• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2002

For the purpose of preciously describing real time traffic pattern in urban road network, dynamic network loading(DNL) models able to simulate traffic behavior are required. A number of different methods are available, including macroscopic, microscopic dynamic network models, as well as analytical model. Equivalency minimization problem and Variation inequality problem are the analytical models, which include explicit mathematical travel cost function for describing traffic behaviors on the network. While microscopic simulation models move vehicles according to behavioral car-following and cell-transmission. However, DNL models embedding such travel time function have some limitations ; analytical model has lacking of describing traffic characteristics such as relations between flow and speed, between speed and density Microscopic simulation models are the most detailed and realistic, but they are difficult to calibrate and may not be the most practical tools for large-scale networks. To cope with such problems, this paper develops a new DNL model appropriate for dynamic traffic assignment(DTA), The model is combined with vertical queue model representing vehicles as vertical queues at the end of links. In order to compare and to assess the model, we use a contrived example network. From the numerical results, we found that the DNL model presented in the paper were able to describe traffic characteristics with reasonable amount of computing time. The model also showed good relationship between travel time and traffic flow and expressed the feature of backward turn at near capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 2012

In order to investigate the distribution of water masses and spatio-temporal variation of nutrients in the coastal areas of Gangwon province of the Korean East Sea, a survey of the physico-chemical parameters (temperature and salinity) and nutrients ($NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $PO_4$-P, and $SiO_2$-Si) was carried out at 5 locations (Goseong, Sokcho, Yangyang, Gangneung, and Donghae) in February, May, August, and November 2009. The water masses included in the study area were divided into 4 groups; 1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), 2) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), 3) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW), and 4) East Sea Proper Water (ESPW). The distribution of water masses was affected by the change of season. In February, surface water was derived from the TMW. The TSW was not observed in May, but only observed in August. In November, as the influence of the TSW weakened, that of the NKCW strengthened. Considering the vertical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations in all the seasons were very low within the surface water, but increased rapidly near the thermocline. Most of nutrient concentrations, except for dissolved silicate, remained constant below the depth of 200 m. However, the dissolved silicate concentration increased with depth, suggesting that silicate has a delayed regenerative pattern. The ESPW had the highest nutrient concentration, followed by the NKCW, TMW, and TSW. In February, May, and November, the N/P ratio in most of the water masses was similar to or larger than the Redfield ratio, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients did not act as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. However, in August, the N/P ratio in the TSW was less than the Redfield ratio, and the concentration of $NO_2$-N+$NO_3$-N was 0.86 ${\mu}m$, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients did act as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the study area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.727-743
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• 1996

To know the floristic composition, vortical distribution and community structure of marine benthic algae inhabiting in the intertidal and subtidal zones of Yongil Bay, east coast of Korea, the study has performed using the quadrat method along a transect line from July, 1995 to June, 1996. In this area, a total of 144 species including 2 new red algae to Korea was found: 5 blue-green, 18 green, 20 brown and 101 red algae. The representative species throughout the year were Ulva pertusa, Gelidium amansii and Symphyocladia latiuscula. Dominant species were Sargassum thunbergii in spring, U. pertusa in summer and autumn. In winter, Chondrus ocellatus and Monostroma grevillei occurred dominantly. The standing crop exhibited mean value as $185.8g/m^2$ dry weight. Maximum value was recorded in spring $(267.3g/m^2)$ and minimum was observed in winter $(93.7g/m^2)$. Shannon's species diversity (H') and evenness (J') as maximum value were recorded in spring, whereas minimum values were shown in winter. Vertical distribution, rerognized by cluster analysis based on relative coverage of the species, could be divided into two or three algal groups except spring. In general, green algae (M. grevillei, Capsosiphon fulvescens, U. pefusa, Enteromorpha compressa) and brown algae (Sargassum fulvellum, S. thunbergii) were represented in the upper and middle zone and red algae (G. amansii, C. ocellatus, S. latiuscula, Crateloupia okamurae, Pachymeniopsis eilliptica) in the lower zone. The algal community varied according to season and environmental conditions. Particularly, seasonal variation of vortical distribution seemed to be affected primarily by water temperature. Also seasonal tidal level and tolerance of algal species to desiccation appeared to be associated with it in this area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.503-526
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• 1996

A synoptic survery of chemical characteristics in the last Sea of Korea was carried out at the 11 stations near Ullungdo in November, 1994 on board R/V Tam-Yang. On the basis of the vortical distribution patterns of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area are divided into five groups; 1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), 2) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), 3) East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW), 4) last Sea Proper Water (ESPW), 5) Mixed Water (MW). In the vertical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations were very low in the surface layer and increased rapidly near the thermocline. There was a slight decrease in the ESIW and the concentrations were constant with the depth below 300m except dissolved silicate which still increased with depth. Relatively high value of Si/P ratio (25.2) in ESPW, whick is the oldest water mass, suggests that Si is regenerating more slowly compared to other nutrients. The relatively high value of N/P ratio (18.6) in the surface layer might be related to high vertical eddy diffusivity $(K_z)$ of $1.19\;cm^{2}/sec$ and high nitrate upward flux of $103.7\;{\mu}g-at/m^{2}/hr$, compared to the values reported in other areas. Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) was very low in the surface layer and increased in the TMW, but there was a slight decrease in the ESIW. The highest value of AOU occurred in the ESPW. The slpoe of P/AOU was 0.50. The study on the relationship between water masses and nutrient distribution patterns is important in understanding the regeneration processes of nutrients in the polar region of the last Sea.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.381-402
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• 2017

In order to investigate distribution of vascular plants along elevational gradient in the Nodong valley of Gyebangsan, vascular plants of eight sections with 100-meter-high were surveyed from the Auto-camping site (800 m) to the top of a mountain (1,577 m). There were a total of 382 taxa: 89 families, 234 genera, 339 species, 7 subspecies, 34 varieties, and 2 forms. As a result of analyzing the pattern of species richness, it showed a reversed hump-shaped with minimum richness at mid-high elevation. As a result of analyzing habitat affinity types, the proportion of forest species increased with increasing elevation. But, the ruderal species decreased with increasing elevation, and then increased at the top of a mountain. As for the proportion of life forms, the annual herbs gradually decreased with increasing elevation, but it did not appear between 1,300 m and 1,500 m and then increased at the top of a mountain. The trees gradually increased with elevation and decreased from 1,300~1,400 m. The vascular plants divided into four groups by using DCA. The arrangement of each stands was arranged in order from right to left on the I axis according to the elevation. The distribution of vascular plants is determined by their own optimal ranges of vegetation. Also, rise in temperature due to climate change affects the distribution of vascular plants, composition, and diversity. Therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary to confirm ecological and environmental characteristics of vegetation, distribution ranges, changes of habitat. Furthermore, plans for conservation and management based on these data should be prepared according to climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.1 s.61
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• pp.67-80
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• 2006

The effect of environmental forcing on picophytoplankton distribution pattern was investigated in the tropical and subtropical western Pacific (TSWP) and the East Sea in September, 2002, and the continental shelf of the East China Sea (C-ECS) in August, 2003. The abundance of picophytoplankton populations, Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus and picoeukaryotes were determined by flow cytometry analyses. Picophytoplankton vertical profiles and integrated abundance $(0\sim100\;m)$ were compared with these three physiochemically different regions. Variation patterns of integrated cell abundance of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus in these three regions showed contrasting results. Synechococcus showed average abundance of $84.5X10^{10}\;cells\;m^{-2}$, in the TSWP, $305.6X10^{10}\;cells\;m^{-2}$ in the C-ECS, and $125.4X10^{10}\;cells\; m^{-2}$ in the East Sea where increasing cell concentrations were observed in the region with abundant nutrient. On the other hand, Prochlorococcus showed average abundance of $504.5X10^{10}\;cells\;m^{-2}$ in the TSWP, $33.2x10^{10}\;cells\;m^{-2}$ in the C-ECS, and $130.2X10^{10}\;cells\;m^{-2}$ in the East Sea exhibiting a distinctive pattern of increasing cell abundance in oligotrophic warm water. Although picoeukaryotes showed a similar pattern to Synechococcus, the abundance was 1/10 of Synechococcus. Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes showed ubiquitous distribution whereas Prochlorococcus generally did not appear in the C-ECS and the East Sea with low salinity environment. The average depth profiles for Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus displayed uniform abundance in the surface mixed layer with a rapid decrease below the surface mixed layer. for Prochlorococcus, a similar rapid decreasing trend was not observed below the surface mixed layer of the TSWP, but Prochlorococcus continued to show high cell abundance even down to 100 m depth. Picoeukaryotes showed uniform abundance along $0\sim100\;m$ depth in the C-ECS, and abundance maximum layer appeared in the East Sea at $20\sim30\;m$ depth.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.328-334
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Pier abutments act as a Class I fulcrum lever system when the teeth are incorporated in a fixed partial denture with rigid connectors. Therefore non-rigid connector incorporated into the fixed partial denture might reduce the stresses created by the leverage. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by means of finite element method, the effects of non-rigid connectors and supporting alveolar bone level on stress distribution for fixed partial dentures with pier abutments. Material and methods: A 2-dimensional finite element model simulating a 5-unit metal ceramic fixed partial denture with a pier abutment with rigid or non-rigid designs, the connector was located at the distal region of the second premolar, was developed. In the model, the lower canine, second premolar, and second molar served as abutments. Four types of alveolar bone condition were employed. One was normal bone condition and others were supporting bone reduced 20% height at one abutment. Two different loading conditions, each 150 N on 1st premolar and 1st molar and 300N on 1st molar, were used. Results: Two types of FPD were displaced apically. The amount of displacement decreased in an almost linear slope away from the loaded point. Non-rigid design tended to cause the higher stresses in supporting bone of premolar and molar abutments and the lower stresses in that of canine than rigid design. Alveolar bone loss increased the stresses in supporting bone of corresponding abutment. Conclusion: Careful evaluation of the retentive capacity of retainers and the periodontal condition of abutments may be required for the prosthetic design of fixed partial denture with a pier abutment.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

The 1 $km^2$ area studied is located in Sukchun-ri, Hwasung-koon, the southern part of Kyeonggi-do. Even though this site has been known as a contaminated area caused by seawater intrusions, geophysical and geochemical surveys have never been carried out at the site to determine the extent of the seawater contamination and to investigate whether the seawater intrusion is in progress. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of seawater contamination and a preferred channel of the seawater intrusion using geophysical methods such as DC resistivity surveys with Schlumberger array and a dipole-dipole array. In order to determine whether the seawater intrusion is in progress in the area, DC resistivity monitoring with Schlumberger array was performed. According to the resistivity map obtained from the inversion of the resistivity data measured with Schlumberger array, the study area is divided into two districts as relatively lowly resistive (less than 30 ohm-m) and highly resistive (more than 30 ohm-m) areas. The distribution of the lowly resistive area is consistent with the distribution of the layer composed of clay minerals, and the resistivity of this layer decreases slowly as approaching to the old seashore. Hydrogeological analysis shows that the clay layer within a distance of about 200 m from the seashore has been already contaminated by sea-water and its electric conductivity is 8 times higher than that of the sand layer covered by the clay layer. According to the results of the 2-dimensional DC resistivity surveys with a dipole-dipole array, there are two preferred channels of the seawater intrusion in the site, and both the channels are in the NW-SE direction from the old seashore. The lowly resistive zone in the southern channel extends to a depth of 80 m. The DC resistivity monitoring with Schlumberger array was carried out along the preferred channel which has the low resistivity Bone (fracture zone) that extended to a depth of 80 m. The time series of apparent resistivity, measured at a distance of 260 m from the old coast line, fluctuates with a period of 12 hours. From these observations, it can be concluded that the seawater intrusion caused by tidal action is still in progress along the fractured zone interpreted by the DC resistivity surveys with a dipole-dipole array.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different thread designs on the marginal bone stresses around dental implant. Materials and methods: Standard ITI implant(ITI Dental Implant System; Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland), 4.1 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, was selected as control. Test implants of four different thread patterns were created based on control implant, i.e. maintaining all geometrical design of control implant except thread pattern. Four thread designs used in test implants include (1) small V-shape screw (model A), (2) large V-shape screw (model B), (3) buttress screw (model C), and (4) trapezoid screw (model D). Surface area for unit length of implant was 14.4 $mm^2$ (control), 21.7 (small V-shape screw), 20.6 (large V-shape screw), 17.0 (buttress screw) and 28.7 $mm^2$ (trapezoid screw). Finite element models of implant/bone complex were created using an axisymmetric scheme with the use of NISA II/DISPLAY III (Engineering Mechanics Research Corporation, Troy, MI, USA). A load of 100 N applied to the central node on the crown top either in parallel direction or at 30 degree to the implant axis (in order to apply non-axial load to the implant NKTP type 34 element was employed). Quantification and comparison of the peak stress in the marginal bone of each implant model was made using a series of regression analyses based on the stress data calculated at the 5 reference points which were set at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mm from implant wall on the marginal bone surface. Results: Results showed that although severe stress concentration on the marginal bone cannot be avoided a substantial reduction in the peak stress is achievable using different thread design. The peak marginal bone stresses under vertical loading condition were 7.84, 6.45, 5.96, 6.85, 5.39 MPa for control and model A, B, C and D, respectively. And 29.18, 26.45, 25.12, 27.37, 23.58 MPa when subject to inclined loading. Conclusion: It was concluded that the thread design is an important influential factor to the marginal bone stresses.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.84-85
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• 2003

소백산육괴의 동부에 분포하는 영양-울진지역의 선캠브리아기 변성암류는 평해층, 기성층, 원남층, 평해화강편마암, 하다우백질화강편마암 등으로 구성되어 있다(김옥준 외, 1963). 그러나, 최근 김남훈 외(2001, 2002)은 야외조사연구와 암석학적 및 지구화학적 연구를 통하여 주로 변성화산암류로 기재되었던 기성층은 변성화산암류가 아니라 평해층과 원남층에서 산출되는 화강암질편마암과 각섬암 기원의 변성암류가 연성전단변형을 받아 형성된 압쇄암 내지 초압쇄암으로 되어 있고, 기존의 기성층은 변성화산암류와 같이 성분상으로 구분되는 별개의 층이 아닌 구조적으로 만들어진 연성전단대의 중심부일 가능성을 시사한 바가 있다. 본 연구는 연성전단대의 연장성 및 연성전단대 형성과 관련된 지구조운동의 특성을 파악하고, 중첩된 변형구조들의 선후관계로부터 영양-울진지역 선캠브리아기 변성암류에 대한 변형작용사를 규명하기 위해 기성층의 분포지를 중심으로 이 지역 선캠브리아기 변성암류에 대한 상세한 야외지질조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 예천(북후면-평은면)지역을 통과하여 봉화 부근에서 동북동-서남서 방향이 동-서 방향으로 전환하여 장군봉지역까지 연장되는 것으로 알려져 있는 우수 주향 이동성 예천전단대(KIGAM, 1995; 강지훈 외 1997; 강지훈, 2000; 강지훈과 김형식, 2000)는 영양-울진지역까지 연장됨이 확인된다. 또한, 영양-울진지역의 선캠브리아기 변성암류에는 연성전단변형 이전에 적어도 한 번의 습곡작용과 이후에 적어도 두 번의 습곡작용이 인지된다. 각 변형단계별 특징적인 구조요소를 요약하면 다음과 같다. D1 변형: 편마면 내지 편리(S0)가 습곡되어 형성된 F1 습곡은 동-서 방향의 준 수평적인 습곡축을 갖는 뿌리 없는 등사습곡 형태로 인지된다. 양 날개부의 S0 엽리는 F1 습곡축면(S1)으로 완전히 전위된 하나의 엽리(S0-1)로 나타나고, S0-1 엽리는 이 지역의 광역엽리로 인지된다. S0-1 광역엽리는 구성암류의 대상 분포 방향과 유사한 서북서 주향에 북쪽으로 중각 경사하는 집중된 방향성을 보이며 분산되어 나타난다. D2 변형: 변형구조로는 신장선구조, 압쇄구조면, 비대칭습곡 등으로 인지된다. 신장선구조는 S0-1 엽리면상에서 주로 신장된 석영(집합체)과 장석(집합체)들의 정향배열에 의해 정의되고, S0-1 엽리의 주향 방향으로 저각으로 침강하는 집중된 방향성을 보이며 분산되어 나타난다. 신장선구조에 평행하고 S0-1 엽리에 수직한 단면에서는 상부-동쪽-이동의 우수주향 이동성 연성 전단운동감각을 지시하는 구조요소들이 다량 관찰된다. 연성전단변형에 의해 형성된 압쇄구조면은 전단엽리와 압쇄엽리에 각각 해당하는 C면과 S면 등이 인지된다. 전단엽리 C면은 S0-1 광역엽리와 거의 일치하고, 압쇄엽리 S면은 F2 비대칭습곡의 축면엽리와 거의 일치한다. S0-1 엽리를 습곡시키는 F2 비대칭습곡은 S0-1 엽리를 전단면으로 하여 상부-동쪽-이동 전단운동에 의해 형성된 밀착습곡 형태로 인지된다. F2 습곡축은 북동 방향으로 중각 내지 저각 침강하고 F1 습곡축과는 65$^{\circ}$-75$^{\circ}$ 범위의 사이각을 이룬다. F2 습곡축면은 동북동 주향에 북쪽으로 중각으로 경사하고 F1 습곡축면과는 20$^{\circ}$-40$^{\circ}$ 범위의 사이각을 이룬다. D3 변형. S0-1 엽리와 압쇄구조면 등을 습곡시키는 F3 습곡은 준 수평적인 습곡축과 습곡축면을 갖는 개방 횡와습곡의 형태로 인지된다. D4 변형: F4 습곡은 비대칭 공역성 킹크습곡, 공역성 충상단층에 수반되어 나타나는 드래그습곡, 대칭 개방 직림습곡 등의 다양한 습곡 형태로 인지된다. 이들 F4 습곡의 축면엽리는 일반적으로 동-서 주향에 남쪽과 북쪽으로 경사한다. 그 경사각은 비대칭 공역성 킹크습곡(저각), 드래그습곡(중각), 대칭 개방 직립습곡(고각) 순으로 고각을 이룬다. F4 습곡축은 동쪽과 서쪽으로 저각 침강하는 집중된 방향성을 보인다. 공역성 충상단층은 동-서 주향에 남쪽과 북쪽으로 경사하는 단층면과 상부가 북쪽과 남쪽으로 충상하는 운동상을 보인다. 드래그습곡의 축면엽리는 이러한 공역성 충상단층운동의 전단압축방향에 수직으로 발달한다. 이러한 D4 변형구조는 남-북 방향의 압축 지구조 환경하에서 형성된 것으로 고찰된다.