• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.1 s.41
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2005

Response of reinforced concrete (RC) column-bent piers subjected to bidirectional seismic loadings was experimentally investigated. RC column-bent piers represent one of the most popular shapes of piers used in Korea highway bridges. Four column-bent piers were constructed in 400 mm diameter and 2,000 mm height. Each pier has two circular supporting columns. These piers were tested under bidirectional lateral load reversals with an axial load of $0.1f_{ck}A_g$. The test parameters included : different transverse reinforcement contents and lap-spliced longitudinal reinforcing steels. Test results indicate that the lap splice of longitudinal reinforcing steels have significantly influenced on hysteretic response of column-bent piers similar to previous test results for single columns with corresponding test parameters. Column capacity was changed with the level of transverse confinement. From the comparison of test result for single column under unidirectional loading, the damage of single column was concentrated on lower plastic hinge region but the damage of column-bent piers was scattered to upper and lower plastic hinge region.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2018.06a
• /
• pp.105-105
• /
• 2018

스테인리스강은 내식성과 내구성이 우수하여 파이프 및 일반 구조용 고온재료에 널리 사용된다. 그러나 선박 및 해양플랜트 등의 고부가가치 산업에 사용될 경우 내피로성, 내구성 및 내식성이 더욱 요구되고 있다. 특히 해수 환경 하에서 스테인리스강은 재료 표면의 부동태 피막 파괴로 공식 또는 틈부식에 의한 국부부식을 초래하여 해양환경용 재료로 사용하는데 제한적이다. 플라즈마 이온질화는 저온에서 열처리가 가능하며 재료의 변형이 없어 스테인리스강에 널리 적용되는 열화학적 표면처리 기술이다. 플라즈마 이온질화는 일반적으로 고온에서 실시하여 스테인리스강의 기계적 특성을 향상시키는 목적으로 주로 적용하였으나, 저온-플라즈마 이온질화 처리 시 질소의 확산계수 증가로 표면에 S-phase 생성에 기인하여 부식 저항성이 향상된다고 알려져 있다[1-2]. 그러나 해수 펌프, 밸브, 스트레이너(Strainer) 등의 해양 환경용 기자재로 널리 사용되고 있는 주조 스테인리스강에 대한 플라즈마 이온질화 적용과 그 연구는 미비하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주조용 스테인리스강에 대하여 플라즈마 이온질화 기술을 적용하여 공정온도에 따른 해수 내 전기화학적 부식 특성을 규명하였다. 플라즈마 이온질화 공정은 $25%N_2$와 $75%H_2$ 비율로 $350^{\circ}C{\sim}500^{\circ}C$의 공정온도에서 10시간 동안 실시하였다. X-선 회절분석을 통해 공정온도 변수에 따른 표면에 형성된 질화층의 상변화를 분석하였다. 또한 비커스 경도계를 이용하여 표면경도를 측정하여 기계적 특성 향상을 확인하였다. 전기화학적 부식 실험 후 표면 손상 형상 관찰, 무게 감소량 및 손상 깊이 계측을 통해 공정 온도와 부식 저항 특성을 규명하였다. 또한 타펠 분석을 통해 모재와 플라즈마 이온질화 온도 변수에 따른 부식 속도를 비교 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.276-284
• /
• 2000

The acoustic emission (AE) behavior of reinforced concrete beams tested under flexural loading was investigated to characterize and identify the source of damage. This research was aimed at identifying the characteristic AE response associated with micro-crack development, localized crack propagation, corrosion, and debonding of the reinforcing steel. Concrete beams were prepared to isolate the damage mechanisms by using plain, notched-plain, reinforced, and corroded-reinforced specimens. The beams were tested using four-point cyclic step-loading. The AE response was analyzed to obtain key parameters such as the time history of AE events, the total number and rate of AE events, and the characteristic features of the waveform. Initial analysis of the AE signal has shown that a clear difference in the AE response is observed depending on the source of the damage. The Felicity ratio exhibited a correlation with the overall damage level, while the number of AE events during unloading can be an effective criterion to estimate the level of corrosion distress in reinforced concrete structures. Consequently, AE measurement characterization appears to provide a promising approach for estimating the level of deterioration in reinforced concrete structure.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.805-812
• /
• 2002

The number of old concrete structure which needs to be strengthened has been increased. The repair and strengthening methods have to be determined based on the current status of the structure. Consequently the estimation method for the damage status of the structure has been desperately needed, but no studies have been tried to use the crack and deflection characteristics to estimate the damage status. In this study, the crack characteristics depending on load level were measured and analysed. The crack characteristics observed from 11 samples were compared with damage status, and load level, The crack characteristics examined in this study include crack number, crack length, crack range, crack interval, maximum crack length, crack area, and average crack length. The deflections were normalized based on yield deflection, and the relationship between the relative deflection and the standardized crack characteristics were compared. Among the crack characteristics, crack interval, crack area, crack range, and maximum crack length, have been showed a close relationship to the relative deflection. Therefore, if such crack characteristics are evaluated, the maximum load applied to the structure is believed to be estimated. if additional parameters such as size of specimen, strength of concrete and steel, and steel ratio are studied, the damage status of structure can be estimated more accurately.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.69-81
• /
• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of prosody of ambiguous sentences in patients with right hemisphere damage(RHD). Methods: Sentences with each word prosodically focused were used to investigate. Several acoustic parameters such as intensity, F0, and duration were measured to identify characteristics of prosody in patients with lesions in the right hemisphere and normal controls. All speech samples were recorded using the Praat 4.3.14 software. Data were analyzed with the independent sample t-test using SPSS 18.0. Results: The results of this study are as follows: First, intensity of the first syllable of the focus word was different between the two groups in several sentences. Second, F0 was different between the two groups in all sentences. Third, duration was different between the groups in several sentences. Accordingly, prosody were varied and values of acoustic parameters differed due to the focus of utterance. The group with right hemisphere damage showed restricted prosody. Conclusions: Intensity, duration, and F0 are all used as elements of prosody in emphasizing structural and pragmatic meaning, but according to the focus, strength and duration were related to F0. In contrast, F0 has a significant linguistic difference, but there was a significant difference between the RHD and normal people, so F0 can be a discriminatory factor of rhyme evaluation of the right hemisphere damaged and it is necessary to accumulate more strong evidence through future research.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.277-282
• /
• 2000

Purpose : Though It has been known that the to tolerance of the liver to external beam irradiation depends on the irradiated volume and dose, few data exist which Quantify this dependence. However, recently, with the development of three dimensional (3-D) treatment planning, have the tools to Quantify the relationships between dose, volume, and normal tissue complications become available. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between normal tissue complication probabili쇼 (WCP) and the risk of radiation hepatitis for patients who received variant dose partial liver irradiation. Materials and Methods : From March 1992 to December 1994, 10 patients with hepatoma and 10 patients with bile duct cancer were included in this study. Eighteen patients had normal hepatic function, but 2 patients (prothrombin time 73$\%$, 68$\%$) had mild liver cirrhosis before irradiation. Radiation therapy was delivered with 10MV linear accelerator, 180$\~$200 cGy fraction per day. The total dose ranged from 3,960 cGy to 6,000 cGy (median dose 5,040 cGy). The normal tissue complication probability was calculated by using Lyman's model. Radiation hepatitis was defined as the development of anicteric elevation of alkaline phosphatase of at least two fold and non-malignant ascites in the absence of documented progressive. Results: The calculated NTCP ranged from 0.001 to 0.840 (median 0.05). Three of the 20 patients developed radiation hepatitis. The NTCP of the patients with radiation hepatitis were 0.390, 0.528, 0.844(median : 0.58$\pm$0.23), but that of the patients without radiation hepatitis ranged fro 0.001 to 0.308 (median .0.09$\pm$0.09). When the NTCP was calculated by using the volume factor of 0.32, a radiation hepatitis was observed only in patients with the NTCP value more than 0.39. By contrast, clinical results of evolving radiation hepatitis were not well correlated with NTCP value calculated when the volume factor of 0.69 was applied. On the basis of these observations, the volume factor of 0.32 was more correlated to predict a radiation hepatitis. Conclusion : The risk of radiation hepatitis was increased above the cut-off value. Therefore the NTCP seems to be used for predicting the radiation hepatitis.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.299-305
• /
• 2016

This paper presents a method to detect the fiber property variation of laminated CFRP plates using the bivariate Gaussian distribution function. Five unknown parameters are considered to determine the fiber damage distribution, which is a modified form of the bivariate Gaussian distribution function. To solve the inverse problem using the combined computational method, this study uses several natural frequencies and mode shapes in a structure as the measured data. The numerical examples show that the proposed technique is a feasible and practical method which can prove the location of a damaged region as well as inspect the distribution of deteriorated stiffness of CFRP plates for different fiber angles and layup sequences.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.419-424
• /
• 2010

Through the process of state estimation in the electric railway substation, this paper presents a new method for improving the reliability of the measurements corrupted by gauge error. Unlike the case of commercial power systems, it has been difficult to perform the state estimation by using the usual methods in the electric railway substation. At some of the monitoring points in the substation, most often, it is hard to define the measurement functions by use of the states or as we set up a new states set with the change of system topology, some of the measurement functions become part of the states themselves, which leads to poor results. To resolve the problems in the existing method caused by the relations between the states and the measurement functions at the monitoring points, the proposed method in this paper exploits the equality constraints. They can be derived numerously and concisely from the current and the voltage attributes of the Scott transformer and the buses connecting conditions, etc. We have proofed the effectiveness of the proposed method by the test on a standard sample substation.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
• /
• 1997.10a
• /
• pp.406-413
• /
• 1997

근전도(EMG:Electromyogram)를 사용하여 국부 근육 피로(Localized Muscle Fatigue)를 정량화으로 분석 하기 위해 널리 이용되고 있는 AR(Autoregressive)모델의 1차 계수, RMS(Root Mean Square), ZCR(Zero Crossing Rate), MPF(Mean Power Frequency), MF(Median Frequency)를 선택하여, 근육이 발휘하는 힘과 시간의 흐름에 따라 근육 피로의 정도를 민감하게 나타내는 매개변수를 규명하였다. 피실험자 10명의 좌우 척추세움근(Erector Spinae Muscle)을 대상으로 등장수축(Sustained Isometric Contraction)조건에서 허리의 신전(Extension)운동을 실시하였다. 이때 발휘해야 하는 힘의 수준은 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75% MVC 로 정하였고 각 수준마다 20초 동안 근전도를 측정하 였다. 데이터 분석은 총20초 구간의 근전도를 0.5초 간격으로 나누어 매개변수들을 각각 구하고 분석을 실시하였다. 시간의 흐름에 대한 피로도 분석 결과, AR 모델의 1차 계수와 MPF가 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 낮은 수준의 %MVC에서는 AR 계수가, 높은 수준에서는 MPF가 민감한 반응 결과를 나타냈다. 그리고 근육이 발휘하는 힘의 정도를 분석하기 위해 주로 사용되고 있는 RMS 보다는 더 AR 계수가 모든 수준에서 뚜렷하게 차이를 보인 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 AR 모델의 1차 계수가 근육의 피로 정도와 힘의 수준을 다른 매개변수에 비해 더욱 민감하게 구별함이 입증되었다. 이러한 결과는 다른 분야에서도 근육 피로를 정량적으로 측정하는데 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 개인적 변이도를 고려한 확률 기법을 사용한다면 보다 정확한 근전도 분석이 이루어질 것으로 기대된다.있음을 알 수 있었다. 사료된다.의 결과는 자전거 에르고노미터의 결과가 트레드밀의 결과에 87.60%정도 나타났다.음을 관찰하였다. 특히 vitamin C와 E의 병용투여는 상승적으로 적용하여 간세포손상을 더욱 억제시킴을 알 수 있었다.mance and on TFP(Total Factor Productivity) growth which is a pure measure of firm performance. To utilize the advantage of panel data, FEM(Fixed Effect Model) and REM(Random Effect Model) were used. The empirical result shows that the entropy index as a measurement of inter-business relatedness is not significant but technological relatedness index is significant. OLS estimates on pooled data were considerably different from FEM or REM estimates on panel data. By introducing interaction effect among the three variables for business portfolio properties, we obtained three findings. First, only VI (Vertical integration) has a significant positive correlation with ROS. Second, when using TFP growth as an dependent variable, both TR(Technological Relatedness) and f[ are signif

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.45-45
• /
• 2022

산업화에 따른 화학물질 사용량의 증가는 담수로의 유해화학물질 유출사고의 위험을 증가시키며, 이러한 사고는 하천수 수질과 수환경 생태계에 심각한 위해와 손상을 야기한다. 이러한 수질사고 발생시 신속 대응을 위해, 하천에 유입된 물질의 거동을 신속하게 예측하는 것이 필요하며 이 경우 1차원 추적모형이 주로 사용된다. 1차원 물질혼합 모형은 하천을 하나의 유선으로 보며, 복잡한 하천흐름의 시스템을 현상학적으로 해석하고, 오염물질의 이송 및 혼합 메카니즘을 모델 매개변수에 반영하여 모형화한다. 이러한 매개변수들은 직접적으로 측정하기 어려우며, 이론에 기반한 매개변수 산정 기법이 구축되지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 대부분의 연구에서는 추적자 실험을 실시하여 유한한 하천구간에서 추적자의 시간-농도곡선(Breakthrough curve, BTC)을 취득하고, 이를 통하여 대상 구간의 매개변수를 역산하는 최적화 기법에 의존하고 있다. 하지만, 모든 하천구간에 대하여 추적자 실험을 수행하여 데이터를 확보하는 것이 어렵기 때문에 최적화 기법의 적용성에 한계가 있다. 본 연구는 흐름정보가 제공되지 않은 미계측 하천구간에서 BTC를 신속하게 예측할 수 있는 회귀모형을 구축하는 것을 목표로 한다. 국내 하천에서 수행한 4회의 추적자 실험으로부터 취득한 28개 구간 케이스의 데이터에 대하여 농도곡선 전처리를 수행하고 14개의 통계적 특징을 추출하였으며, 계측된 흐름특성과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 대상 구간에서의 BTC의 변화가 추적자의 유하거리에 매우 높은 상관관계를 보였으며, 이를 이용하여 회귀모형을 제시하였다. 제안된 회귀모형을 적용하여 하류의 지점에서의 BTC를 예측하였으며, 1차원 이송-분산 방정식과 하천저장대모형을 활용한 예측결과와 비교하여 검증하였다. 그 결과, BTC의 변화특성을 활용한 회귀적 예측이 하천 지형 및 흐름의 변동성이 작은 구간에서 1차원 혼합모형들을 이용한 예측보다 더 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 이러한 장점은 장거리 예측에서 더 분명하게 나타났다.