• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.857-865
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• 2017

This study was conducted to analyze and characterize the properties of polyethylene wax polymerized and polymerized using various metallocene catalysts based on Indene and Cyclopentadien, which are different from Ziegler-Natta catalysts used in polyethylene polymerizatio n. The polymerization of polyethylene wax was carried out under various conditions by adjusting the polymerization temperature and the ratio of hydrogen gas used as a chain transfer agent and ethylene gas to metallocene catalysts containing ligands of different structures. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, The catalyst yields were compared and analyzed. As a result, the structure of a metallocene catalyst suitable for having a low molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution was proposed and the ideal polyethylene wax could be polymerized.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.53-63
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• 1995

A 100kW class stack consisting of 10 molten carbonate fuel cells has been fabricated. Internally manifold stack has been tested for endurance. Each cell in the stack had an electrode area of $100cm^2$ and reactant gases were distributed in each cells in a cross-flow configuration. Initial and long term operation performance of the stack was investgated as a function of gas utilization using a specially designed small scale stack test facility. It was possible to have a stack with an output of more than 100W using an anode gas of 72% $H_2/18%$ $CO_2/10%H_2O$ and cathode gas of 33% $O_2/67%$ $CO_2$ and 70% Air 30% $CO_2$. The output and voltage of the stack at a current 15A($150mA/cm^2$) and gas utilization of 0.4 showed 125.8W and 8.39V respectively by elapsed time of 310 hours operation. In long term operation characteristics, the voltage drop of 52.4mV/1000hour was observed after more than 1,840 hours operation. Among the voltage drop, the OCV loss was highest than other voltage loss such as internal resistance and electrode polarization. Non uniformity of 2voltages and degradation of cell voltage in the stack was observed in according to changing the utilization rate after a long term operation. Further work for increasing the performance prolonging the life of the stack are required.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 2008

Amorphous silica nanoparticles are among the most fundamental $SiO_2$ compounds, having implications in diverse geological processes and technological applications. Here, we explore structural details of amorphous silica nanoparticles with varying particle sizes (7 and 14 nm) using $^{29}Si$ and $^{1}H$ MAS NMR spectroscopy together with quantum chemical calculations to have better prospect for their size-dependent atomic structures. $^{29}Si$ MAS NMR spectra at 9.4 T resolve $Q^2,\;Q^3$ and $Q^4$ species at -93 ppm, -101 ppm, -110 ppm, respectively. The fractions of $Q^2,\;Q^3,\;O^4$ species are $7{\pm}1%,\;27{\pm}2%$, and $66{\pm}2%$ for 7 nm amorphous silica nanoparticles and $6{\pm}1%,\;21{\pm}2%$, and $73{\pm}2%$ for 14 nm amorphous silica nanoparticles. Whereas it has been suggested that $Q^2$ and $Q^3$ species exist on particles surfaces, the difference in $Q^{2}\;+\;Q^{3}$ fraction in both 7 and 14 nm particles is not significant, suggesting that $Q^2$ and $Q^3$ species could exist inside particles. $^{1}H$ MAS NMR spectra at 11.7 T shows diverse hydrogen environments, including physisorbed water, hydrogen bonded silanol, and non-hydrogen bonded silanol with varying hydrogen bond strength. The hydrogen contents in the 7nm silica nanoparticles (including water and hydroxyl groups) are about 3 times of that of 14 nm particles. The larger chemical shills for proton environments in the former suggest stronger hydrogen bond strength. The fractions of non-hydrogen bonded silanols in the 14 nm amorphous silica nanoparticles are larger than those in 7 nm amorphous silica nanoparticles. This observation suggests closer proximity among hydrogen atoms in the nanoparticles with smaller diameter. The current results with high-resolution solid-state NMR reveal previously unknown structural details in amorphous silica nanoparticles with particle size.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.305-313
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• 2002

The physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediment, and structures of vegetation of the vascular hydrophytes were investigated in the West Nakdong River. Water quality was eutrophic according to the mean values and the ranges of water properties such as pH, DO, BOD, chlorophyll a, total nitrogen and phosphate, and other nutrients. A few cases were hypereutrophic for chlorophyll a level in summer. Soil reaction was weak acid. Composition of sediment was mainly sand except in SI(Sinan chideung) of which was mainly clay, and SU(Suan chideung) of which was mainly silt. Flora of vascular hydrophyte had 26 species and 1 variety comprising 16 families. Trapa japonica was dominant species in the sites of DU(Dunchido), GA(Garak chideung) and SU. Nymphoides peltata and Hydrocharis dubia dominated in DA and SI, respectively. Species diversity and evenness were relatively high in SI and SU but dominance was high in DA. After June, water lettuce(Pistia stratiotes) and water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) were flowed from tributary to the river. Standing crop of macrohydrophytes was high in DA from April to August, but it showed maximum standing crop (445g·dw/㎡) in DU after disturbance by explosive growth of exotic plants in October. In comparison with those in 1985, total productivities in DU and GA decreased to 33.5%, and the reduction ratio of dominant species, Trapa japonica was 56.7%. Najas marina, N. minor, Myriophyllum spicatum and Nymphoides indica have disappeared ever since the Nakdong barrage was constructed in the Nakdong river. They were divided into three groups (GA-SU-DU, DA, SI) by cluster analysis. Introduction of the exotic species in this river caused decreasing of endemic plants including endangered species Euryale ferox and rare species Hydocharis dubia, and food plants for waterfowl such as Trapa japonica, Vallisneria asiatica and Potamogeton crispus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.409-409
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• 2012

최근 나노크기의 미세구조 가공기술이 발달함에 따라 다양한 응용을 위한 나노소재/구조가 활발히 연구 되고 있다[1]. 그 중에서 실리콘 나노선은 태양전지, 메모리, 트랜지스터 그리고 광 공진기에 쓰일 수 있는 소재로서 기존의 실리콘 가공기술을 바로 사용할 수 있을 뿐 아니라[2], 비용 면에서 탁월한 잇점이 있기 때문에 주목 받고 있는 소재이다. 실리콘 나노선의 물리적 특성을 연구하기 위한 많은 연구가 진행되었지만, 매우 작은 크기와 높은 표면적-부피비율로 인해 생긴 독특한 특징을 완전히 이해하기에는 아직 부족한 점이 많다. 실리콘 나노선의 전류-전압특성에 영향을 미치는 요소는 도핑농도, 표면상태, 채널의 크기 등으로 다양한데, 이번 연구에서는 실리콘 나노선의 표면환경이 공기와 물 두 종류로 매질에 접하고 있을 경우에 대하여 각각 전류-전압을 측정하였다. 물이 공기와 다른 점은 크게 두 가지로 볼 수 있다. 첫째로 물의 경우에는 물에 용해된 수소이온과의 화학반응을 통하여 실리콘 표면전하가 유도되며 pH 값에 민감하게 변화한다. 둘째로 물의 유전율은 공기의 80배로서 표면부근에서의 전기장분포가 많이 왜곡된다. 이를 위하여 SOI를 기반으로 채널길이 $5{\mu}s$, 두께 40 nm, 너비 100 nm인 실리콘 나노선을 일반적인 반도체공정을 사용하여 제작하였다. 나노선의 전기적 특성 실험은 Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer (Agilent, 4155C)를 사용하여 전류-전압특성을 표면 상태를 변화시키면서 측정하였다. 실험을 통해 실리콘 나노선은 물과 공기 두 가지 표면환경에 따라 전류-전압특성이 확연히 변화하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 동일한 전압 바이어스에서 표면에 물이 있을 때가 공기 있을 때 보다 훨씬 증가한 전류를 얻을 수 있었고(3V에서 약 2배), 비선형적인 전류-전압특성이 나타남을 관찰하였다. 본 발표에서는 이러한 실험결과를 표면에서의 전하와 정전기적인 효과로서 정성적으로 설명하고, 전산모사결과와 비교분석 하고자 한다.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 1996

Biosynthesis tracing of the silk fibroin in Bombyx mori silkworm was examined in vivo with isotopic [1-13C] Gly. labeling by nuclear magnetic resonance method. The [1-13C] Gly. labeled silk fibroin yielded very sharp 13C NMR signal in the posterior silk gland as well as in aqueous solution and the amound of [1-13C] Gly. labeled signal in the silkworm increased gradually and rapidly to 5-th day of fifth instar. However, the decomposition or decrease of the [1-13C] Gly. labeled signal occured from 5-th to 9-th day of fifth instar unexpectedly. These findings suggest that a relative amount of ${\alpha}$-helical portion or amorphous silk II portion was formed without any further signal from 6-th day of fifth instar to pupation. Through peak separation of orientation spectrum, between the fiber axis and the molecular bond direction, N-H bond in Bombyx mori silk fiber as well as the orientation distribution around the silk fibroin axis were determined and two kinds of peaks were also obtained from this orientation spectrum.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6008-6014
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• 2013

This study aimed to understand seasonal variation of physico-chemical factors and biomass of size-fractionated phytoplankton at Ulsan seaport during the period from February 2007 to November 2009. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) varied in the range of 8.94-$24.26^{\circ}C$, 25.06-34.54 psu, 4.30-10.73 mg/L, 7.97-8.53, 0.66-40.70 mg/L and 57.4-103.3 mg/L, respectively. These factors showed no clear spatial variation unlike spatial pattern of inorganic nutrients and total chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration as biomass. Concentration of phosphate, nitrate and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.03 ${\mu}M$, 0.05 to 21.62 ${\mu}M$, and 0.01 to 27.82 ${\mu}M$, respectively, with 2 times higher concentration at inner stations than that at outer stations during the study period. Within the range of total chl-a concentration (0.36-7.11 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$), higher concentration (avg. 1.88 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$) of total chl-a were observed at inner stations compared to that (avg. 0.90 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$) at outer stations. Micro-sized phytoplankton dominated total biomass of phytoplankton in spring (34.0-81.2%), summer (35.1-65.6%) and winter (3.9-62.0%). Nano- and pico-sized phytoplankton contributed 58.2-74.5% and 22.4-38.2% to total biomass of phytoplankton in autumn, respectively. However, contribution in biomass of size-fractionated phytoplankton to total phytoplankton biomass showed no clear difference between inner and outer stations. Consequently, these results indicated that spatio-temporal distribution of phytoplankton biomass at Ulsan seaport was dominated by micro-phytoplankton (avg. 52.3%) during the study period except autumn, which was closely dependent on the concentration of inorganic nutrients (p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.656-664
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• 2010

We investigated the levels and distribution patterns of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface sediments from the Nakdong river basin, Korea. The levels of 16 PAHs and 12 Co-PCBs in the river sediment samples ranged from not detected (N.D.)~969.3 ng/g-dry, 4.2~7716.5 pg/g-dry (0.0~10.1 pg-TEQ/g-dry), respectively. Also, the levels of 16 PAHs were from 5.8~2987.2 ng/g-dry and 4.3~461.1 pg/g-dry (0.0~0.6 pg-TEQ/g-dry) for 12 Co-PCBs in the lake sediment samples. Only dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected among target OCPs and the concentration ranged from N.D.~1.5 ng/g-dry in the river sediment samples. These contamination levels were far below the guideline values suggested for environmental quality assessment. Low molecular weight PAHs were dominant in the river sediment samples, while middle and high molecular weight PAHs were dominant among 16 PAHs in the lake sediment samples. PCB-118 and PCB-105 were predominant congeners in the sediment, which were similar to the results obtained from previous studies. With these results, the assessment of potential sources of PAHs and Co-PCBs contamination in the sediments of the Nakdong river basin was performed. The pyrogenic-PAHs originated from combustion of fossil fuel and biomass were related with the PAHs contribution in most of the sediment samples, and Co-PCBs in the sediment samples were related with commercial PCB products.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2024

Current cold chain logistics relying on organic or eutectic materials within the 2~8℃ range as secondary fluids often face limitations in heat storage capacity, necessitating high energy consumption and large volume capacity. An effective approach to address this challenge is by incorporating polymers to enhance the heat storage capacity of eutectic materials. In this study, we investigated the impact of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) on phase change materials using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), analyses of endothermic and exothermic phase change processes, and an accelerated thermal cycling test. Our findings indicate that the introduction of PEGs into the phase change materials can lead to improvements in latent heat, thermal conductivity, and 2~8℃ retention time. This enhancement is attributed to the high latent heat and thermal conductivity of the polymer, along with its ability to inhibit crystal formation in the eutectic mixture.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2003

The total bacterial numbers, Eubacterial community structures and environmental factors which affect bacterial community were estimated monthly using DAPI and fluorescent in situ hybridization monthly, from June to November 2000 to evaluate the correlation between the bacterial community and environmental factors in eutrophic agricultural Masan reservoir in Asan. Average water temperatures varied from 12.3 to $27.5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5 to 9.0, DO 7. I~12.8 mg/L, COD 6.4~13.0 mg/L, chlorophyll a 30.5~99.0 mg/㎥, SS 7.S~25.7 mg/L, TN 1.748~3.543 mg/L., and TP 0.104~0.581 mg/L, respectively. Total bacterial numbers showed high ranges from 0.4 to 9.6$\times$ $10^{6}$ cells/ml, and these indicated the mesotrophic or eutrophic state. The ratio of Eubacteria to total bacteria was 67.6-88.0%, which was higher than that in other reservoir. The relationships of total bacteria and Eubacteria community were more significant with organic nitrogen (Org-N), and organic phosphorus (Org-P) than with water temperature. Proteobacteria groups showed strongly significant relationships with Org-P and Org-N and significant relationships with water temperature, conductivity, COD, and inorganic nitrogen. C-F group was the most significant with Org-N, and HGC group with water temperature. However, relationships of Chl-a, pH, DO and SS showed no significance with any bacterial community. These results were different from other studies, because of the specific characteristics of Masan reservoir such as old, shallow and eutrophic states. The seasonal variation of bacterial community in Masan reservoir does not seem to depend on phytoplankton dynamics but on storm event and organic materials from watershed and the sediment of reservoir.