• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-41
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• 2012

The peasant societies of East Asia had been challenged by capitalist plantation since colonization and by socialist collectivization since decolonization. The former was decisively weakened due to the crisis of the capitalist system in the 1930s and the collapse of the colonial order in the 1940s; The latter was thoroughly discredited due to the reform of the socialist system in the 1980s and the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. The failure of the two epochal challenges demonstrates the historical sustainability of peasant societies in East Asia. Their survival represents the universality of Northeast and Southeast Asia, which can be ascribed to the ecological environment and production process of wet-rice agriculture for their common staple food. In spite of their diverse differences, indeed, peasant societies in colonial East Asia shared profound similarities in their basic motivations (morality-rationality), central tendencies (involution - polarization), structural outcomes (dualism - pluralism), and future prospects (survival-extinction).

• 월간낙농육우
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.86-89
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• 2009

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.341-357
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• 2006

Recently new periodic markets formed in large apartment areas where consumers live. Before, in the case of peasant periodic markets travelling merchants, consumers and producers met in specific places on decided dates. Closing time of apartment's new periodic markets is later than that of peasant periodic markets, and the number of travelling merchants is fewer than that of peasant periodic markets. The average number of apartment and household for a new periodic market is about ten and 920 respectively, and if neighboring apartment household are included, the number is larger. Apartment's new periodic markets in Cheongju city is included in Daejeon market area. The types of regional trip of travelling merchants can be divided into one round trip of two or three neighboring dongs and larger sphere of more than 4 dongs. The larger sphere round trip consists of one type combining the southeastern, southern and southwestern regions, and the other type combining southeastern and southwestern regions. About 85 percent of travelling merchants visit the periodic market 5 days in a week; about 12 percent of travelling merchants choose to visit on Saturday; only 2 percent of travelling merchants visit 4 days in a week.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.15-23
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• 2001

첨단농업시설사업은 UR에 따른 농산물 개방에 대응하여 1992년부터 추진한 42조원 규모의 농어촌구조개선사업과 WTO출범에 대응하여 1994년부터 추진한 15조원 규모의 농어촌특별세사업의 일환으로 추진되어 온 사업이다. UR과 WTO라는 국제적 변화를 제외하고서 내적으로 소농구조를 가진 우리농업은 경영규모의 영세성, 낮은 기계화, 산업화에 따른 농업인구의 급격한 감소와 농업노동력의 고령화, 부녀화는 물론 노임의 급격한 상승으로 심각한 사회적문제를 내포하고 있었다. (중략)

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-128
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• 2003

국제연합 식량농업기구 (FAO)에 의하면 UR 협상과 WTO 체제 출범 이후 농산물 수출국가와 선진국에서의 소득균형은 일반적으로 향상되었으나 순식량수입국가나 개발도상국가에서는 소득균형이 더 악화되고 농업영역의 쇠퇴를 가져왔다. 더욱이 식량안전상황은 농산물의 급격한 수입으로 여전히 불안하고 농가판매의 지속적인 악화, 농촌과 도시간의 소득격차가 큰 것으로 나타나고 있다. 특히 인간의 건강과 환경에 유해한 GMO의 거래는 소비자의 식품안전과 잠재적 위해 때문에 적절한 조치를 필요로 하고 있다. 아시아 지역 개발도상국가들에서의 식량의 안정적 공급과 농촌 지역사회 개발의 핵심적 과제는 인적자원의 개발, 기술역량의 신장, 하부구조의 개선, 농업기술 이전의 효율화 등으로 요약될 수 있다. 이러한 상황에서 농업교육, 연구 그리고 지도, 특히 아시아의 주요작물 영역에 대한 더 많은 투자가 필요하며 많은 아시아국가들에서 우선적으로 요구되는 농촌청소년교육은 빈곤퇴치, 식량의 안정적 공급 및 식품의 안전 그리고 지속적이고 균형있는 농촌개발 등이다. 이를 위한 정부와 국민, 특히 젊고 열정적인 사람들이 함께 협력해야 빈곤퇴치와 식량의 안정적 공급 및 식품의 안전 등 농촌의 사회경제적 발전이 가능할 것이다. 진행되고 있는 WTO 체제 하에서의 아시아 지역 농촌사회 발전과 식량문제 해결을 위해서는 교역과 환경, 그리고 개발의 총체적 접근이 중요하며 식량의 안정적 공급을 위한 농업, 농촌의 하부구조가 열악한 개발도상국 소농에 대한 우선적 배려가 필수적이라 할 것이다. 특히, 농업분야 생산 유통 분야의 개선을 위한 농업교육, 농촌지도의 국가적 강조와 농촌 청소년 교육 훈련과 육성의 중요성에 대한 인식과 이에 따른 국가적, 국제적 협력이 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.53-89
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• 2014

Immigrant farmers work in various social and economic fields of activity, settling in their rural community. In this study, I inquired into the way of acting of immigrant farmers, based on the texts which were made in the precedent studies. The texts were transcriptions that were made by interviews with immigrant farmers. I classified immigrant farmers' activities into 8 groups that were related to; farming, nonfarm business, off-farm business, volunteering, participating in community organization, lifelong learning, leisure and social interaction in everyday life. And, I tried to capture the characteristics and meanings of those activities. The implications from this analysis are as followings: 1) most of immigrant farmers have small family farm so that they need nonfarm or off-farm jobs, 2) pluri-acivities of immigrant farm households can contribute to their community's economic viability, 3) their economic activities should be observed carefully in the perspective of self-help approach in community development as well as farm households' livelihood strategy, 4) immigrant farmers have many difficulties to participate in community, nevertheless community participation will improve the social capital, 5) gender-sensitive policy should be developed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 1981

This report was the result of Food and Nutrition Intake Survey of 210 adults of 43 rural households in 7 villages located on Kyung Nam, Korea. It was intended to provide baseline information on the nutrintional status and inequality, the change of food consumption pattern of different rural socioeconomic classes. The survey results were as follows; 1. All the nutrient intakes(except Ca) were above RDA in landlord classes, but those were extremely poor in tenancy and rural laborer classes. Ca was the most deficient nutrient in all classes. 'Vitamin A' was deficient in most of the classes. 2. In per capita food consumption expenditure, the highest was in landlord class, next capitalist farmer and middle class farmer, the lowest were rural laborer and tenancy. There were highest consumption of vegetables and fish in landlord class, and milks and oils in capitalist farmer. The consumption of rice fruits, meats, eggs, and seasoning were relatively proportionated to the income. 3. In the change of food consumption, the most increased items were beverages and meats in capitalist farmer, fish and fruits in landlord, rice in the other classes. 4. In the correlation with food consumption, education level showed the highest correlation with meats, oils, and in contrast, land sire showed the highest correlation with cereals. Engel's coefficient was positively correlated to cereals, but negatively correlated to fish and meats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.76-87
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• 2015

The present study examines the Saekgyeong (Classic of Husbandry; 1676), an agricultural manual dating from the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), and the agricultural thought of its author by Park Se-dang (pen name: Seogye; 1629-1703), a scholar. Its purpose lies in exploring the value of contemporary urban agriculture based on an examination of the attitudes toward agriculture, the values pursued through agriculture, and the ways of dealing with and using land as evinced by the classic and its author. Confirmed through an examination of Park's agricultural philosophy and the Saekgyeong, the results of the present study are as follow. First, there is the socioeconomic value of pursuing the stability of and promoting the economic independence of indigent petty peasants through productivity improvement. Second, there is the experiential value of exploration through experience and agricultural field practice for study. Third, there is the environmental value of endeavoring to overcome an infertile natural environment through agricultural methods that sought to accommodate the land by reading the flow and phenomena of nature. Fourth, there is the practical value of compiling the Saekgyeong and seeking to broaden its use as a guidebook containing agricultural methods appropriate to the land and the wisdom for life.8) When examined in terms of contemporary urban agriculture, the significance of the four values above is as follows: the socioeconomic effect of encouraging urban agricultural activities as a means of welfare for socially alienated classes and promoting the creation of jobs; the enhancement of the significance of study through hands-on activities from an educational perspective; the recycling and recovery of resources and the enhancement of environmental consciousness for the recovery of urban ecology; and a practical spirit that seeks to contribute directly to society through academic research that contributes to practical life and approaches familiar to the populace. The present study sought to find the value of urban agriculture, under discussion in diverse ways in recent years, in the thoughts of our ancestors, who pondered on agriculture. Despite differences in the periodic background, the significance of the present study lies in its in-depth reexamination of the fundamental significance of diverse agricultural values that are being pursued today.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.52-52
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• 2017

연구목적: 생산자와 소비자의 물리적 사회적 거리가 가까워지고, 1일 유통체계 준수에 의한 높은 신선도 유지, 먹거리에 대한 생산자와 생산정보 공유에 의한 농산물 안전성 향상 등 여러 장점 때문에 늘어나고 있는 로컬 푸드의 지속발전을 모색하고자 로컬 푸드 참여농가의 농작업 어려움 조사 및 기계화 방안 제시 조사방법: 전북 완주군 소재 용진농협에서 운영 중인 로컬 푸드 직매장에 농산물을 공급하는 농업인 21인을 대상으로 2016년 11월에 로컬 푸드의 어려운 점, 주요 생산품목, 가장 힘든 농작업, 기계화가 시급한 농작업, 농기계 도입에 어려운 점, 의견 및 건의사항을 설문 조사 분석하였음 결과 및 고찰: 로컬 푸드 참여 농가들은 4~5개 품목을 소량 생산하고, 농가에서 수확 소포장 라벨 부착 후 매장에 직접 진열하고 있었음. 농협은 정선 선별기, 소형 도정기, 포장기, 바코드 기계 등을 설치하여 농가 공동이용, 안전성 신선도 관리 등 교육, 스마트폰 앱을 매장 재고 현황을 농업인에게 실시간으로 제공 등 지원하고 있음. 조사에 응한 농업인 21명 중 60대(13명) > 50대(5명) > 70대(3명)로 모두 50대 이상이었음. 어려운 점에 대한 물음에 대해서는 '판매가 어렵다'(45%) > '인력이 부족하다'(40%) > '생산비가 많이 든다'(8.5%) > 기타(6.5%) 순이었음. '인력부족'은 파종과 수확 시기에 노동력이 집중적으로 필요한 것에 기인하고, 경지 규모가 다소 큰 농가에서는 농사일을 전문으로 하는 외국인 노동자를 고용함으로 노동력 부족 문제를 해소하지만, 소규모 농가는 품삯을 주고 고용할 경우 오히려 적자이기 때문에 고되더라도 자체 노동력으로 해결하고 있는 것으로 조사되었음. 가장 힘든 작업은 수확(81%) > 파종 정식(19%)으로 수확이 절대적으로 힘든 작업이라고 응답하였고, 기계화가 시급한 작업은 수확(71%) > 파종 정식(29%)으로 응답하였음. 힘든 이유로는 적기에 수확을 끝내야 상품성을 인정받을 수 있기 때문에 단기간에 많은 노동력이 요구된다고 응답하였음. 농기계 도입에 어려운 원인으로는, '적합한 수확기계가 없다'(48%)와 '재배면적이 적어 필요성을 못 느낀다'(29%)가 대부분이었고, 이밖에 '가격이 비싸다'(10%), '기계 정확도가 떨어진다'(10%), '기계 조작이 어렵다'(5%)로 나타났음. 결론: 로컬 푸드 참여 농가를 대상으로 농작업 기계화 현황에 대하여 조사하였음. 로컬 푸드의 지속 발전을 위한 방안을 제시하면; 첫째, 중 소농을 위한 수확기 개발이 가장 시급한 것으로 조사되었고, 둘째, 농기계가 아니더라도 우선 힘든 일을 해소하면서 편하게 자세를 유지할 수 있는 작업 보조기구 또는 편이장비의 개발 보급이 필요함. 셋째, 농가의 영세성과 지역의 특성을 고려하여 기술센터 농기계임대사업이나 시군 보조사업을 통해서 소형 농기계, 농기구, 보조 및 편이장비 보급이 확대되어야 함.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to survey the knowledge of parents, to prepare basic data for the development of adjusted water fluoridation program. The survey with self-administrated questionnaire was carried out to n 1,418 parents of school-children in Kimje city and then analyzed obtained the results. The data were analysed using the chisquare test. Over all, 58.4 percent of parents has heard about adjusted water fluoridation. 50.1% respondents knew very well the object of water fluoridation program which is implemented to prevent dental caries. The recognition rate of water fluoridation were different according to respondent's education level(p=.000) and income(p=.019). The approval rate of water fluoridation were different according to respondent's education level age level and income(p<.001). The parents had the affirmative opinion for the adjusted water fluoridation was 4.5 times more than the negative opinion. Respondents approving and opposing for the implementation of water fluoridation were 82.3% and 17.7%, respectively. The recognition rate and approval rate of water fluoridation had the affirmative opinion for the adjusted water fluoridation was more than the negative opinion. Respondents approving and opposing for the implementation of water fluoridation were 85.5% and 14.2%, respectively. The parents of school children had affirmative opinion to the adjusted water fluoridation. So for implementation of the water fluoridation, it is required to reinforce education for inhabitants through delivery of right information and various publicity activities.