• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.43-43
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• 1992

최근 수년 전부터 학습(learning), 기억(memory)의 분자약리학적 기전과 치매(dementia)의 신경생리학적 원인 규명에 대한 연구가 사회적 요구에 부응하여 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 횐쥐를 이용하여 실험실적 건망모델을 설정하여 항치매 물질의 효력 screening을 시도하였다. 실험실적 건망모델은 다음 두 가지 방법으로 설정하였다. 첫째, Acetylcholine 길항제인 Scopolamine을 사용하여 중추신경계중 기억, 학습기전과 관련된 것으로 알려진 cholinergic신경계률 차단하여 유발한 실험적 건망모델과, 둘째, 단백질합성 저해제인 cycloheximide를 사용하여 기억, 학습경로에 관여하는 수종의 중추 단백질듈을 비선택적으로 저해하여 유발한 실험적 건망모델을 이용하여 인삼, 오미자등의 항치매 효과를 검색하고자 수동적 회피학습능, 능동적 회피학습능, 자발운동량을 측정하여 기억, 학습, 행동의 상관 관계를 고찰하였다.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 1997

The study was designed to evaluate the significant roles of SSRI in rat of depression model. Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress has been found to depress the consumption of sweet 1% sucrose solutions in the Sprague-Dawley rats. We applied the variety of 11 types of stress regimens and identified depressive behaviours(developed by Willner) in 70 Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats in experiments were stratified into 6 groups, ie ; 3 kinds of SSRI(paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline), clomipramine, choline and saline control. Memory function was evaluated by passive avoidance learning and retention test. The authors determined how long memory retention would remain improved with 24 hour, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks at training-testing interval in depressive states of the Sprague-Dawley rats. The results were as follows ; 1) There were no significant differences between the 6 groups at the 24 hour training-testing interval. 2) The paroxetine treated group showed significant differences from the control group at the 1 week and 2 weeks training-testing interval. 3) The paroxetine and the fluoxetine treated groups showed singificant differences from the control group at 3 week training-testing interval. 4) The paroxetine and the choline treated groups showed significant differences from the control group at 4 week training-testing interval. In summary, paroxetine had an effect on long term memory processing from 1st week to 4th week. Also, fluoxetine(at 3rd week) and choline(at 4th week) had effect on long term memory processing. Sertraline, clomipramine were ineffective on memory processing during 4 weeks observation. Possible explanations why paroxetine had early effect on memory processing than the other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are rapid bioavailability, which is the characteristics of pharmacokinetics of paroxetine. In clinical situation, author carefully suggest that SSRI would be beneficial to improve the memory function caused by depressive neurochemical changes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.779-784
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of herbs on memory improvement by focusing on their cholinergic functions in Tg2576 mice. Seven herbs were used to obtain extracts by using alcohol and water. In screening test for cholinergic activities of the extracts, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was highly inhibited in Oenanthe javanica alcohol extract (OJAE, 18.76%) as compared with the others. The OJAE-treated Tg2576 (Tg-OJAE) groups showed the statistically significant increases of latency time in passive avoidance test. Also, it was found that the concentration of $A{\beta}1-42$ was significantly reduced in Tg-OJAE groups compared to non-treated Tg2576 groups. In the additional enzyme test, it was found that $IC_{50}$ of OJAE was $991.77{\mu}g/mL$ and OJAE acted as an uncompetitive inhibitor of AChE. Therefore, it seemed that OJAE can be used for the development of processed foods for memory improvement.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2020

In this study, in order to confirm the ameliorative effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) flesh and peel on amyloidbeta (Aβ)-induced cognitive dysfunction, we evaluated their in vitro neuroprotection and in vivo cognitive functions. As the result of in vitro neuroprotection, the protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of onion flesh (EOF) on Aβ-induced cytotoxicity was similar to that of the ethyl acetate fraction of onion peel (EOP). In the behavioral tests, the EOF and EOP effectively improved the Aβ-induced learning and memory impairments. For this reason, it could be concluded that the EOF and EOP improved the antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, oxidized glutathione/total glutathione, and malondialdehyde) in brain tissue. In addition, the EOF and EOP effectively activated mitochondrial functions by protecting the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP, mitochondria-mediated protein (BAX and cytochrome c), and caspase 3/7 activities. The EOF and EOP also improved the cholinergic system (acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine). Therefore, we suggest that onion could be used for management of Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism and effects of different types of ginseng on memory improvement in an experimental rat model. In this study, SD rats were induced for memory deficits through scopolamine treatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.) then administrated with ginseng extract for 7 weeks. The rats were divided into five groups: saline (1 mL/kg, NC: negative control), white ginseng (300 mg/kg, WG), red ginseng (300 mg/kg, RG), black ginseng (300 mg/kg, BG), and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, PC: positive control). The step through latency of the BG and RG groups was significantly longer than the PC group in the retention trial of multiple trial passive avoidance test. In the spatial reference memory triads of the Morris water maze test, the latency time of BG and RG was significantly lower than the PC group. In addition, in the prove test, the time spent in the platform quadrant of BG and RG groups were significantly longer than the PC group. Brain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities BG and RG groups significantly increased compared to other groups. On the other hand, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the BG and RG groups compared to other groups. These result suggested that black ginseng could be useful to enhance learning memory and cognitive function by regulation of cholinergic enzymes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.379-392
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• 2019

The current study investigated the effect of Gabjubaekmok (Diospyros kaki) ethanolic extract (GEE) on $H_2O_2$-induced human neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells and amyloid beta $(A{\beta})_{1-42}$-induced ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice. GEE showed significant antioxidant activity that was evaluated based on ABTS, DPPH scavenging activity, and inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase activity. Further, GEE inhibited ROS production and increased cell viability in $H_2O_2$-induced MC-IXC cells. Administration of GEE ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction on $A{\beta}$-induced ICR mice as evaluated using Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. Results of ex vivo test using brain tissues showed that, GEE protected the cholinergic system and mitochondrial functions by increasing the levels of antioxidants such as ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against $A{\beta}$-induced cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, GEE decreasd the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, p-JNK, p-tau, BAX and caspase 3. While, expression levels of p-Akt and $p-GSK3{\beta}$ increased than $A{\beta}$ group. Finally, gallic acid was identified as the main compound of GEE using high performance liquid chromatography.