• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to survey structures and growth conditions of Pinus densiflora village groves, and to establish management strategies for their desirable growth and conservation. Twelve village groves were selected in western Gangwon province for the study. The age of the study groves ranged from 50 to 200 years. Average dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of trees for each study grove were 27~52cm and 0.5~9.3 trees/$100m^2$, respectively. Soil environments were favorable to Pinus densiflora growth in the majority of the study groves, but 2 study groves with sandy soils showed considerably poor nutrient contents. Low tree vitality was found in some of the study groves due to poor conditions of root growth from soil fill and trampling. There were detachment of cambial tissue and damage of stem cavity at 6 study groves, which were caused by artificial injury, careless pruning, and frost damage. Light disease damage by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii and phomopsis blight were found at 6 study groves. Light pest damage by Thecodiplosis japonensis was also found at 6 study groves, but the pest damage at 2 study groves was relatively considerable. Thus, major factors limiting normal growth of Pinus densiflora village groves were infertility, soil fill and trampling, stem damage, and disease and pest. Desirable management strategies were explored to solve growth-related problems and to conserve the study groves. The management strategies included fertilization of organic matter and lime, removal of soil fill, soil plowing and graveling, wood-trail installation or woodchip mulching, supply of wood fences and protective frames, surgical operation for damaged stems, vitality enhancement, and trunk injection to improve growth environments or control stem damage and disease/pest.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2017

The leaves of two woody plant species, Pinus densiflora and Aronia melanocarpa, were collected in Korea, and endophytic fungi were isolated from these surface-sterilized leaves. The fungal isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and the results of the phylogenetic analysis involving nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), including 5.8S rDNA, D1/D2 regions of 28S rDNA, and ${\beta}-tubulin$ genes. Pestalotia lawsoniae and Zasmidium fructicola were isolated from Pinus densiflora, and three species, Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis, Pestalotiopsis jesteri, and Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum were isolated from Aronia melanocarpa. To the best of our knowledge, these species have not been previously reported in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 1999

The effects of various levels of Al concentration on growth, nutrient status and net photosynthetic rate of 2-year-old Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. seedlings grown in a nutrient culture solution were investigated. Al concentrations were added as aluminum chloride($AlCl_3$) at 0(control), 10, 30 and 60ppm to the nutrient culture solution. The nutrient culture solution was maintained at pH 4.0 by adding HCl or NaOH solution. The seedlings were transplanted into the nutrient culture solution and grown in a greenhouse for 90 days from May 8 to August 6, 1996. The treatment above 10ppm of Al concentrations induced a significant reduction on the dry weight growth of the seedlings. The relative growth rate(RGR), net assimilation rate(NAR) and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings were reduced with increasing of Al concentrations in the nutrient culture solutions. This result suggests that reductions in the RGR and NAR of the seedlings were mainly due to the inhibition of net photosynthesis. In addition, the increase of Al concentrations in a nutrient culture solution decreased the concentration of essential mineral elements such as Ca and Mg in the needle of the seedlings. However, the concentrations of Al of each plant organ increased in the treatment above 10ppm of Al concentrations in the nutrient culture solutions. This result suggests that the increased Al concentration in the belowground part resulted from the decreased concentration of essential mineral elements in the aboveground part of the seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The scientific verification of the physiological and psychological effects that result from interaction with green plants would not only provide objective knowledge on the psychological effect of green but would also establish useful grounds for the creation of green spaces that consider human emotions. The present study measured the cerebral activity(cerebral blood flow) and the autonomic nervous system activity (blood pressure, pulse rate, amylase) of fifteen Korean male subjects as they inhaled the natural scent diffused by pine needles. Impression and mood state evaluations of the reactions to the pine scent were carried out using the SD method and POMS. Cerebral activity was observed to be significantly activated in the feeling, judgment, and motor areas of the frontal lobe, as well as the memory area in the temporal lobe. Verbal evaluations by the SD method and POMS indicated a pine scent left natural but stimulated and active impressions, provided vigor, and also reduced confusion. The autonomic nervous system activities, however, showed no significant differences. These findings verified scientifically that a pine scent vitalizes humans both physiologically and psychologically. These results could be useful as fundamental data for the design of green spaces that consider human emotional aspects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate sensitivity of woody plants growing in urban and industrial regions of Seoul and Taejon, Korea. Malondialdehyde(MDA) contents were analyzed in tree foliage of Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera and Platanus occidentalis. In addition, MDA contents were analyzed in the foliage of tree seedlings, i.e. Pinus densiflora. Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba and Liriodendron tulipifera, with the fumigation of $SO_2$ in gas chamber 4 hours a day for six days. MDA contents of leaves in Ginkgo biloba, Platanus occidentalis and Liriodendron tulipifera in polluted regions were higher than those in unpolluted region and among them Liriodendron tulipifera had the highest. MDA contents of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis increased with the increase of needle age. MDA contents of Liriodendron tulipifera seedlings were increased with the higher concentrations of $SO_2$ but MDA contents in other seedlings showed no changes with $SO_2$ treatment concentrations. MDA contents in all species were increased with the passage of exposure day. Especially. Liriodendron tulipifera had higher MDA content than other species. In Liriodendron tulipifera the MDA production increased with the passage of exposure day until the fourth day after that decreased.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.234-240
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• 2013

Increasing global $CO_2$ concentration and temperature is leading to the phenomenon of global warming and impacting the growth of plants. In order to determine the effects of global warming on the woody plants of Korea, five woody species, Pinus densiflora (Korea's dominant species), Ginkgo biloba (a commonly used street tree), Quercus glauca (dominant species in sub-tropical forests), Quercus gilva and Abeliophylum distichum (both endangered species), were grown at control (ambient $CO_2$+ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$+elevated temperature) conditions in a glasshouse, and were monitored for their ecological response. Shoot lengths and number of leaves were measured once a month from April to October in 2010, and were again measured in November 2011. Shoot lengths of P. densiflora, G. biloba and Q. glauca were not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature conditions. However. those of Q. gilva and A. distichum were both higher for plants grown under treatment than for those grown under control. The number of leaves of five woody species was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. These results indicate that P. densiflora, G. biloba and Q. glauca react more favorably than Q. gilva and A. distichum (each of which are designated as endangered plants) under global warming situations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2002

In order to artificially increase the contents of essential oils from 4 different trees by inducing with elicitors, 5 kinds of chemical elicitors and 4 kinds of biotic elicitors were selected. Before treatment, the contents of essential oils from Japanese Cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), Sawara cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera), Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora), and Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) were 2.0, 1.6, 0.4, and 0.7 percent, respectively, and the maximum content of essential oils from all species were reached in July. By most of elicitors, the essential oil content was generally increased after 6 months later, but some of elicitors did not affect the content of essential oil. Finally, the appropriate inducers for artificially increasing the essential oil were respectively selected depending on each species; Schizophyllum commune Fries for Japanese Red Pine and Japanese Cypress, hydrogen peroxide for Korean Pine, and ${\beta}-pyridone$ for Sawara cypress. Especially, hydrogen peroxide and ${\beta}-pyridone$ could be wide spread inducer for all 4 species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2020

This study analyzed the components contained in the pine needles of first and second-year-olds to analyze the factors that the in vivo content of inorganic elements affects the sex determination of pine trees. In response, the plan for pine tree plant and maintenance was intended to be presented in consideration of the reproductive environment and physiological characteristics. The results are as follows. First, last year, when there were many encyclopedias, the analyzed N(%) content was found to be high. The nitrogen content of the previous year's soil was found to affect the production of the spheres the following year. This is believed to be possible to reduce the rate of Pine pollen produced in the new plant in the following year through a dispute over quality consumption in the spring of the previous year. Second, the weapons elements involved in the Pine cones and the generation of the Pine pollen in the new plant appeared to be P(%), K(%), Ca(%), and Fe(%). However, the nutrients from the previous year's leaves of Ca(%) and Fe(%) were found to have a low influence on the sex determination of first-year pine trees. Because Ca(%) and Fe(%) are not able to move nutrients accumulated in aging organs due to the nature of the components, feeding nutrients in the fall when the growth of the previous year's branches is reduced is expected to affect oral generation. Third, pine trees are extremely positive and Pine pollen is related to the time of the northeast wind. Therefore, it is believed that it would be good to be located in the northern direction, where the sunlight is good, in an outdoor space. In addition, it is important to use vaginal consumer products in spring and carry out a quarrel involving Mg and Fe during fall to reduce the effect of the Pine pollen, which is an outdoor plant. This is an important part of maintaining and managing pine trees in outdoor spaces as well as the sex determination of pine trees. This study suggested that plant planning, which derives the correlation between pine inorganic element content on sexual determination and takes into account the physiological characteristics of pine trees, is an important issue in the creation of outdoor space. Follow-up research on other factors affecting pine tree sex determination is expected.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.269-272
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the antifungal activities of the extracts from various parts of three pinus species, P. densiflora, P. rigida and P. koraiensis to pathogenic fungus Collectotrichum gloeosporioides. The EtOAc fraction from the bark of P. koraiensis stem and root showed 98.8 and 100% of activity, respectively to the fungus. Median effective doses $(ED_{50})$ of above two fractions were 469 and 588 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively in the bioassay with the fungus. $ED_{50}$ of the EtOAc fraction from the bark of P. koraiensis stem against Alternaria brassicicola and Fusarium oxysporum was 533 and 2,277 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. This means that the fraction was more sensitive to the C. gloeosporioides and A. brassicicola than the fungus F. oxysporum. The EtOAc fraction from the leaves of P. densiflord showed 39.6% of activity to C. gloeosporioides, but all the fractions from the leaves of two species showed no activity. The active compounds in the bark of P. koraiensis stem and root are being identified.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1994

To analyze terpene components, the essentail oil were extracted with steam distillation method from normal needle, damaged needle and pinecone of Pinus densiflora. The extracted essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Normal needles involve 43 kinds of terpene components, but damaged needles contained only 29 kinds. The most abundant components of normal and damaged needles were respectable ${\alpha}$-pinene and caryophyllene oxide. ${\alpha}$-pinene content in normal meedles amounted to 15.99 percents and caryophyllene oxide in damaged was 8.15 percents. 2. Pinecone showed 23 kinds of terpene components and among them the most abundant component was ${\beta}$-phellandrene, of which content showed 19.31 percents. 3. In normal needles, excluding ${\alpha}$-pinene, the contents of 8 kinds of other monoterpenes, reached to 48 percents of the total terpenes, 4. In damaged needles, excluding ${\alpha}$-pinene, the contents of 4 kinds of other monoterpenes, reached to 11 percents of the total terpenes. 5. In pinecone, excluding camphene, the contents of 6 kinds of other monoterpenes, reached to 58 percents of the total terpenes.