR. Result: The mean infarct size (%) in the rats with AMI was $21.3{\pm}0.62%$. The heart rate and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly changed in the AMI rats. The sensitivity of the contractile response to PE and KCl was significantly decreased in both the E(+) and E(-) aortic rings of the AMI group (p<0.05). L-NAME completely reversed these contractile responses whereas indomethacin did not (p<0.05). Moreover, the sensitivity of the relaxation response to Ach was also significantly decreased in the AMI group (p<0.05). The plasma nitrite and nitrate content (p<0.05), the basal cGMP content (p<0.05) and the eNOS mRNA expression (p=0.056) in the AMI rats were increased as compared with the SHAM group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the increased eNOS activity and the up-regulation of the NO-cGMP pathway can be attributed to the decreased contractile or relaxation response in the rat thoracic aorta 3 days after AMI.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2023

This study is an experimental study on the single group pre-post test design for the effects of the aroma inhalation method with roll-on on stress, pain, depression and blood pressure of the elderly. 33 elderly people who met the selection criteria participated among the elderly using the senior citizen clubs located in S city, Gyeonggi-do. The data collection period was from November 14, 2022 to December 19, 2022. A questionnaire consisting of stress, pain, depression, and blood pressure was measured before and after the aroma roll-on inhalation intervention. The components of aroma essential oil included Marjoram, Geranium, Peppermint and Orange sweet that were diluted in Jojoba oil which was the carrier oil. The aroma inhalation method with roll-on was carried out 3 times day for 4 weeks. In the result of this study, the aroma inhalation method with roll-on were statistically significant differences in stress(t=2.63, p=.013), pain(t=2.46, p=.019), and systolic blood pressure(t=3.01, p=.005) of the participants. Therefore, aroma roll-on therapy is expected to be available as a useful nursing intervention method for reducing stress, relieving pain, and managing blood pressure in the elderly using the senior citizen clubs.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.577-588
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in alcohol consumption of male university students in Daegu, Korea and their drink-related behavior. The study focused on these changes over a decade using self-administered questionnaire surveys and health examinations that were carried out at a university campus in 1999 and in 2009. In both years more than 85% of students responded that they drank alcohol. However, significant increases in the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption were found (p<.001). The main influence on students' drinking behavior was friends/peers in both years. The most frequently preferred alcohol of respondents was so-ju (a traditional Korean liquor) in both years. However, the most frequently preferred type of food to accompany drinking had significantly changed (p<.01). Other changes including the increase of drinking speed and smoking during drinking were found to have significantly changed (p<.05) while significant difference regarding the decrease in food intake during drinking was not found. No significant difference in the amount of alcohol consumed was noted between underage drinkers and drinkers of above the legal drinking age. Heavy drinkers in the 2009 population had significantly higher systolic blood pressure than non-drinkers and moderate drinkers (p<.01). This study also indicates that there may be a rise in heavy drinking and/or binge drinking among drinkers including underage students. The results of this study suggest that alcohol-blood pressure associations are considered to be of concern even in young adults. This study also suggests the need for special alcohol prevention programs or campaigns to intervene in the behavior of students.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.556-559
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• 2001

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influences of epinephrine and pain on the changes of blood pressure and pulse rates in mandibular 3rd molar extraction. A total of 80 patients(aged between 10 and 30) without systemically compromised conditions were selected and divided into two groups(I, II). 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was administered in group I (male 20, female 20), and 2% lidocaine without epinephrine was administered in group II (male 20, female 20). Systolic blood pressure and pulse rates were checked by a digital monitor during the pre-local anesthesia state(stage 1), 5 minute later in the post-local anesthesia state(stage 2), the extraction state(during odontectomy, stage 3), and during the post-suture state(stage 4). The measurement of pain perceived by patients was made using a three-point visual analog scale. The results suggest that local anesthetic with epinephrine is better at decreasing pain preventing the severe elevation of systolic blood pressure than local anesthetic without epinephrine. However, these results should be confirmed by additional studies on cardiac patients.