• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.61 no.4
• /
• pp.496-504
• /
• 2023

Countries worldwide are striving to find new sources of sustainable energy without carbon emission due to the increasing impact of global warming. With the advancement of the fourth industrial revolution on a global scale, there has been a substantial rise in energy demand. Simultaneously, there is a growing emphasis on utilizing energy sources with minimal or zero carbon content to ensure a stable power supply while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this comprehensive overview, a comparative analysis of carbon reduction policies of government was conducted. Based on international carbon neutrality scenarios and the presence of remaining thermal power generation, it can be categorized into two types: "Rapid" and "Safety". For the domestic scenario, the projected power demand and current greenhouse gas emissions in alignment with "The 10th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand" was examined. Considering all these factors, an overview of the current status of carbon neutrality technologies by focusing on the energy sector, encompassing transitions, hydrogen, transportation and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) was offered followed by summarization of key technological trends and government-driven policies. Furthermore, the central aspects of the domestic carbon reduction strategy were proposed by taking account of current mega trends in the energy sector which are highlighted in international scenario analyses.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.788-818
• /
• 2009

Renewable energy refers to solar energy, biomass energy, hydrogen energy, wind power, fuel cell, coal liquefaction and vaporization, marine energy, waste energy, and liquidity fuel made out of byproduct of geothermal heat, hydrogen and coal; it excludes energy based on coal, oil, nuclear energy and natural gas. Developed countries have recognized the importance of these energies and thus have set the mid to long term plans to develop and commercialize the technology and supported them with drastic political and financial measures. Considering the growing recognition to the field, it is necessary to analysis up-to-now achievement of the government's related projects, in the standards of type of renewable energy, management of sectional goals, and its commercialization. Korean government is chiefly following suit the USA and British policies of developing and distributing renewable energy. However, unlike Japan which is in the lead role in solar rays industry, it still lacks in state-directed support, participation of enterprises and social recognition. The research regarding renewable energy has mainly examinedthe state of supply of each technology and suitability of specific region for applying the technology. The evaluation shows that the research has been focused on supply and demand of renewable as well as general energy and solution for the enhancement of supply capacity in certain area. However, in-depth study for commercialization and the increase of capacity in industry followed by development of the technology is still inadequate. 'Cost-benefit model for each energy source' is used in analysis of technology development of renewable energy and quantitative and macro economical effects of its commercialization in order to foresee following expand in related industries and increase in added value. First, Investment on the renewable energy technology development is in direct proportion both to the product and growth, but product shows slightly higher index under the same amount of R&D investment than growth. It indicates that advance in technology greatly influences the final product, the energy growth. Moreover, while R&D investment on renewable energy product as well as the government funds included in the investment have proportionate influence on the renewable energy growth, private investment in the total amount invested has reciprocal influence. This statistic shows that research and development is mainly driven by government funds rather than private investment. Finally, while R&D investment on renewable energy growth affects proportionately, government funds and private investment shows no direct relations, which indicates that the effects of research and development on renewable energy do not affect government funds or private investment. All of the results signify that although it is important to have government policy in technology development and commercialization, private investment and active participation of enterprises are the key to the success in the industry.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2009.04b
• /
• pp.49-49
• /
• 2009

최근 범세계적인 그린에너지 정책에 관련해 화석연료를 대체할 수 있는 수소, 풍력, 태양광 등의 대체 에너지에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 이러한 여러 대체에너지 중에서도 태양광을 전기에너지로 변환하는 태양전지에 관한 연구가 집중되고 있다. 태양전지는 구조적으로 단순하고 제조 공정도 비교적 간단하지만, 보다 널리 보급되기 위해서는 경제성 향상이라는 문제점을 해결해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 기존의 실리콘 태양전지를 대체할 수 있는 신물질에 대한 연구가 필요하며, 그 중에서도 반도체 기술을 이용한 박막형 태양전지는 기존의 실리콘 태양 전지가 가지고 있는 고비용이라는 문제점을 극복할 수 있을 것으로 기대를 모으고 있다. 박막형 태양전지의 박막 재료로는 CIGS, CdTe 등이 연구되어지고 있지만, 아직까지는 기존의 실리콘 태양전지에 비해 에너지변환효율이 낮은 이유로 인해 실용화가 많이 이루어지지 못하고 있는 것이 사실이다. 이러한 박막형 태양전지의 재료들 중에서도 CdTe는 이종접합 박막형 태양전지에 흡광층으로 사용되는 것으로 상온에서 1.45eV 정도의 밴드갭(band gap) 에너지를 갖는 II-VI족 화합물반도체로써 태양광 스펙트럼과 잘 맞는 이상적인 밴드랩 에너지와 높은 광흡수도 때문에 박막형 태양전지로 가장 주목을 받고 있다. CdTe 박막의 제조 방법으로는 진공증착법(vacuum evaporation), 전착법(electrodeposition), 스퍼터링법(sputtering) 등이 있지만 본 연구에서는 스퍼터링법을 이용하여 박막을 증착하였다. 이상과 같이 증착된 CdTe 박막을 화학적기계적연마(CMP, chemical mechanical polishing) 공정을 적용시킴으로써, 태양전지의 에너지변환효율에 직접적인 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 CdTe 박막의 물리적, 전기적 특성들의 변화를 연구하기 위한 선행 연구를 진행하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 CdTe 박막의 화학적 기계적 연마 특성을 분석하여 정규화를 통한 모델링을 수행하였다. 또한 화학적기계적연마 공정 전과 후의 표면 특성을 관찰하기 위해 SEM(scanning electron microscopy)과 AFM(atomic forced microscope)를 이용하였으며, 구조적 특성 관찰을 XRD(X-ray diffraction)를 사용하여 실험을 수행하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a design and operation technical guideline for meeting the appropriate design criteria to bio-gasification facilities treating organic wastes. In accordance with the government's mid-to long-term policies on bio-gasification and energization of organic wastes, the expansion of the waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities is being remarkably promoted. However, because of the limitation of livestock manure containing low-concentration of volatile solids, there has been increased in combined bio-gasification without installing new anaerobic digestion facilities. The characteristics and common problems of each treatment processes were investigated for on-going 13 bio-gasification facilities. The seasonal precision monitoring of chemicophysics analysis on anaerobic digestor samples was conducted to provide guidelines for design and operation according to the progress of bio-gasification treatment. Consequently, major problems were investigated such as large deviation of organic materials depending on seasons, proper dehumidification of biogas and pretreatment of hydrogen sulfide.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.180-190
• /
• 2016

Atmospheric pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxides(NOx), Carbon Monoxide(CO), Carbon Dioxide($CO_2$), Particulate Matter(PM) and Hydrocarbons(HC) come from vehicle exhaust gases. Emission curves based on average travel speeds have been employed for estimating on-road emissions as well as evaluating environmental impacts of transportation plans and policies in Korea. Recently, there is a growing interest in estimation methods of vehicle emissions considering relationship between vehicle dynamic driving characteristics and emissions, and incorporating such emission estimators into traffic simulation models. MOVES Lite, a simplified version of MOVES, is one of the estimation methods. In this study, the authors performed a study to develop an adaptable version of MOVES Lite for Korea, called MOVES Lite-K. Vehicle types, driving characteristics, emission rates, and emission standards of Korea were reflected in MOVES Lite-K. The characteristics of emission calculation of MOVES Lite-K and NIER emission curves were compared and the adaptability of MOVES Lite-K were examined.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.309-333
• /
• 2011

Korea is one of the countries that propel new renewable energy industrialization actively in the context of change in this industrial structure. The previous government declared this kind of industrialization as a national goal in 2004 and the current government also supports this strategy. However, it is necessary to check whether this strategy is proper and effective. The reason is because solar, wind and fuel cells that have attracted public attention as the new growth engines cannot replace main industries yet. This paper tries to analyze the economic effects of new renewable energy industrialization by dividing them into production effect and job creation effect. The result of this analysis shows that solar energy is not effective at all, while wind energy is very effective in both production and job creation. In conclusion, this paper suggests that the government has to propel new renewable energy industrialization after consideration of these kinds of economic effects.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.156-163
• /
• 2015

This paper presents a new framework for design and economic evaluation of wind energy-based electricity supply system. We propose a network optimization (mixed-integer linear programming) model to design the underlying energy supply system. In this model we include practical constraints such as land limitations of onshore wind farms and different costs of offshore wind farms to minimize the total annual cost. Based upon the model, we also analyze the sensitivity of the total annual cost on the change of key parameters such as available land for offshore wind farms, required area of a wind turbine and the unit price of wind turbines. We illustrate the applicability of the suggested model by applying to the problem of design of a wind turbines-based electricity supply problem in Jeju. As a result of this study, we identified the major cost-drivers and the regional cost distribution of the proposed system. We also comparatively analyzed the economic performance of on/off shore wind farms in wind energy-based electricity supply system of Jeju.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to provide a design and operation technical guideline for meeting the appropriate design criteria to biogas utilization treating organic wastes. In accordance with the government's mid-to long-term policies on bio-gasification and energization of organic wastes, the expansion of the waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities is being remarkably promoted. However, because of the limitation of livestock manure containing low-concentration of volatile solids, there has been increased in combined bio-gasification without installing new anaerobic digestion facilities. The characteristics and common problems of each treatment processes were investigated for on-going 11 bio-gasification facilities. The seasonal precision monitoring of chemicophysics analysis on anaerobic digestor samples was conducted to provide guidelines for design and operation according to the progress of biogas utilization. Consequently, Major problems were investigated such as large deviation of organic materials depending on seasons, proper dehumidification of biogas, pretreatment of hydrogen sulfide, operation of power generation and steam. This study was conducted to optimize biogas utilization of type of organic waste(containing sewage sludge and food waste, animal manure), research the facilities problem through field investigation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.10 no.7
• /
• pp.201-206
• /
• 2012

Benzo(a)pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) whose metabolites are mutagenic and highly carcinogenic and is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. It has been found at variable concentrations in several foods and is associated with several factors during the process including contaminated raw materials, exposure of environment, and procedure of process or cooking. In this study, benzo(a)pyrene in 45 oriental medicines were determined by HPLC/FLD. The calibration curves of benzo(a)pyrene was linear over the concentration range of 0.5~40 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of above 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of benzo(a)pyrene were 0.04 and 0.10 ${\mu}g/kg$. Benzo(a)pyrene in 3 samples out of 45 samples was not detected. The level of benzo(a)pyrene in 26 (57.7%), 8 (17.8%) and 7 (15.6%) samples was 0.1~0.5, 0.5~1.0 and 1.0~5.0 ${\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Especially, content of benzo(a)pyrene in Coptis Rhizome is the highest (5.97 ${\mu}g/kg$). In conclusion, these results suggest that could be applied to fundamental study and guideline on drying condition to decrease content of benzo(a)pyrene in oriental medicine.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.30
• /
• pp.47-70
• /
• 2023

In 2019, the first excavation survey was conducted at the Temple Site No. 4 of Yaksugok Vally in Namsan Mountain, Gyeongju to determine the original location of the headless stone Buddha statue and the structure of the temple site. The survey excavated a stone Buddha head that was confirmed in a comparative analysis to be petrologically and mineralogically identical to a headless stone seated Buddha statue found derelict nearby. Traces of gold leaf and black adhesive were found on a portion of the right side of the face of the Buddha head buried in the ground. Since it is exceedingly rare for lacquer and gilding techniques to have been applied to a large stone Buddha statue without a base layer, this study examines the gilding techniques of the time by analyzing the characteristics of the materials used. In this process, the structure of the gold foil was observed through analytical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and the gold (Au) component was identified. As a result of analyzing the black adhesive using pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis-GC/MS), pyrolysis compounds such as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, catechol, and catechol oxidation products were detected. This was identical to the characteristics identified upon analyzing lacquer collected from species of lacquer tree whose main component is urushiol. Therefore, it was confirmed that the stone Buddha head excavated from the Temple Site No. 4 of Yaksugok Valley was separated from a nearby stone seated Buddha statue, and that the gold foil was attached using lacquer sap collected from lacquer trees, which grow in Korea, China, and Japan.