• Asian Oncology Nursing
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.247-253
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of two different fluid intake measurement methods (fluid only vs. all dietary intake) in measuring fluid balance compared to body weight change among patients with cancers. Methods: A total of 60 cancer patients in an urban cancer center in South Korea participated in the study. Adult patients who were over 18 years old; having 24-hour I&O order; and taking either normal regular diet or soft blend diet were included. Demographic information and disease related information were also gathered. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program. Results: Measuring 'fluid only' for oral intake was a more accurate measure than measuring 'all dietary intake' (p=.026 vs. p=.094). Both methods had positive correlations with the amount of weight change (r=.329, p=.010; r=.303, p=.019). Measuring body weight was a more accurate and efficient way of evaluating the fluid balance than 24 hour cumulative I&O. Conclusion: Developing clinical manual for selecting proper patients who needs fluid balance monitoring is imperative. Administering weight check and/or 24 hour cumulative I&O should be considered thoroughly based on solid nursing evidence in future.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potentials of food wastes as an animal feed. The food wastes from the Inha University and Hanyang University Hospitals were used for this fermentation study. As the additive, approximately 40~50% of dry bean curd dregs and sawdust was mixed for moisture adjustment, certain amount(l/300 of the total content) of inoculum was added into the 140L volume fermenter and fermented for 40~48 hours with the temperature of $46{\sim}52^{\circ}C$ maintained. Fermentation product with the dry bean curd dregs had the lower content of crude protein, crude ash, calcium and phosphorus than the commercial pig feed. Fermentation product with sawdust had the lower content in most components than the commercial pig feed except crude fiber content. Based upon these findings, it was considered that only the fermentation product with dry bean curd dregs as the additive could be used for the animal feed aid.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.790-795
• /
• 2010

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of cycloheximide and holding solution on vase life of cut 'Blue Magic' iris. The vase life of iris flowers held in 3% sucrose (S) + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ hydroxy quinoline sulfate (HQS) + $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $AgNO_3$ + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ Benzylaminopurine (BA), 3% S + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS + $10{\mu}M$ cycloheximide (CHI), or 3% S + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS + $50{\mu}M$ CHI were much longer than those held in distilled water. Squeeze stem phenomenon that showed at a holding solution containing $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS disappeared at a holding solution containing $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS. The holding solution containing 3% S + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS + $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $AgNO_3$ + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA extended the most effective treatments on vase life, fresh weight, water balance, and flowering of cut iris flowers. However, the holding solution containing 3% S + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS + $10{\mu}M$ CHI and 3% S + $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HQS + $50{\mu}M$ CHI was not effective in solution uptake or transpiration, but did result in high water balance. Iris flowers treated with CHI at the half-open flower stage showed increases in ornamental value, such as full flower opening and extended vase life. To improve flower quality and prolonging vase life of cut iris flowers, a holding solution containing $50{\mu}M$ CHI can be used continuously from the half-open stage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2020.06a
• /
• pp.274-274
• /
• 2020

환경부 홍수통제소의 경우는 전국단위의 강수량(지상, 레이더), 하천수위, 유사량 관측과 국부적으로 증발산량과 토양수분 관측이 이루어지고 있는 상황이며, 기상청 및 다른 공공기관도 각 목적에 맞게 수문기상관측이 이루어지나 유역(또는 지역) 단위의 물순환 과정(강우량, 유출량, 증발산량, 지하수함양량, 토양수분량 등 포함)을 규명하는 조사·연구는 매우 미비한 실정이다. 개별적인 물순환 성분별 수문조사에서 벗어난 전체적인 관점을 고려한 유역단위의 물순환 과정을 규명하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 즉 물순환 성분별 명확한 수문량 산정 결과는 수자원 개발과 물환경 보전에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 따라서 물순환 성분별 명확한 분석을 위해서는 중·소규모 유역 단위를 대상으로 지속적이고 신뢰성 있는 자료의 획득과 축적이 중요하므로 중·소규모 유역 단위의 대표성 있는 시험유역의 운영은 매우 의미가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국건설기술연구원에서 운영하는 설마천 유역(유역면적 8.48㎢, 유로경사 2.15%, 경기도 파주시 적성면 소재)의 신뢰성 높은 2019년 관측자료를 이용하여 물순환 성분인 강우량, 하천유출량, 증발산량과 지하수 함양량의 자료를 산정하였으며, 물순환 성분별 균형을 이루는 자료를 생성하였다. 기본 관측자료인 강우량은 각 지점강우량의 관측자료의 비교·검토 등 품질관리를 통해 자료를 확정하고 유역평균강우량을 산정하였다. 하천수위는 기준수위표와의 검토를 통해 자료를 확정하였으며, 하천유출량은 유량측정성과와 단면검토를 통해 수위-유량관계곡선식을 개발하고, 확정된 수위자료를 적용하여 산정하였다. 그리고 증발산량은 유역내의 기상관측자료를 활용하여 잠재증발산량을 산정하였으며, 지하수함양량은 유역내에 관측된 지하수위자료를 이용하여 지하수 함양량을 산정하였다. 각 물순환 성분별로 산정된 자료는 과거년 자료와 비교·평가를 통해 균형성을 판단하였다. 각 성분별 최대치와 최소범위, 평균값을 고려하고, 강우일수, 강우의 강우강도와 지속기간, 기상자료(기온, 일조시간, 습도, 풍속 등)를 충분히 고려하였다. 각 물순환 성분별로 생성된 2019년의 설마천 유역의 총강우량은 1,024.1mm이며, 하천유출량은 608.6mm(총강우량 대비 59.4%), 실제증발산량은 385.1mm(37.6%), 지하수함양량은 30.4mm(3.0%)이다. 여기서, 실제증발산량과 지하수 함양량은 1개 지점에서 산정값이나, 물순환의 폐합 조건을 고려하여 산정된 결과이다. 향후 유역 전체를 대표하는 기법의 개발은 필요한 실정이다. 이와 같이 산정된 물순환 성분별 자료는 유역의 물순환 과정 규명을 위한 기초자료로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 유역 물관리를 위한 의사결정 과정에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2020.06a
• /
• pp.273-273
• /
• 2020

환경부 홍수통제소의 경우는 전국단위의 강수량(지상, 레이더), 하천수위, 유사량 관측과 국부적으로 증발산량과 토양수분 관측이 이루어지고 있는 상황이며, 기상청 및 다른 공공기관도 각 목적에 맞게 수문기상관측이 이루어지나 유역(또는 지역) 단위의 물순환 과정(강우량, 유출량, 증발산량, 지하수함양량, 토양수분량 등 포함)을 규명하는 조사·연구는 매우 미비한 실정이다. 개별적인 물순환 성분별 수문조사에서 벗어난 전체적인 관점을 고려한 유역단위의 물순환 과정을 규명하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 즉 물순환 성분별 명확한 수문량 산정 결과는 수자원 개발과 물환경 보전에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 따라서 물순환 성분별 명확한 분석을 위해서는 중·소규모 유역 단위를 대상으로 지속적이고 신뢰성 있는 자료의 획득과 축적이 중요하므로 중·소규모 유역단위의 대표성 있는 시험유역의 운영은 매우 의미가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국건설기술연구원에서 운영하는 차탄천 유역(유역면적 190.64㎢, 유로경사 0.96%, 경기도 연천군 소재)의 신뢰성 높은 2019년 관측자료를 이용하여 물순환 성분인 강우량, 하천유출량, 증발산량의 자료를 산정하였으며, 물순환 성분별 균형을 이루는 자료를 생성하였다. 기본 관측자료인 강우량은 각 지점강우량의 관측자료의 비교·검토 등 품질관리를 통해 자료를 확정하고 유역평균강우량을 산정하였다. 하천수위는 기준수위표와의 검토, 상·하류 검토를 통해 자료를 확정하였으며, 하천유출량은 유량측정성과와 단면검토를 통해 수위-유량관계곡선식을 개발하고, 확정된 수위자료를 적용하여 산정하였다. 그리고 증발산량은 유역내의 기상관측자료를 활용하여 잠재증발산량을 산정하였다. 각 물순환 성분별로 산정된 자료는 과거년 자료와 비교·평가를 통해 균형성을 판단하였다. 각 성분별 최대치와 최소범위, 평균값을 고려하고, 강우일수, 강우의 강우강도와 지속기간, 기상자료(기온, 일조시간, 습도, 풍속 등)를 충분히 고려하였다. 각 물순환 성분별로 생성된 2019년의 차탄천 유역의 총강우량은 975.9mm이며, 하천유출량은 507.9mm(총강우량 대비 52.0%), 실제증발산량은 366.4mm(37.5%), 지하수함양량은 101.6mm(10.4%)이다. 여기서, 실제증발산량은 유역내 1개 지점의 잠재증발산량을 산정하여 추정한 값이며, 지하수 함양량을 산정을 위한 지하수위 관측정이 부재한 상황이나 물순환의 폐합 조건을 고려하여 산정하였다. 이와 같이 산정된 물순환 성분별 자료는 유역의 물순환 과정 규명을 위한 기초자료로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 유역 물관리를 위한 의사결정 과정에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2011

This work is to elucidate in typological aspect main geomorphological processes in the morphogenetic system of Mongolian steppe zone. Its morphogenesis manifest interaction of intense gelifraction and active erosion either by slope run-off or by wind. Intense gelifraction owes both to cold temperature regime with great amplitude, and to moisture associated with snow fall. Erosion of material produced by gelifraction is assured by surface run-off of summer rainfall and spring eolian activities. The geomorphological landscape sculptured by such morphogenetic processes manifest low-relief smooth slopes. This feature reveals that intense gelifraction keeps abreast with removal of weathering product by surface run-off and wind.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.88-98
• /
• 1995

The Fluid and electrolytes balance in the body is of critical importance in maintaining good health. When the fluid and electrolyte imbalance is present, patients are in great danger. They must be assessed immediately by a nurse so that appropriate treatment can be started as soon as possible. Patients' fluid intake and output records contain highly important information for the diagnosis and treatment of fluid imbalance, but, these records are often inaccurate and the method of recording the fluid intake is not universal for every hospital. Be-cause they are few quantitative measurements of a patient's hydration, the need to improve the accuracy of fluid intake records is very important. However, very few studies have been done to investigate the accuracy of measurements of patients' fluid intake and output. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods used for calculation of fluid intake which is most similar to fluid output in normal adults and hospitalized patients. This study focused on three different calculation methods for fluid intake and compared these to fluid output and developed suggestions as to the ideal way to record fluid in-take. Data for 43 hospitalized patients and 37 normal adults were analyzed. The findings of this study are as follows ; 1) In normal adults, the daily intake of water which enteres by the oral route was 2415m1 (the first method of calculation). The daily intake of water in the form of pure water or some other beverage was 1365m1 (the third method of calculation) The daily intake of water including fresh fruits and vegetables, rice, porridges, and Me m which have water content more than 80% were 2186m1 (the second method of calculation). 2) The urine output of the normal adults was 1350m1. This apprroximates the amount of fluid an adult takes in the form of pure water. 3) In patient group, the total intake of water was 2550m1 (the first method of calculation). The in-take of water in the form of pure water or as some other beverage and IV fluid was 1661m1 (the third method of calculation). The daily in-take of water including foods which have high water content was 2356m1 (the second method of calculation). 4) The urine output of the patient's group was 1728m1. This approximates the amount of fluid an adult takes in the form of pure water. 5) Investigation of the method of calculation of the patient fluid intake showed that among the 31 hospitals studied, only eight use the third method of calculation which reflects the most close value to urine output. From the results obtained in this study, it was indicated that the amount of fluid taken in the form of pure water reflects the most close value to urine output. Therefore, it can be suggested that the third method of calculation which includes water in-take only in the form of pure water or beverage should be used as patients' fluid intake record.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.567-573
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compared two methods for measuring fluid intake and to assess the most effective method. Methods: Data from 44 hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease was analyzed. Two methods were used. The liquid method is to measure the daily intake of water in the form of pure water or some other beverage and IV fluid, the liquid-solid method is to measure the daily intake of water which enters by the oral route and IV fluid. Results: The daily intake of fluid was 1483.10mL and 2245.99mL respectively. The fluid output was 1883.72 mL. The Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) between the liquid method and the liquid-solid method and fluid output was 0.64 and 0.69, respectively. The correlation between differences of fluid in two methods and body weight change was r=.47 (p<.001) and r=.56 (p<.001), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there are no difference between the two measuring methods as to reflecting the most close value to fluid output. And the difference between intake and output by two methods is correlated with body weight change. Therefore, it can be suggested that the either method could be useful as patients' fluid intake measurement.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the fluid intake and output (I&O) measurement methods in order to figure out more effective and easier method for medical patients Methods: 71 hospitalized patients participated in the study. In "liquid only (LO)" method, all amount of water was summed up including any liquid types of food and IV fluids. In "whole food(WF) intake," all liquid and solid food intake and IV fluids were added up. Results: The average amount of fluid intake was 2105.29 ml for LO method and 2523.54 ml for WF method. The average amount of fluid output was 2148.98 ml. The intra-class correlations (ICC) between the intake and output measures by the two different methods was 0.803 and 0.826, respectively. The correlation between the differences of intake/output and body weight change in two different methods was r=.347 (p=.003), and r=.376 (p=.001), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that both LO and WF method may be useful in monitoring patients' fluid balance. Given the comparability of using LO over WF, it is suggested that measuring just liquid only intake as the indicator of patient's intake is applicable in clinical setting.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.317-322
• /
• 2020

Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN; NH₃OHNO₃) is an ionic energy material having a low melting temperature and vapor pressure with a high oxygen balance. To utilize it as an oxidizer for a high content liquid mono-propellant, a dual solvent was used to obtain HAN in a solid particulate form. The dehydrated crystal from an aqueous HAN was washed with dual organic solvents including acetone and ethanol, finally resulting in the moisture content of 13.8 wt%. When acetone was applied as a single solvent, the maximum synthesis yield of 88%, the HAN content evaluated by TGA of 86.2%, and the decomposition temperature ranged 160℃ to 205℃ were achieved.