• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.600-612
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• 1996

Background : Recent studies deported that untreated patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had high long-term mortality rates, and cardiovascular complications of these patients clad a major effect on mortality. Several data indicates that obstructive sheep apnea syndrome contributes to the development of diurnal systemic hypertension. But the pathophysiological mechanism of the development of systemic hypertension in these patients is still uncertain. This study was performed to evaluate the possible role of sympathetic nervous system activity for the development of systemic hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Method : 35 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) and 13 Control subjects(control) were included in this study. 21 patients of OSAS were normotensives(OSAS-NBP), and 14 patients of OSAS were hypertensives(OSAS-HBP). Full night polysomnography was undertaken to all subjects. We measured plasma norepinephrine(NE) and epinephrine(EP) concentrations during waking and sleep, using high performance liquid chromatography, in all patients and control subjects. Results : In OSAS, OSAS-NBP and control, plasma NE and EP concentrations during sleep were lowed than during waking(p<0.01). But, in OSAS-HBP, these was no difference between during waking and sleep. Plasma NE concentrations during sleep of OSAS, OSAS-NBP and OSAS-HBP were higher than Control(p<0.05). In OSAS-HBP, daytime systolic blood pressure correlated with plasma NE concentration during sleep(r=0.7415, p<0.01), arid correlated inversely with mean arterial oxygen saturation(r=-0.6465, p<0.05) or arterial oxygen saturation nadir(r=-0.6) 14, p<0.05) during sleep. Conclusion : The sympathetic activity during sleep of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients was higher than control subjects. In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with systemic hypertension, there was no diurnal variation of sympathetic activity, and there was correlation between daytime systolic blood pressure and sympathetic activity during sleep. These data suggests that chronic hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system may contribute to the development of diurnal systemic hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2002

The purpose of this experiment was to examine influence of acute exercise on nocturnal sleep which had been disrupted by caffeine(400mg$\times$3) thought the daytime. Six healthy young males aged 21.0$\times$0.2 yr with a history of low caffeine use. Subjects completed three conditions in a within-subject. At three conditions Sleep EEG were investigated: (1) nocturnal following quiet rest, (2) nocturnal sleep following the consumption of 1200mg of caffeine (3) nocturnal sleep following cycling at 60 min of 60% V $O_{2peak}$ with 1200mg of caffeine consumption. Sleep data were calculated for REM sleep, REM latency, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, sleep stages, SWS. Those data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA of change scores. A main effect to, drug(caffeine) indicated that caffeine elicited sleep disturbance that is, TST and sleep onset latency increase and sleep efficiency and stage 4 decrease. The effects of exercise on sleep following caffeine intake generally improve sleep that is, stage 2, 3 and SWS increase and sleep onset latency decrease. A condition effect for sleep indicated sleep improvement after exercise Therefore The data supported a restorative theory of slow-wave sleep and suggest that acute exercise may be useful in promoting sleep and reducing sleep disturbance elevated by a high dose of caffeine.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2015

무분별한 도시화 및 산업화로 인해 불투수면이 증가하고 있다. 불투수면은 빗물이 투과하지 못하는 지면을 의미한다. 이러한 불투수면은 강우 시 지면에 있는 유해물질이 그대로 인근 수계로 유입되게 함으로써 심각한 수질 오염을 야기한다. 이와 관련하여 환경부에서는 불투수율 관리를 위하여 2013년에 전국토를 대상으로 불투수율을 산정한바 있으나, 소축척 수준의 시 또는 유역 단위 통계만을 산출하였고 대축척 수준의 소규모 개인 필지 내 조경지역 등을 반영한 불투수율 통계는 현재까지 부재하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 인천시 부평구를 대상으로 소규모 필지까지 적용 가능한 고해상도 투수/불투수도를 제작 및 활용하여 용도지역별 불투수율 현황을 분석하였다. 불투수면의 공간적 분포 확인을 위해 토지피복지도, 수치지형도, 항공사진(25cm급) 등을 활용하여 고해상도 투수/불투수도를 제작하였다. 투수/불투수도는 세분류 토지피복지도 제작 지침인 선형 요소의 경우 폭 3m, 면형 요소의 경우 면적 $10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$를 참조하여 제작되어 개별 필지단위의 불투수면까지 확인 가능하다. 이후 용도지역도를 수집하여 GIS 환경에서 투수/불투수도와 중첩하여 용도지역별 불투수율을 산출하였다. 불투수율을 산정한 결과 부평구 전체 불투수율은 64%로 확인되었다. 또한 용도지역도 중분류상 주거지역의 경우 불투수율이 82.1%, 상업지역의 경우 91.7%, 공업지역의 경우 94.1%, 녹지지역의 경우 30%로 확인되었다. 상업지역 및 공업지역의 경우 불투수율이 90%이상으로 불투수면 관리가 시급하다고 판단되었다. 본 연구 결과는 기존 환경부에서 제작한 투수/불투수도 보다 정확한 불투수면의 공간적 분포 확인 및 불투수 면적 산출이 가능하여 불투수면 우선관리지역 선정을 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 연구에서는 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 불투수율이 높은 지역을 우선 선별하여 저영향개발(LID, Low Impact Development) 및 그린빗물인프라(GSI, Green Stormwater Infrastructure)의 활용 방안에 관한 연구가 이루어져야한다. 특히, 불투수율이 높은 상업지역 및 공업지역에 대해서는 연구 결과의 적극적인 활용을 통한 개선이 요구된다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2005

Purpose: To provide the basic data in developing the nursing intervention for patients who have symptoms of insomnia after undergoing hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This was achieved through investigating sleep quality and sleep patterns according to admission time, and discharge time. Methods: Data was put together by studying 52 HSCT patients who have been admitted to the department of HSCT from August 2002 to August 2003, in a university hospital. Research instruments used were, PSQI for sleep quality and a specified questionnaire for sleep patterns. Results: The PSQI regarding the past mono which was measured at the last day of hospitalization, was 11.8. This was significantly higher than 5.3, which was a measurement for the past month before the hospitalization (t=11.41, P=0.000). Looking at it with 7 categories-quality of sleep, consistency of sleep, sleep period, effectiveness of sleep, sleeping disorder, usage of sleeping pills, impediment of daily life- the PSQI for a month after admission increased significantly compared to the rate measured for a month before admission. Comparing the subjects sleep pattern before and after admission, it showed a significant difference regarding time attending sleep, time it takes to sleep, wake-up time, total time of sleep, day time sleep, number of times waking up during sleep, number of usage of sleeping pills, actions that are taken during sleep disorder, reasons for insomnia. Conclusion: The PSQI score of patients who undergo hemopoietic stem cell transplantation have increased significantly after hospitalization. Compared to the change of sleep patterns when hospitalized, significant changes were observed. Therefore nursing interventions addressing sleep are needed.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2008

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) not only causes respiratory disturbances during sleep but also decreases the quality of nocturnal sleep through sleep fragmentation and sleep structure change. We aimed at comparing the changes in sleep fragmentation and structure between baseline (diagnostic) nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) and nCPAP (nasal continuous positive airway pressure) titration trial. Methods: One hundred and three patients with a baseline night of respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of 5 or greater and reduced RDI score during nCPAP titration night were retrospectively selected for the study. Sleep fragementation and sleep structure between baseline NPSG and the NPSG during nCPAP titration were compared. Sleep fragmentation index (SFI) was defined as the total number of awakenings and shifts to stage 1 sleep divided by the total sleep time in hour. SFI and other polysomnographic parameters were statistically compared between the two nights. Results: SFI during baseline NPSG and nCPAP titration nights were $29.0{\pm}13.8$ and $15.2{\pm}8.8$, respectively, indicating a significant SFI decrease during nCPAP titration (t=9.7, p<0.01). SFI showed significant negative correlations with sleep efficiency (r=-0.60, p<0.01) and total sleep time (r=-0.45, p<0.01) and a positive correlation with RDI (r=0.28, p<0.01). Conclusion: Use of nCPAP, even during the titration, significantly decreases sleep fragmentation and improves sleep structure in OSAS patients. We suggest that SFI may be utilized as a measure of assessing OSAS severity and nCPAP efficacy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.527-528
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• 2016

In this paper, to provide a binaural beat in the method of treatment of sleep disorders. Let the sound of different frequencies, the waveform of the brain resonate at a specific frequency, to induce a stable state, is converted over to a high-frequency audio frequency, improves the listening experience. To target the three college students for the results performance evaluation of, conducted an experiment on the sense of stability at the time of sleep, in the process, the brain waves were measured as a means to check the degree of sense of stability.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.153-168
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• 1998

Background: The existing data indicate that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome contributes to the development of cardiovascular dysfunction such as systemic hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias, and the cardiovascular dysfunction has a major effect on high long-term mortality rate in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. To a large extent the various studies have helped to clarify the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea, but many basic questions still remain unanswered. Methods: In this study, the influence of obstructive sleep apnea on systemic blood pressure, cardiac rhythm and urinary catecholamines concentration was evaluated. Over-night polysomnography, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and ECG monitoring, and measurement of urinary catecholamines, norepinephrine (UNE) and epinephrine (UEP), during waking and sleep were undertaken in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients group (OSAS, n=29) and control group (Control, n=25). Results: 1) In OSAS and Control, UNE and UEP concentrations during sleep were significantly lower than during waking (P<0.01). In UNE concentrations during sleep, OSAS showed higher levels compare to Control (P<0.05). 2) In OSAS, there was a increasing tendency of the number of non-dipper of nocturnal blood pressure compare to Control (P=0.089). 3) In both group (n=54), mean systolic blood pressure during waking and sleep showed significant correlation with polysomnographic data including apnea index (AI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), arterial oxygen saturation nadir ($SaO_2$ nadir) and degree of oxygen desaturation (DOD). And UNE concentrations during sleep were correlated with AI, AHI, $SaO_2$ nadir, DOD and mean diastolic blood pressure during sleep. 4) In OSAS with AI>20 (n==14), there was a significant difference of heart rates before, during and after apneic events (P<0.01), and these changes of heart rates were correlated with the duration of apnea (P<0.01). The difference of heart rates between apneic and postapneic period (${\Delta}HR$) was significantly correlated with the difference of arterial oxygen saturation between before and after apneic event (${\Delta}SaO_2$) (r=0.223, P<0.001). 5) There was no significant difference in the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias between OSAS and Control In Control, the incidence of ventricular ectopy during sleep was significantly lower than during waking. But in OSAS, there was no difference between during waking and sleep. Conclusion : These results suggested that recurrent hypoxia and arousals from sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may increase sympathetic nervous system activity, and recurrent hypoxia and increased sympathetic nervous system activity could contribute to the development of cardiovascular dysfunction including the changes of systemic blood pressure and cardiac function.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.66-76
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• 1997

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyse sleep habits and sleep disorders in the elderly population ased 65-84 years. Methods : Epidemiological survey was performed at home by means of semi structured interviews in the city of Pusan, Korea. Subjects were randomly selected. The questionnaire consisted of 128 items including demographic findings, sleep habits, sleep disorders, somatic illnesses, and psychological distresses. Results : (1) The mean retiring time was 10.28 h (SD 1.30 h) and the mean wake-up time was 5.24 h (SD 1.33 h). The mean duration of sleep was 5.63 h (SD 1.80 h). The mean sleep onset time was 44.51 min. The mean frequency of daytime napping was 2.49 (SD 3.23). The subjects reported they woke up an average of 2.05 (SD 1.59) times per night. All of the above results were not related to age or gender. However, the mean frequency of difficulty in initiating/maintaining sleep was 2.2 times for men and 3.2 times for women (p<0.05). (2) The prevalence of insomnia was 57.7% and was not related to age or gender. Difficulty in initiating sleep was the most commonly reported insomnia complaint(52.4%). Early morning awakening was reported by 50.0% of patients and difficulty in maintaining sleep was reported by 45.1% of them. Worrying in bed and physical pain were strong contributing factor to insomnia. Conclusions : The results of our study showed several characteristics of sleep habits in the elderly. Sleep disorder in old age is not inevitable or trivial. Since sleep disturbance in older adults is common and distressing, it has implications for general health and well-being. Active concern and therapeutic intervention for the sleep habits and sleep disorders in the elderly are needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.313-316
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• 2012

각 지방청에서 통항선박의 안전을 위하여 추진하고 있는 항로표지시설(등표, 등부표) 설치 시 해당 공유수면에 대한 점 사용 협의 여부에 대한 명확한 해석이 필요하고, 또한 공유수면에 항로표지시설을 설치할 경우 공유수면 점 사용협의의 필요성과 관련된 항로표지법 및 공유수면 관리 및 매립에 관한 법령을 검토한 결과를 알리고자함.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

Objectives: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) varies in different reports from 9% to 60%. If there is a positional dependency in patients with OSA, positional therapy alone could be successful in treating about 50% of all OSA cases. The aim of this report is to compare anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data between the positional sleep apnea group and non-positional sleep apnea group with OSA whose conditions were diagnosed in our sleep clinic. Methods: This is a retrospective study of anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data of patients with OSA who was performed a nocturnal polysomnography. Positional sleep apnea was defined as having a supine apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of twice or more compared to the AHI in the non-supine position. The patients were divided in the positional sleep apnea group and the non-positional sleep apnea group. Results: In 101 patients with OSA, 81 were male, and the mean age was $49.2{\pm}11.9$ years. Seventy-six (75.2%) were diagnosed as the positional sleep apnea. Waist to hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in non-positional sleep apnea group. The frequency of severe OSA was significantly higher in this group. In the positional sleep apnea group, nocturnal sleep quality was better preserved, and consequently these patients were less sleepy during daytime. AHI was significantly lower and minimal arterial oxygen saturation during sleep was significantly higher in this group. Conclusion: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in OSA was 75.2%. AHI, BMI, and waist to hip ratio were lower in the positional sleep apnea group. These patients have less severe breathing abnormalities than the non-positional sleep apnea group in polysomnography.