• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2019

The impregnation of solid foods into the surrounding hypotonic or hypertonic solution was explored as a method to infuse NaCl in pork loin cube without altering its matrix. Mass transfer kinetics using a diffusive model as the mathematical model for moisture gain/loss and salt gain and the resulting textural properties were studied for the surrounding solutions of NaCl 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15% (w/w). It was possible to access the effects of brine concentration on the direction of the resulting water flow, quantify water and salt transfer, and confirm tenderization effect by salt infusion. For brine concentrations up to 10% it was verified that meat samples gained water, while for processes with 15% concentration, pork loin cubes lost water. The effective diffusion coefficients of salt ranged from 2.43×10^-9 to 3.53×10^-9 m²/s, while for the values of water ranged from 1.22×10^-9 to 1.88×10^-9 m²/s. The diffusive model was able to represent well salt gain rates using a single parameter, i.e. an effective diffusion coefficient of salt through the meat. However, it was not possible to find a characteristic effective diffusion coefficient for water transfer. Within the range of experimental conditions studied, salt-impregnated samples by 5% (w/w) brine were shown with minimum hardness, chewiness and shear force.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.350-357
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate an effect of soil water retention and chinese cabbage growth on application of super water absorbent(CPAM-AS-hyd). In seedling experiments, the CPAM-AS-hyd application rates were 0, 5 and 10kg/10a in bed soil of experimental field. The emergence percentage of chinese cabbage was increased by 9% with application of CPAM-AS-hyd otherwise emergence rates was delayed by 1 day. Water content in soil with CPAM-AS-hyd(10kg/10a) was 27.6%(v/v) at 10days after irrigation and that of control was 20.7%. The CPAM-AS-hyd application caused to alleviate wilting point by 5 days. The content of NO3-N in bed soil was increased with CPAM-AS-hyd application. In the field experiments, as the CPAM-AS-hyd application rates were 5kg/10a and 10kg $10a^{-1}$, the irrigation amounts applied during the growth periods were 1.87 ton, 1.65 ton and 1.53 ton at-0.2bar irrigation frequence and 1.38 ton, 1.25 ton and 1.15 ton at -0.5bar for growth period control, in the CPAM-AS-hyd of 5kg $10a^{-1}$ and CPAM-AS-hyd of 10kg $10a^{-1}$ plot, respectively. The CPAM-AS-hyd application caused to increase yield of chinese cabbage by 9~34% as compared to the control. The contents of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in soil were decreased with the CPAM-AS-hyd application in 10 days after transplanting of chinese cabbage, but the contents of those in soil were increased with the CPAM-AS-hyd application as compared to the control in 20 days after transplanting. The T-N, CaO, MgO and $K_2O$ contents in chinese cabbage increased due to the CPAM-AS-hyd application however $P_2O_5$ content was similar to the control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 2009

Maintenance of adequate soil water content during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil water movement for precision irrigation would allow efficient supply of water to crops, thereby resulting in minimization of water drainage and contamination of ground water. This research reports on the characterization of spatial and temporal variations in water contents through three different textured soils, such as loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand, when water is applied on the soil surface using an one-line drip irrigation system and the soils are dried after the irrigation stops, respectively. Water contents through each soil profile were continuously monitored using three Sentek probes, each consisting of three capacitance sensors at 10, 20, and 30cm depths. Spatial variability in water content for each soil type was strongly influenced by soil textural class. There were big differences in wetting pattern and the rate of downward movement between loam and sandy loam soils, showing that the loam soil had a wider wetting pattern and a slower rate of downward movement than did the sandy loam soil. The wetting pattern in loamy sand soil was not apparent due to a low variability in water content (< 10%) by a lower-water holding capacity as compared to those measured in the loam and sandy loam soils, implying that the rate of water drainage below a depth of 30cm was high. When soils were dried, there were highly exponential relationships between water content and time elapsed after irrigation stops ($r^2$${\geq}$0.98). It was estimated that equilibrium moisture contents for loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand soils would be 17.6%, 6.2%, and 4.2%, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to perform a functional components analysis and investigate the physical properties of powders made from the stems or fruit of freeze-dried Cheonnyuncho cactus (Opuntia humifusa). The functional components analysis showed that the stem and fruit powders han vitamin C levels of 42.14 mg and 105.21 mg, respectively. The stems powder contained more lutein than the fruit powder. The fruit powder contained more vitamin C than the stem powder. The SDF (soluble dietary fiber) and IDF (insoluble dietary fiber) in the stem powder were 45.24% and 22.15%, respectively, which were higher then the values for the fruit powder. The stem and fruit powders contained 19.30 mg/g and 25.10 mg/g of crude saponin, respectively. The pH of the stem and fruit powders was 5.34 and 5.07, respectively, both indicating low acidity. The L, a and b values of the stem powder color were 78.28, -3.71, and 19.19, respectively. The L, a and b values of the fruit powder color were 55.56, 24.84, and -3.18, respectively. The stems powder had a higher bulk density, water holding capacity, and swelling power than those of the fruit powder, but water-retaining capacity of the stem powder was lower than that of the fruit powder. In addition, the stems powder had a higher viscous material content and water uptake compared to the fruit powder. Based on the above results, we determined that Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) powder had potentially useful functional components and physical properties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to investigate the difference of seed vigor according to seed size, and the physiological aspects and physico-chemical phenomena related with seed vigor in soybean cultivars. Portion of seed coat and radicle to entire seed was much higher in cultivars with small seed than with large. Seed coat rate ranged 7.9% to 9.9%, and radicle 2.5% to 3.3% in small seed group, Whereas in large seed, seed coat rate did 5.5-6.4% and radicle, 1.5 to 2.1%. After accelerated aging treatment, there are significant difference in germination ability between seed size. The germination rate after aging ranged 47 to 80% in cultivars with small seed, but in large seed, only 14 to 24%. After seed was carried out dehydration in incubator at 25 after soaking for 6 hours, the moisture content of seed in drying for 12 hour was 25.5% in small seed, while it was 51% in large seed. Electrical conductivity, leaching soluble nitrogen and sugar content were higher in large seed cultivars. Besides, cotyledon damage after soaking was occurred frequently in large seed cultivars, and seed vigor within same cultivars was higher in small seed than large.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between physical properties of dried coacervate films and dry feel for shampoo composition. Simple shampoo compositions were made of two different cationic charge density polymers in the same surfactant compositions. The simple shampoo compositions were diluted with distilled water to make coacervate. Formed coacervate was collected by centrifuge (3,000 rpm, 30 min). Coacervate was coated on the glass plates and dried in drying oven (for 1 h, $50^{\circ}C$) to make the thin film. We carried out an experiment on measurement of contact angle, moisture loss ratio and SEM image analysis of the dried coacervate film. Dry feelings of the shampoos were evaluated by panel using hair tresses. Results show that the properties of dried coacervate films affect the dry feel of the after shampooing.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.998-1003
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• 2011

This investigation was performed to determine the hydraulic conductivity coefficient and water holding capacity for a specified compaction forces which are the amount of mechanical energy applied to the porous granule (PG) volume. Most current specifications of minerals and perlite as growth media require to be compacted to a specified density, which in general is equivalent to a certain percentage of laboratory compaction. The water holding capacity of the saturated PG was very large at potential above -1 bar compared with perlite, but very little water remained below this value. The water holding capacity and hydraulic conductivity characteristics of graded PG amended with the ground coir less than 2 mm in diameter were also determined from pressure outflow data. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the saturated and compacted PG was slightly lower by more than one tenth order of magnitude at equal matric potentials of perlite, but when expressed on the basis of equal water deficits, the conductivity of PG was higher at all but the smallest deficits than those of perlite.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.77-78
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• 2001

순환식 양액재배에서 근권부 배지의 종류가 작물의 양분흡수에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 배지별 양액흡수량은 토마토 및 오이 모두 같은 경향이었는데, 단위일사량당 양액흡수량을 보면 오이는 생육 전반기인 6월 5일까지 지속적으로 양액흡수가 이루어지다가 일사량에 따라 전체 양액의 흡수가 변화하였다. 그러나 단위일사량당 양액흡수량은 생육 후반기에 일정한 수준을 유지하였는데 이것은 노화된 하엽을 제거하였기 때문으로 보인다(Fig 1). 배지에 따른 양액흡수량은 전체적으로 암면에서 생육 후기까지 다소 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 또한 배지간의 무기이온 흡수율은 이온별로 차이가 있었으나 모든 이온에서 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 배지에 따른 무기이온 흡수량은 전체적으로 암면에서 생육 후기까지 다소 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의성은 인정되지 않았다(Fig. 2). 작물의 생육 및 수량에서도 암면에서 전반적으로 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의성을 보이지는 않았으나 오이의 엽중은 암면에서 무거웠고 엽건물중도 차이가 있었다. 기타 생육 요소간에는 유의성이 인정되지 않았지만 암면에서 다소 좋은 경향을 보였다(Table 1). 따라서 작물의 무기이온 흡수량을 추정하는 모델식의 입력요소로 배지 종류는 적합하지 않았으며 다만 수분 보유력이 좋은 암면에서 양액 흡수량이 많았다는 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.928-935
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on the physicochemical properties of ground pork as an animal fat replacer. Three types of ground pork were evaluated: 20% pork fat added (control), 10% pork fat and 10% safflower seed powder added (10% SS), and 20% safflower seed powder added (20% SS). The moisture, protein, and ash contents were highest in 20% SS, and the fat content was highest in the control (p<0.05). The cooking yield, moisture retention, fat retention, and water-holding capacity were highest in 20% SS, and the control showed a reduction in the diameter (p<0.05). The external and internal L-, a-, and b-values of the control were higher than those of the 10% SS and the 20% SS (p<0.05). The cholesterol content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 50.85, 21.77, and 17.91 mg/100 g, respectively, and that of the 20% SS was lowest among the samples (p<0.05). The linoleic acid content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 28.68%, 41.04%, and 54.26%, respectively. The total unsaturated fatty acid content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 50.53%, 55.76%, and 64.93%, respectively. The linoleic acid and the total unsaturated fatty acid content were highest in the 20% SS (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in amino acid composition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1351-1357
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of plant oil emulsion as a replacement for animal fat on the quality characteristics of low-fat pork patties. Pork patties were manufactured using a pork fat control (CON) and olive (OPP), soybean (SPP), and canola (CPP) oil emulsions. Replacing animal fat with the plant oil emulsions increased the moisture content and decreased the fat content of the patties as compared to those with pork fat. The water holding capacity and cooking yield, and the moisture and fat retention of the patties were significantly increased, and the diameter reduction and shrinkage ratio decreased with the plant oil replacements. The color parameters of the samples were affected by the addition of the plant oil emulsions, and higher L^* and a^* values were observed in CON. The b^* value of the raw pork patty was highest in OPP, and palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid. In terms of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid was highest in CON, OPP, and CPP, and linoleic acid was highest in SPP. Hardness, cohesion, and chewiness were no different among the samples, although higher springiness was observed in the pork patties with added plant oil emulsions. The taste, flavor, and palatability of the OPP and CPP patties were higher than in the CON and SPP groups. Fat replacement with plant oil emulsion therefore had a positive effect on the quality characteristics of the pork patties, and due to reduced saturated fatty acids, the end-product provides the healthy low-fat option desired by consumers.