• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.435-442
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• 2015

The main objective of this work was to identify and evaluate possible substrate alternatives or amendments to peat moss. This study involves the physical and chemical characterization and growth test of wood sawdust and wood fiber in order to evaluate their use as components of horticultural media. The carbohydrate content, C/N ratio, pH, phenolic compound, total porosity and water holding capacity were 58.9%, 425.1, 4.8, 181.8 ($mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$), 82.5% and 47.1% in wood sawdust and 41.1%, 240.8, 5.9, 29.8 ($mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$), 90.6% and 56.2% in wood fiber, respectively. Wood sawdust (K, $998.0mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ ; Ca, $1196.0mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Mg, $105.6mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) and wood fiber (K, $1250.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Ca, $1982.6mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Mg, $173.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) showed adequate mineral elements properties compared to peat moss (K, $0.02mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Ca, $0.57mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Mg, $0.13mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) for their use as growing media. The mixtures of the horticultural media were prepared using different substrate as wood sawdust and wood fiber to grow Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) in a greenhouse. The seed germination, leaf area and stem height were 75%, $0.50cm^2$ and 2.8 cm in PS substrate (containing 30% peat moss, 10% perlite and 60% wood sawdust) and 95%, $0.65cm^2$ and 3.3 cm in PF substrate (containing 30% peat moss, 10% perlite and 60% wood fiber), respectively. The seed germination and stem height of the PF substrate (containing 30% peat moss, 10% perlite and 60% wood fiber) was higher than those in peat moss (control). Utilization of wood by-product can be considered as an alternative media component to substitute the widely using expensive peat moss.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate residual organochlorine pesticides in green house soil and oriental melon, green pepper, and lettuce. The majority of them were designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the international community at the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant. Extraction and clean-up method were developed using the QuEChERS method for residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and oriental melon, green pepper and lettuce. Recovery of OCPs in greenhouse soil and oriental melon, green pepper, and lettuce ranged from 73.3-110.6%. Limit of detection (LOD) of OCPs in soil and 3 crops were 0.01-0.08 and $0.11-0.17{\mu}g/kg$. The residues of OCPs in oriental melon, green pepper and lettuce greenhouse soil were analyzed by the developed method, and dieldrin, ${\beta}-endosulfan$ and endosulfan sulfate were detected at 1.4-72.5, 0.1-78.7 and $0.0-214.1{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The detection frequency of 3 compounds in soils were 52 (29.7%), 34 (19.4%) and 57 (32.6%) among 175 samples, respectively. However, these compounds were not detected in all crop samples. The residue level in 3 crops were lower than 1/58.8 of maximum residue level of them. These results showed that the OCPs residue in oriental melon, green pepper, and lettuce greenhouse soil were not as high as crop safety threatening.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.94-106
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• 2013

The proficiency testing for the residue laboratories of pesticide registration was conducted in order to improve the reliability and the ability for pesticide residue analysis. On October 2011 the testing was carried out using the soil collected and kept as the moistened state for five years, which is expected to very low residue levels of pesticides. The soil was fortified with chlorpyrifos, metolachlor and procymidone in a manner similar to prepare soil sample for indoor soil degradation test, and then sub-samples were prepared for the distribution to participants. Some of them were randomly selected for confirm of homogeneity and to ensure the stability of samples at room temperature. Samples were consisted of two soil treated as different levels, one of which was used to the assesment and another used to confirm. In addition, provide three standard solutions, respectively concentration of 10 mg/L, and untreated soil. Forty seven institutions submitted results. The medians of results were used as the assigned values for pesticide residues. Fitness for purpose standard deviation of proficiency test was calculated by applying 20% RSD as the coefficient of variation allowed in the soil residue test. Z-score was applied for evaluation of individual pesticides, and the average of the absolute value of the Z-score for the overall assessment of pesticides. Laboratories evaluated the absolute value of the Z-score less than 2 to fit the case of chlorpyrifos and procymidone were 44, metolachlor 40.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.192-217
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• 2001

Object：This study was carried out to classify adolescents in runaway shelters by evaluating their psychopathology. And the ultimate purpose is to offer basic data for preventing adolescents‘ runaway and for diversifying runaway shelters suitable for the problem of individual adolescent. Method：128 adolescents who stay in the runaway shelters were asked to complete self-report qeustionnaires including basic sociodemographic data, Child Behavior Check List(CBCL), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI), and Symptom Check List-90-Revised(SCL-90-R). Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS)[or Korean Educational Developmental Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(KEDI-WISC)] and Bender-Gestalt test(BGT) were also done by clinical psychologists. Results：The most common age of the subjects were 15-year-old, and they dropped out their schools in the middle school most commonly. Mostly they were from middle class family and their parents' educational level were high school graduates. The first runaway episode was most common in the middleschool period, and their runaways were repeated. The most common frequency of runaways were more than 10 times. About 10% of them abused drugs and about 80% of them abused alcohol. One third of them had experiences of illegal problems and 10% of them engaged in sexual activity for money. 95 adolescents(83%) in CBCL, 42 adolescents(36%) in SCL-90-R, and 70 adolescents(69.3%) in MMPI showed clinical significance. In intelligence test, 22 adolescents(22%) were mentally retarded. In BGT, 35 adolescents(39.4%) manifested brain dysfunction signs. Conclusion：Runaway adolescents in the shelters have variable and severe psychopathology. Their psychopathology is classified as follows；The behavior disorder group, the mood disorder group with anxiety/depression, the somatic disorder group with somatic symptoms, and the psychosis group with possibility of severe psychopathology. Therefore it is very important to evaluate psychiatric problems of runaway adolescents, and specific therapeutic interventions according to their problems are required.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.182-185
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop an appropriated management for safety of children snacks sold around school. Total 598 items as targeted food were collected; 66 biscuits, 320 candies, 57 chocolates, 40 ice creams and 115 beverages. Microbiological hazards such as total aerobic bacteria, Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Bacillus ceruse, Yeasts & molds were measured by analytical method in Korean food code. Total aerobic bacteria and Yeasts & molds were detected in cookies at the level of less than 2.69 and 2.65 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 54.55 and 62.12%, respectively. Bacillus cereus was detected in 1 snack only at the level of 1.39 $log_{10}$ CFU/g but it was less than Korean microbial standards and specifications (3 $log_{10}$ CFU/g). Total aerobic bacteria and Yeasts & molds were detected in candies less than 2.86, 3.36 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 46,8% respectively. Total aerobic bacteria, Yeast & mold were detected in chocolates at the levels less than 2.52 and 1.87 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 33 and 22% respectively. Total aerobic bacteria in both ice creams and beverages were detected at the levels less than 3.39 and 1.35 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 82 and 5% respectively. Coliforms were found in one ice cream (1.39 $log_{10}$ CFU/g) only. The result of this study indicated that all children snacks around school were suitable for microbial standard and specifications in Korean Food Code. However, since most children snacks around school are circulated without proper storage temperature and handing condition, consistent microbial management for children snacks are needed.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.55-70
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• 2004

The wetland ecosystem is a complex products of various erosion force, accumulation as water flows, hydrogeomorphic units, seasonal changes, the amount of rainfalls, and other essential element. There is no single, correct, ecologically sound definition for wetlands because of the diversity of wetlands and the demarcation between dry and wet environments occurs along a continuum, but wetland plays various ecosystem functions. Despite comprehensive integration through classification and impact factors there is still lacking in systematic management of wetlands. Classification system developed by the USFWS(1979) is hierarchical progresses from systems and subsystems at general levels to classes, subclasses, dominance types, and habitat modifiers. Systems and subsystems are delineated according to major physical attributes such as tidal flushing, ocean-derived salts, and the energy of flowing water or waves. Classes and subclasses describe the type of substrate and habitat or the physiognomy of the vegetation or faunal assemblage. Wetland classes are divided into physical types and biotic types. For the wise management of wetlands in Korea, this study was carried out to examine methodology of USFWS classification system and discuss its application for Korean wetland hydrogeomorphic units already known. Seven wetland types were chosen as study sites in Korea divided into some different types based on USFWS system. Three wetland types belonging to palustrine system showed no difference between Wangdungjae wetland and Mujechi wetland, but Youngnup of Mt. Daeam was different from the former two types at the level of dominant types. This fact means that setting of classification system for management of wetland is needed. Although we may never know much about the wetland resources that have been lost, there are opportunities to conserve the riches that remain. Extensive inventory of all wetland types and documentation of their ecosystem functions are vital. Unique and vulnerable examples in particular need to be identified and protected. Furthermore, a framework with which to demonstrate wetland characteristics and relationships is needed that is sufficiently detailed to achieve the identification of the integrity and salient features of an enormous range of wetland types.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2018

This experiment was conducted at Suwon, Korea from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the optimum seeding rate, and to clarify the nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in central and north area of Korea. We used Korean rye cultivar 'Gogu' for this test. We employed a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were designed by three seeding levels (3, 5 and $7kg\;10a^{-1}$), but other sub-plots were randomly seeded. The plots were treated with three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (3, 6 and $9kg\;10a^{-1}$). The percentage of productive tiller, number of grain per spike, fertility rate, 1 liter weight, and 1000-grain weight decreased as seeding rate increased from $3kg\;10a^{-1}$ to $7kg\;10a^{-1}$, whereas the number of spike per $m^2$ increased. Therefore the grain yields of rye had less of an effect by increasing seeding rate. There was an increase in number of spike per $m^2$, number of grain per spike, and fertility rate as nitrogen fertilizer level increased from $3kg\;10a^{-1}$ to $9kg\;10a^{-1}$, but grain yields significantly not affected by the interaction of seeding rate ${\times}$ nitrogen fertilizer levels. However, the best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and $5{\sim}6kg\;10a^{-1}$, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.510-517
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• 2013

This study was carried out in order to be utilized as basic data necessary for developing dental hygiene curriculum by confirming the difference in propensity level and the variables of having influence upon problem-solving ability of dental hygiene students and by grasping influence of relevant variables at the point of time that requires arrangement of a learning system for promoting problem solving ability aiming to train talents who have ability available for performing successful practical affairs. The influence of factors upon the problem solving ability had statistically significant relationship with academic year, interpersonal relations, school record, and major satisfaction. According to academic year, the problem solving ability of sophomore (B=-0.182, p=0.010) was shown the lower tendency than junior. The problem solving ability was lower in when being bad (B=-0.349, p=0.020) compared to when being good as for interpersonal relations, in when the mark is under 3.0 (B=-0.328, p=0.004) than over 4.0 as for academic achievement, and in when being dissatisfied (B=-0.483, p=0.005) than when being satisfied as for the major satisfaction. Hence, to train competent people who have ability available for performing successful practical affairs, the education is considered to be likely needed that has substantial problem solving ability for reinforcing problem solving ability by grasping a learning problem oneself without the differentiated curriculum, by establishing an alternative plan for solving problem, and by searching for and acquiring necessary data according to factors of having influence upon problem solving ability of dental hygiene students.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop a salad dressing using jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller) puree and to evaluate the processing and quality characteristics of the salad dressing containing various amounts (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of jujube puree. Jujube puree was prepared by crushing peeled, deseeded and steamed fruit flesh. The dressing ingredients (jujube flesh puree, soy sauce, vinegar, oligosaccharide, olive oil, and water) were mixed, homogenized, and packaged in glass bottles. The quality characteristics (color property, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability) of the dressing were analyzed. The lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$) of the dressing tended to increase as the amount of the jujube puree increased whereas the hue angle ($h^{\circ}$) decreased. The total titratable acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, phenolic compound content, and antioxidant activity of the dressing increased with the addition of more jujube puree. The sensory acceptability (color, smell, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) were significantly higher in the dressing added with 30% added jujube puree than in the other samples. The results show that jujube flesh puree (approximately 30%) can be utilized as an additive for preparing a dressing with simultaneously high antioxidant activity and acceptability.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives: This study is to investigate the prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults aged 20 years and above. Methods: From the database of the $5^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted in 2010, data of 5,670 adults who responded to all the questionnaires of health interview and had metabolic syndrome in the health examination were included in this analysis. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules and commands. Results: The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome based on the criteria proposed by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was 18.8%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in each group was: 20.7% of women, 43.1% among elderly over 70 years old, 40.6% of the divorced or the separated, 27.6% of recipients of economic support from the government, 23.6% of people who had alcohol dependency problem, and 43.7% of overweight or obese adults. Independent risk factors based on the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was associated with female (odds ratio 1.59 [95% confidence interval 1.20-2.11]), age (50s 3.95 [2.11-7.37], 60s 5.62 [2.98-10.61], 70s 10.56 [5.25-21.25]), high school education (0.52 [0.37-0.74]), clerk occupation (2.14 [1.27-3.60]), divorced marital status (1.72 [1.15-2.59]), alcohol dependency (1.86 [1.16-2.98]), higher BMI (14.08 [10.60-18.70]). Conclusions: The metabolic syndrome is prevalent among Korean adult population according to IDF criteria. Several demographic characteristics and potentially modifiable factors are associated with metabolic syndrome. Identification of this high-risk group and management of these modifiable factors are warranted to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.