• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.166-174
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the actual vegetation and Degree of Green Naturality(DGN) in Naejangsan National Park in 2010. The actual vegetation of the surveyed site were classified into twelve plant communities and the others. Secondary forest were classified into eight plant communities; Pinus densiflora community, Deciduous broadleaf forest, Quercus mongolica community, etc. Afforested lands were classified into four forest types: P. rigida -P. densiflora forest, P. rigida forest, etc. The area of DGN 8 consisted of 60.58% while the area of DGN 9 consisted of 3.62% when compared with land area in Naejangsan National Park. The exotic plants needs to be managed for recovery of natural landscape and biological diversity in Naejangsan National Park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.708-722
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to classify vegetation structure of the Hyangjeokbong in the Deogyusan National Park using the gradient analysis and phytosociological method. The vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community(Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity, typical subcommunity), Q. serrata community, Q. variabillis community, Pinus densiflora community, Cornus controversa community, Fraxinus mandshurica community and Taxus cuspidata community. Ecological characteristics such as species composition, layer structure, vegetation ratio, and the distribution of individual trees by DBH(diameter at breast height) were significantly different among communities. The order of important value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was Q. mongolica(81.2), F. mandshurica, Q. serrata, P. densiflora, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Q. variabillis, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, C. controversa, T. cuspidata. Distribution of DBH of Q. mongolica and Q. serrata had suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. In contrast, F. mandshurica appeared limited to the valley of the sheet and a higher frequency of young individuals, suggesting a continuous domination of these species the development of a climax forest terrain. P. densiflora and T. cuspidata had suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being in maintain. Q. variabilis and C. controversa had a formality distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. This study examined the correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination. The Q. mongolica community and T. cuspidata community predominated in the highest elevation habitats which had few moisture, Ca and in the low pH. The Q. serrata community mainly occurred in the low elevation habitats which had many moisture. P. densiflora community predominated in the middle elevation and south-facing slope habitats which had few moisture, Ca and in the low pH. F. mandshurica community predominated in the low elevation habitats which had many moisture, Ca and pH.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2010

The Taeanhaean National Park is the only seashore national park in Korea. To investigate the vegetation structure and characteristics of representative four islands such as Oedo, Janggodo, Godaedo and Gauido in Taeanhaean National Park, sixteen plots(size is $100mm^2$) were set up, and four plots were set up in each island. In the result of vegetation structure analysis of each island, Oedo and Janggodo was dominated by Pinus thunbergii community, and Godaedo was dominated by P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community and Gauido was dominated by Carpinus turczaninovii-P. densiflora community. But according to the physical environment of each island, there was a subtle difference in species composition even though the same P. thunbergii or P. densiflora community. The analysis of ordination and similarity turned out that the degree of similarity was lowest(6.58%) between Oedo and Gauido. The analysis result of species diversity and number of individuals shows that Gauido had high species diversity (2.7183) than the other islands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation characteristics of ridges (Gyeongsusan-Seonunsan-Gaeipalsan) in the Seonunsan Provincial Park and to establish reference information for the management of the park in the future. We designated 62 plots with the area of $100m^2$ were installed and analyzed them to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, Pinus densiflora Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II, and Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community. In the vegetation of Seonunsan Provincial Park, coniferous trees such as Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora have been gradually losing their population as part of ecological succession to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp., Carpinus tschonoskii, and Carpinus laxiflora. Moreover, Carpinus turczaninowii, Mallotus japonicus, and others were identified as vegetation reflecting the geographical characteristics of the region neighboring the west coast. The estimated age is 30-60 years, and the oldest tree Pinus densiflora is 63-years old. The index of diversity ($100m^2$) was 0.7942 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community, 0.8406 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, 0.8543 for Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, 0.9434 for Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, 0.9520 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, 0.9633 for Pinus densiflora Community, and 1.0340 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II in the ascending order.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.379-389
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Mt. Gaya from April to October in 2006 using phytosociological analysis methodology of Z-M schools. One hundred study sites(quadrat) were surveyed in the area. The forest vegetation was classified into 3 community groups such as Pinus densiflora community group, Cornus controversa community group and artificial forest group. P, densiflora community group was subdivided into 4 communities such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii community. Salix gracilistyla community, Meliosma oldhamii community and P. densiflora typical community. R. schlippendbachii community was subdivided into Potentilla dickinsii group(subdivided into Carpinus coreana subgroup and Melandrynum firmum subgroup) and R. schlippenbachiitypical group. Cornus controversa community group was also subdivided into 4 communities such as Hovenia dulcis community, Quercus aliena community, Ribes maximowicianum community and C. controversa typical community. Artificial forest type indicated 3 communities such as Larix leptolepis community, Pinus rigida community and Castanea crenata community. Accordingly, the vegetation pattern of the surveyed areas were classified into 3 community groups, 11 communities, 2 groups, and 2 subgroups and the forest vegetation was classified into 13 units in total. It is also believed that C. coreana subgroup and M. oldhamii community could be a source for a significant basic data for making vegetation hierarchy and forest distribution zone in the Korean peninsula. H. dulcis community was also considered to be one of the important genetic resources; therefore, those distribution areas are required to be institutionally protected and managed in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.131-141
• /
• 2004

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Namdeogyusan to Sosajae in Baekdudaegan which is the greatest chain as well as the major ecological axix of the Korean Peninsula, sixteen sites(size 500$m^2$) were set up and surveyed. By using TWINSPAN technique, the plants community was divided and summarized into five groups, those are four Quercus mongolica dominated communities and Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community. Four Quercus mongolica dominated communities have differentiated from subtree dominant species. Vegetation structure of each community have explained using important percentage by layer. In descriptive analysis, average number of species is 27.8$\pm$7.5 and average number of individuals is 687.6$\pm$326.8 at unit area(500$m^2$).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.56-65
• /
• 2009

In Korea, Red pine(Pinus densiflora) stands at a very important place, historically, culturally, and emotionally and it is one of the tree species that can produce domestic timber as forest resources economically. The growing space for Red pine forest in Korea is gradually reducing while the space for deciduous tree forests including oak series is gradually increasing. Thus, it is required that the research work should be done on renewal for pine forest retention and its related forest management practices. This research aims at developing stable, sustainable management forests and inducing nature renewal by grasping growth environment and succession process through the pattern of stand and structure analysis of the red pine(Pinus densiflora) for central region. The pine forests in central region were classified into four communities, such as Acer pseudo-sibolianum, Quercus acutissima, Lindera erythrocarpa, and Pinus densiflora and they are showing different characteristics by pattern according to their growing district. There appeared a lot of red pines in the upper layer, but there existed high weight of broad-leaved forest tree species, such as oak series in the middle layer and the appearance of the red pine was meager in the lower layer. Therefore, it appears that the red pine has a high influential ecological strength in terms of correlativity; however, if the red pine in tree layer is dead by aging in nature state with the lapse of time, it is considered that oak species, such as Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata will be dominant below sub-tree layer. In addition, there appear differences in characteristics and growth pattern of the red pine forest depending on stand pattern, so it is considered that a differential application method should be employed in the pine forest management.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.265-275
• /
• 2006

This study represents the mechanism of progressive succession and potential natural vegetation on the forest vegetation in and surrounding Daegu. As a result of DCA, the feature of community was determined by an altitude and humid gradients. The soil moisture, contents of organic matter and total nitrogen increased as the community developed. In the interspecific association analysis, the forest vegetation was divided into two species groups and they were influenced by temperature and soil moisture. Especially, each two groups showed different stages of vegetation development according to the progressive succession and life form composition supported those results. It was predicted that Quercus variabilis, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata and Pinus densiflora communities would develop into Q. serrata community or Q. mongolica community depending on their location or species composition. In the study area, the potential natural vegetation was divided into 3 communities by biogeographical gradients such as species composition, soil environment, and geographical features: 1)Q. mongolica community in the middle-upper area of the mountain, 2)Q. serrata community in the middle-lower area of the mountain and 3)Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community in the cove area. It is suggested that the Q.mongolica and C.cordata-A.mono communities become actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation. But it is also suggested that the P. densiflora community would be changed into the potential natural vegetation of the Q. mongolica community and Q. serrata community on the basis of the present species composition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.733-744
• /
• 2013

This study was launched in order to collect basic data such as emergent species, a succession trend based on the actual vegetation at the ridge from Haneoryoung to Daetjae, thereby designating 46 quadrats($10m{\times}10m:100m^2$). As a result of classification by TWINSPAN, the plant community was categorized into eight different communities, such as Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Q. mongolica-Deciduous Broad-leaved, Q. mongolica, Q. mongolica-Betula davurica, Q. mongolica-F. sieboldiana, and Larix kaempferi. An analyzation of each communities indicated that P. densiflora dominant community will change into a Q. mongolica dominant community if there are no outside artificial disturbances. U. davidiana var. japonica community maintains its present condition, because it doesn't appear to be a competitive species. In the case of Q. mongolica dominant community, if nothing comes in a competitive species against Q. monglica, it is possible to succeed to a muture stand. These communities with competitive species such as F. rhynchophylla, B. davurica that do not emerge at a canopy layer will gradually progress to the Deciduous Broad-leaved community. With regard to the species diversity index per unit ($400m^2$), succession processing communities (P. densiflora: 1.0477~1.1283) tend to be higher than succession-processed communities (Q. mongolica dominant: 0.6446~0.9424).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.448-463
• /
• 2006

This study analyzed the changes in vegetation structure of Quercus mongolica communities, Pinus densiflora communities, Robinia pseudo-acacia communities and Pinus rigida communities for the last 11 years$(1994{\sim}2005)$ to provide basic data for ecological restoration. We studied the vegetation structure of four communities within a plot$(unit:\;1,200m^2)$) and concluded that Canopy Layer continuously preserved and expanded existing superior species, Understory Layer grew Styrax japonica which is highly adaptive to urban environment, and Shrub Layer grew more Stephanandra incise. An analysis on species diversity indicated that Quercus mongolica communities$(1.0921{\rightarrow}1.0381{\rightarrow}1.0633)$, Pin us densiflora communities$(0.7071{\rightarrow}0.8553{\rightarrow}1.0164)$, and Robinia pseudo-acacia communities$(0.9255{\rightarrow}0.8392{\rightarrow}0.8721)$ sharply decreased in 1998 and are gradually increasing these days. Also, Pinus rigida communities decreased from 0.9008 in 1998 to 0.8850 in 2005. Fluctuation in numbers of species and trees were similar. Acidity of soil was $4.34{\sim}5.31$ and improved compared to 20 years ago.