• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.511-515
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• 1990

Induction of twinning was attempted by transfer of two whole- or demi-embryos in Holstein cows and heifers. Cows were superovulated with follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) administered twice daily in intra-muscular injection. On day of 6.5 to 7 post-estrus, embryos were collected nonsurgically, Normal morulae and early balstocysts were obtained from superovulated cows. The embryos were hisected with a micro-blade made from a razor. Twenty seven pairs of half embryos were successfully produced and 23 pairs of half embryos were transferred to recipients( Group A). Twenty cows were treated with low unit of FSH (3mg${\times}$2,2mg${\times}$2 ; Group B1, 2mg${\times}$2, 1mg${\times}$2, 1mg${\times}$2 ; Group 32) to induce double or triple ovulations. The cows of Group B1 and B2 were Inseminated artificially(A1) at following estrus. Twenty four heifers were bred by A1 and received an additional embryo into the uterine horn contralateral to the corpus luteum(CL) 6 days later(Group C). One embryo was transferred into each uterine hem of 16 heifers 6 days after estrus(Group D). Fourteen heifers were received two embryos into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL at day 6 of estrous cycle(Group I). Pregnancy rates at 60 days in Group A, B1, B2, C, D and E were 34.8％, 70.0％, 60.0％, 66.7％, 62.5％ and 57.1％, respectively. Twinning rates were 8.7％, 20.0%, 10.0％, 16.7％, 18.7％ and 21.4％, respectively. The present experiments demonstrate that FSH treatment( Group 31) and ipsilateral transfer( Group I ) of two whole-embryos are more useful methods to produce twins than the others.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.133-149
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• 1998

본 연구는 미국에 사는 한국인 이민자들의 암예방과 식품에 대한 지식과 신념에 관하여 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 도구로는 미국 국민 건강연구조사 (NHIS)의 설문지를 한국어로 번역하였고, 연구의 대상자는 미국의 시카고에 거주하는 263명의 한국인 이민자들이다. 본 연구의 주된 연구결과는 다음과 같았다. (1) 대부분의 대상자(83.3%)들은 한국음식을 먹고 있다고 답하였다. (2) 대상자들의 47.5%가 영어를 전혀 못 읽거나 거의 못 읽는다고 답하였다. (3) 식생활 변화를 하지 않는 이유에 대해 현재 먹고 있는 음식을 즐기기 때문에 식생활을 바꾸고 싶지 않다는 답이 가장 많았다. (4) 우리가 먹고 마시는 음식과 관계 있는 주요질병에 대해서 25.4%의 응답자만이 암이라고 답하였다 (미국 NHIS 에서는 48%). (5) 응답자의 48.3%만이 섬유소에 대해 들어보았다고 응답하였다. (6) 7.1%의 응답자만이 섬유소가 많은 음식으로 corn flakes와 bran flakes를 고를 수 있었다. 이 결과로 보아 한국인 이민자들이 미국음식에 대해 잘 모르는 것으로 보인다. (7) 약 62%의 응답자들이 암예방에 관한 무료 보건강좌에 참석하고 싶다고 응답하였다. 보건강좌 장소에 대해 "교회'라고 답한 응답자가 가장 많았다. (8) 질병예방에 관한 정보를 어디에서 얻느냐는 질문에 대하여 "신문"이라고 답한 응답자가 가장 많았다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결과를 볼 때 대부분의 응답자들이 미국 정부에서 하고 있는 암예방 교육의 혜택을 받고 있지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한국인 이민자들의 문화적 배경에 맞는 암교육이 필요하며, 영어를 잘 못하는 이민자들을 위해 한국말로 번역된 보건교육자료를 사용하여야 한다.교육자료를 사용하여야 한다.표현을 위하여 확장된 기본 모델을 중심으로 각 레벨의 구성 요소들의 형식적 의미(formal semantics)와 레벨 내 혹은 레벨 구성요소들간의 관계성(relationship), 그리고 제약조건의 표현과 질의 추론 규칙들을 식별하여 FOPL(First Order Predicate Logic)로 표현한다. 또한, 본 논문은 FOPL로 표현된 predicate들과 규칙들을 구현하기 위하여 Prolog로 변환하기 위한 이론적 방법론을 제시하고 정보자원 관리를 위한 기본 함수들과 스키마 진화(schema evolution)를 위한 방법론을 제안한다. 최저 잔류탁도를 나타내는 최적 응집제 주입량에서의 Zeta potential은 원수탁도가 5NTU일 경우 Alum, PAC 및 PACS 모두 -20mV∼-15mV사이였으며, 원수 탁도가 10NTU인 경우에는 0∼0.5mV 범위에 있는 것으로 나타나 응집제 종류 및 주입량이 상이하더라도 응집효율이 가장 양호한 상태에서의 Zeta potential은 일정한 범위내에 있는 것으로 나타났다.각 각 11.1, 10.2, 12.2 그리고 13.0%의 발달율을 보여 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4. 수정 후 114 시간 개별배양된 수정란으로부터 분리된 small과 large의 할구를 공핵체로 사용한 처리구에서 핵이식 수정란의 세포융합율에 있어서 각각 71.0, 71.4, 69.9 및 77.1% 의 융합율올 보여 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 핵이식 수정란의 배반포기배로의 발달율에 있어서도 각각 11.4%, 8.0%, 17.2% 그리고 12.9% 의 발달율을 보여 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 핵이식 수정란을 효율적으로 생산하기 위하여 수핵난자의 세포질에 ionomycin 과 DMAP 의

• 월간낙농육우
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.125-128
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• 2016

"원유의 질과 소의 체형도 중요하지만, 결과적으로 우리 기후와 풍토, 조사료에 맞는 종모를 만들어 목장에 돈을 벌어주는 종축을 생산해야 한다고 생각합니다." 경기 연천군 전곡읍 늘목리에 위치한 늘목목장의 남군희 대표(62세)는 지난 2009년 '제11호 청정육종농가'로 발탁되며 7년간 수정란 송아지 100여 두를 생산했다. 현재 '한국형 종모'를 생산하겠다는 자부심으로 후계자인 남상용 씨(37세)와 목장을 이끌어 가고 있는 남군희 대표를 만나봤다.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical aspects on bovine abortion and stillbirth in Korea. Three hundred thirty eight bovine fetuses were collected from farms and submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University. Submitted fetuses were evaluated for season, parity and gestation stage on abortion during a 3 years period (June, 1999 to April, 2002). Out of four seasons, incidence of bovine abortion was significantly higher in summer than other seasons (P＜0.05) due to high temperature and humidity. After surveying of incidence of abortion according to parity, it was concentrated in low parity (1, 2 and 3 parity). However, this result was not caused by parity but because most of surveyed cow was low parity. For surveying the distribution of abortion incidence according to days of gestation, we divided the days of gestation into 3 stages including with early (0∼150 days), middle (151∼250 days) and late (251days∼term). Out of 319 aborted fetuses, incidences of abortion were significantly higher in the middle and late stage than early stage (P＜0.05). A high rate (75％) of stock farms did not vaccinate animals, therefore most of cows in Korea were found to have a high risk of becoming infected upon exposure to pathogens. Many of abortions occurred in stock farms where animals of other species were being bred. More studies will be needed to investigate possible linkages between bovine abortion and the breeding of other animal species.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to determine changes in serum hormone concentrations, blood chemical values and recovery rate of in vivo embryos during the estrous cycle following super-ovulation treatments in Jeju black cows. Superovulation was induced by subcutaneous administration of FSH twice a day for 4 days. Serum hormones were assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and blood chemical values were analyzed by blood analyser system. Embryos were collected from all treated black cows using nonsurgical technique on day 7 after artificial insemination (AI). The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The progesterone concentrations were $7.2{\pm}3.8ng/ml$ at day -11 and $0.3{\pm}0.1ng/mL$ at day 0 (Day 0 is the first day of AI). The estradiol concentrations were $10.6{\pm}4.48pg/ml$ at day -11 and $15.0{\pm}2.2pg/ml$ at day 0. The lowest level of progesterone was measured at day 0. The highest levels of estradiol was measured at day 0. 2. The blood chemical values of treated black cows were no significant differences in normal cow values. 3. Sixty two embryos were collected in 12 black cows. Among the collected embryos, 37 embryos (59.7%) could be transferred into recipients. These results would be used as the basic informations for changing patterns of hormonal level and blood biochemistry in Jeju black cow with superovulation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 1993

Bovine follicular oocytes were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro. Oocytes with or without cumulus cells were transferred into TC-I99 medium supplemented with 10% FCS 8 h after insemination, and embryos cleaved to 2- to 8-cell stage 56 h after insemination were cultured further for 5 days. The proportions of embryos developed to morular and blastocyst stages were significantly higher (P<0.0l) in those cultured with(31%) than without(15%) cumulus cells. When the embryos were cultured with cumulus cells in the medium with different protein sources, the highest proportion(59%) of embryos developed to morular or blastocyst stage was obtained in medium with BSA(P<0. O01). Higher proportions of embryos were degenerated during culture with FCS(15%) or CS(14%) compared with BSA(3%). The present results indicate the early development of in-vitro fertilized bovine embryos can be maintained efficiently by BSA when they were co-cultured with cumulus cells.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1996

The effect of several potential antioxidants and amino acids were examined as a means of increasing the development of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized oocytes into morulae or blastocysts. Bovine embryos developed to the 2~8 cell stage after in vitro fertilization were cultured for 5 to 6 days at 39$^{\circ}C$ in CR1aa containing varing concentraton of the antioxidants and amino acid in a gas phase consisting of 5% CO2, high humidified air. At 5~6 days, embryo developments were reduced, and embryos were fixed and stained with Hochest 33342 DNA stain to facilitate counting of cells. In experiment 1, the proportion of embryos developed to morulae and blastocysts in CR1aa containing 1mM, 2.5mM taurine (22.6% and 20.4%) was slightly higher than those of 0, 5 and 10mM Taurine (5.7, 5.7 and 3.9%, P<0.05). In experiment 2, addition of glutathione did not improve blastocyst development (P>0.05). In experiment 3, concentations of superoxide dismutase(SOD) ranging from 300 to 1,000 U did not affect the propotion of embryos developing into blastocysts (P>0.05). In experiment 4, addition of 250 U catalase(38.5%) was slighty higher than those of 0, 500 and 1,000U. In experiment 5, the proportion of embryo developed beyond morula stage in CR1aa with taurine plus EDTA was slighty higher than other treatments(15.7, 26.0 and 29.2%), there were no significantly increases in cell number among treatments(P>0.05). These results are indicating that antioxidants and amino acids can increase the proportion of embryos that develop into morulae and blastocysts, but did not increas in cell number of blastocysts.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 1996

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants and amino acid with buffalo rat liver cell(BRLC), bovine oviductal epithelial cell(BOEC) and STOC monolayers in supporting the development of in vitro matured(IVM) and in vitro fertilized(IVF) bovine oocytes. Bovine embryos developed to the 2~8 cell stage after in vitro fertilization were cultured for 5 to 6 days at 39$^{\circ}C$ in CR1aa containing antioxidants and amino acids with various somatic cells. Embryo development was examined and cell numbers of blastocysts were counted by fluorescence staining method. In experiment 1, the proportion of embryos that reached the blastocyst stage in control, catalase(250U), SOD(600U), glutathione(100$\mu$M) and taurine(2.5mM) with BRLC were 11.4, 8, 0, 16.7 and 43.4 respectively. Taurine(2.5mM) with BRLC group was significantly the highest among treatments(P<0.05). In experiment 2, in vitro development rate into blastocyst in control, catalase(250U), SOD(600U), glutathione(100$\mu$M) and taurine(2.5mM) with BOEC were 15.8, 23.5, 22.8, 28.6 and 56.9 respectively. In experiment 3, embryonic development in all treatments as control, catalase(250U), SOD(600U), glutathione(100$\mu$M) and taurine(2.5mM) added to CR1aa with STO cells were 23.5, 24.5, 17.0, 28.8 and 50.0 blastocysts. These results show that antioxidants and amino acids with somatic cells can provide a significant benefit for coculture of early bovine embryos derived from IVM and IVF.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

This study was carried out to assess the effect of superovulation response and quality of embryos recovered from donor cows after a single subcutaneous injection of FSH dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Cows were allocated into control and 3 experimental treatment groups. In control, cows were injected intramuscularly 50 mg FSH twice daily for 4 days. Group 1 were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 400 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG solution. Group 2 were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 200 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG solution. Finally in group 3, cows were injected twice 200 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG solution by subcutaneous. Superovulation was initiated by injection of FSH between Day 8 and 14 of the estrus cycle (Day 0, the day of estrus), and followed by injection of 25 mg PGF$_2$$\alpha$ at 48 h after first FSH injection. Cows were then artificially inseminated (AI) with semen twice at 48 and 60 h after PGF$_2$$\alpha$ injection. At 7 days after the second AI, embryos collected non-surgically by flushing the uterine horns and were counted and compared morphologically as being transferable and degenerated among different superovulation treatments. Furthermore, progesterone and estradiol -17 $\beta$ in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay following different treatments at given days All cows of treated groups were observed heat. but control group was showed 77.8%. Superovulation response was observed as 77.8, 87.5, 88.9, and 100% in control, Groups 1, 2 and 3 The mean number of corpus lutea (CL) detected in Group 1 were 19.6, which was, respectively significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other groups (11.1, 13.4 and 7.6, respectively). However, there did not differ on the mean number of total embryos recovered and of transferable embryos between control and treated groups.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1996

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of transforming growth factor-$\beta$ (TGF-$\beta$) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in bovine oocyte maturation in the presence or absence of serum on subsequent fertilization and embryo development. In addition, various concent rations of these growth factors were evaluated for the ability to promote development of eight-cell stage embryos to the blastocyst stage. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered from 2 to 6 mm follicles obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries and cultured at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours in TCM-199 (HEPES Modification) with or with out 20 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) to which the following growth factors were added TGF$\beta$ IGF-l or TGF $\beta$ + IGF-I, all at 10 ng/ml each. The matured oocytes were fertilized in IVF-TL medium with frozen-thawed semen at a concentration of 1 ${\times}$ 10$^6$ cells/ml of fertilization medium following Percoll separation. After 24 hours of sperm-egg incubation, the embryos were transferred to CZB medium without glucose for 48 hours and then cultured in TCM-199 with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 96 hours. The addition of growth factors to IVM medium in the presence of serum had no effect on cleavage and subsequent embryo devlopment to blastocyst. In the absence of serum, TGF- improved cleavage and development to blastocyst compared to control's(p<0.05) and no synergistic effeet of IGF-I + TGF-$\beta$ was observed. In the second experiment, eight-cell embryos obtained by in vitro maturation (IVM) in TCM-199 + 20% FBS without growth facrors and in vitro fertil-ization (IVF) were cultured in the in vitro cuiture (IVC) medium supplemented with 5, 10 ng/ml TGF-$\beta$ or 5, 10, 50, 100 ng/ml IGF-I. Cleavage rate and development to the blastocyst stage was observed during seven days of incubation. The supplementation of 10 ng/ml TGF-$\beta$ to lVC medium for eight-cell embryos improved development to blastocyst (p<0.05) compared to control. In conclusion, these data indicate that the supplementation of growth factors to IVM medium in the presence of serum does not influence cleavage and subsequent embryo development. However, significantly more oocytes matured in serum-free TCM-199 and eight-cell embryos cultured in lVC medium developed to blastocyst with supplementation of 10ng/ml TGF-$\beta$.