• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1990

Nitrogen(N) concentrations of human milk in various fractions, such as total, protein, nonprotein, whey protein and casein were determined at 2-3 days, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks of postpartum. significant decreases in total N, nonprotein N, protein N, whey protein N and casein N were found with time postpartum. Total nitrogen decreased from 401mg/dl at 2-3 days to 211mg/dl at 12 week. Whey protein nitrogen was found to contribute to the total nitrogen decrease with time. The percentage of nonprotein nitrogen was 13% in colostrum and 17-18% in mature milk. The proportions of whey protein and casein nitrogen were 55:45 at 2-3 days and 34:66 at 12 week postpartum. These determinations will provide the basic information on the variability of nitrogen components as lactation proceed.

• 건강소식
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• v.29 no.7 s.320
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• pp.6-9
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• 2005

모유 수유는 인간이 태어난 후 다른 인간과 갖는 최초의 의사 소통 방법으로 아기에게 단순히 음식의 욕구를 채워주는 것 이상의 엄마의 감정과 느낌을 전하는 행동이다. 따라서 모유 수유를 하는 것은 아기 성장 발육에 꼭 필요한 중요한 영양소를 제공해 주고 질병으로부터 아기를 보호해 주는 것 분만 아니라, 아기에게 근원적인 엄마의 사랑을 제공해 주어 원만한 인격을 형성하게 하며 불필요한 자원낭비도 막아주는 중요성을 가지고 있다.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in characteristics, lactation problems, knowledge, and adaptation of breastfeeding between users and non-users of a lactation clinic. Methods: The descriptive study design was utilized using self-report questionnaires. 446 breastfeeding mothers participated in this study. Data were collected from lactation clinics, postpartum care centers, mother's culture centers, public health centers, pediatrics and obstetrics & gynaecology outpatient clinics in Seoul, Gyeonggi province, and Chungcheongnam province from August 20 to September 30, 2011. The questionnaires to measure lactation problems, knowledge and adaptation of breastfeeding were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 for Windows. Results: There was statistically significant differences in the breast feeding problems(t=5.71, p<.001) and breastfeeding knowledge(t=2.87, p=.004) between users and non-users of a lactation clinic. Conclusion: The results of this study may provide a foundation to develop nursing intervention for mothers in breastfeeding, and an evidence to expand the role of nurses as breastfeeding specialists.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.848-854
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• 2007

Purpose : The present study examined the etiology and risk factors of the early breast-feeding jaundice and the usefulness of auditory brainstem response test as early predictor of kernicterus. Methods : Medical records of neonatal jaundice in newborn admitted to Daegu Fatima Hospital between September 2005 and May 2006 were analyzed prospectively. Infants were grouped according to feeding method : breast feeding group (breast feeding only, n=23), mixed feeding group (breast feeding mainly plus addition of fomula feeding, n=13). Results : There were no significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, sex, duration of phototherapy, serum bilirubin and hemolytic evidence between the two study groups. First visiting day of life at out patient department was significantly delayed in breast feeding group ($8.7{\pm}3.6day$) compared to mixed feeding group ($6.0{\pm}1.9$) (P=0.009). Weight loss was significantly severe in breast feeding group compared to mixed feeding group (P<0.05). In auditory brainstem response test, loss of Wave V in 3 cases was observed and recoverd after blood exchange transfusion in follow up test.Wave III latency had significant correlation to serum bilirubin in auditory brainstem response test (70 dB) (P=0.002). Conclusion : Our study suggest that further education about breast feeding and follow up within the first postnatal week would be necessary for early detection and prevention of early breast-feeding jaundice. Test of serum bilirubin and auditory brainstem response would be helpful in determination of blood exchange transfusion.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2009

Purpose : Breastfeeding should be recommended for infants born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B Infection after postexposure prophylaxis. However, high proportion of these mothers are reluctant to engage in breastfeeding in Korea. This survey was taken to identify the cause of that reluctance. Method : Questionnaires were given to mothers with chronic hepatitis B infection who were registered at the 'Hepatitis B Perinatal Transmission Prevention Program' operated by Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. They visited a community health center for blood sample collection and signed a consent paper. The questionnaires were sent to the mothers. Result : Among 839 mailed questionnaires, 114 were returned marked 'address unknown'. The overall reply rate was 17% (n=125). Among responders, 52% (n=62) were breastfeeding and 48% (n=60) were formula-feeding. The most influential factor for breastfeeding was the mother's own decision (75%) and the obstetrician's recommendation (17%). For formulafeeding mothers, their decisions were influenced by obstetricians (57%), and by their own thinking (28%). The relationship between breastfeeding and perinatal prophylaxis failure was recognized as 45% 'related' and 50% 'not-related'. A total of 91% of breastfeeding mothers replied that they will breast-feed again. Among formula-feeding mothers, 78% answered that they will breast-feed if they were known that 'there is no direct relationship between breastfeeding and perinatal prophylaxis failure'. Conclusion : Despite the fact that there is no direct relationship between breastfeeding and perinatal prophylaxis failure, many were reluctant to breast-feed. Healthcare professionals have influence over the mothers for decision making. It will be necessary to educate healthcare personnel so that they can make a conceptual change as well as to promote the fact to the general public.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.4 s.51
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• pp.845-862
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• 1995

We followed prospectively some hospital-delivered mothers to identify characteristics of those not initiated breast-feeding and predictors of breast-feeding discontinuation in monthly telephone interviews. Recruits were composed of 482 mothers who delivered their babies at one university hospital and one OB/GYN clinic in September to November 1991. Breast-feeding discontinuation was defined as switch to 100% formula lasting more than one week regardless of solid foods. Average age of the study subjects was 27.3 years of age(standard deviation 3.2). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated native place, occupation, method of delivery and method of feeding considered to be better for maternal health were statistically significant(p<0.1) between initiators and non-initiators of breast feeding. In starting cohort(N=242) of those initiated breast-feeding, that median of breast-feeding discontinuation were 5 months and 25th and 75th percentiles were 3 and 9 months respectively. In Cox's proportional hazard model, mothers with $10\sim13$ years of education were 2.63 times (95% confidence interval, CI $1.50\sim4.60$) more likely to discontinue than those with less than 9 years of education and those with more than 13 years of education were 3.55 time (95% CI $1.99\sim6.33$). Compared with house wife, mothers with part-time jobs were 1.99 times (95% CI $0.86\sim4.57$) more likely to discontinue and those with employed full-time were 1.55 times (95% CI $0.96\sim2.51$). These results suggest that the predictors of initiation and discontinuation of breast-feeding may be different and different target populations should be selected to promote initiation and to prevent discontinuation of breast-feeding according to the period after birth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.820-826
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was conducted to evaluate the red cell indices and frequency of iron deficiency anemia based on the feeding patterns of nine-month-old infants. Methods : Blood tests were performed on 253 nine-month-old infants, who visited Il Sin Christian Hospital for health check-ups from January to December 2007. Their parents answered telephonic questions regarding their feeding patterns and weaning foods. Results : Three infants groups were created according to feeding patterns before they started weaning foods. One group was exclusively breast-fed (48.6%), another had mixed feeding (27.3%), and the third had artificial milk feeding (24.1%). Red cell indices (hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH) of the breast-fed group were comparatively lower than those of the other two groups (P<0.05). Twenty-five infants (9.9%) were diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. According to feeding patterns, the frequency of anemia was highest in the breast-fed group. Six infants who started weaning foods before six months of age (113 infants) were diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia (5.3%), and nineteen who started after six months of age (140 infants) were diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia (13.6%). Conclusion : When nine-month old infants visit hospitals for health check-ups, pediatricians must consider their feeding pattern and weaning foods histories, and then recommend screening blood tests for iron-deficiency anemia.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.51-58
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• 2021

Women are reported to have increased risk of metabolic syndrome after menopause. Nevertheless, there is a lack of study on the convergent association between breast-feeding, bone mineral density(BMD) and metabolic syndrome due to women's childbirth. In this study, the data of 939 elderly women using raw data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES V-1 and 2) in 2010 and 2011 were analyzed. The correlation between breast-feeding children, BMD and metabolic syndrome was analyzed by dividing them into three groups based on the number of breast-feeding children. As a result of the analysis, no specific association was found between risk factors of metabolic syndrome and BMD according to the increase in the number of breast-feeding children after adjustment for confounders. However, elderly women with a large number of breast-feeding children showed a significant association with more risk factors of metabolic syndrome. These findings can be used as a basic material for the prevention and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and health care in elderly women.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.891-895
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mother-child shared room on self-confidence in infant care and the practice of breastfeeding by delivering individual education to the mother-child in the shared room. The participants were 50 mothers in the mother-child shared room group and 50 mothers in the mother-child in separate rooms group, all of whom delivered children. The self-confidence in infant care was found to be higher in the mother-child shared room group than the mother-child in separate rooms group. It is necessary to conduct multilateral research into the influential factors on the practice of breastfeeding apart from a variable, namely, the mother-child shared room.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2008

Purpose : This study examined the occurrence of oxygen desaturation events during nutritive sucking in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and its effects on feeding and growth outcomes until 4 months of corrected age (CA). Methods : Thirty-four premature infants with BPD free from major cardiac, gastrointestinal, respiratory anomalies were included. By reviewing medical records, clinical characteristics, feeding conditions at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA), we focused on oxygen desaturation, and short-term outcomes in 14 infants with no or mild desaturation (group A) and in 20 infants with moderate or severe desaturation (group B). Results : Group B had lower birth weight and shorter gestational age at birth, longer duration of hospitalization, was discharged at higher weeks of PMA, and needed ventilatory assist and oxygen supplementation longer than group A (P<0.05). Group B started nutritive sucking later, with a greater decrease in $SpO_2$ during sucking, being more indicative of feeding problems at 40 weeks of PMA, but not at 4 months of CA. Percent of infant needing oxygen supplementation and percent of infants with growth failure were not different between groups at 40 weeks of PMA and 4 months of CA. Body weight and growth velocity differences noted at 40 weeks of PMA became insignificant at 4 months of CA. Conclusion : The severity of desaturation during nutritive sucking in premature infants with BPD influenced the infant's feeding and growth at 40 weeks of PMA. However, it disappeared at 4 months of CA.