• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2008

Purpose : p16 gene, mapped to the 9p21 chromosomal region, has emerged as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in human neoplasm. It is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase and inhibits Rb phosphorylation. In a variety of tumors including childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), deletion and/or mutation of the p16 gene has been found. Despite their high frequency, the prognostic importance of p16 alterations is still controversial in ALL and has been reported to be either unfavorable or similar to that of other patients. We studied the correlation between loss of p16 protein confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed as ALL. Methods : We performed an immunohistochemical staining for p16 protein in 74 cases of bone marrow biopsy slide initially diagnosed as ALL between January 1998 and December 2006. We reviewed the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment outcomes retrospectively. Results : Of 74 slides, 12 were negative for p16 protein. Seven were males and 5 were females with a median age at diagnosis was 5.8 (1.3-18.8) years. Initial WBC were 17,225 $(500-403,300)/{\mu}L$. By immunologic surface marker analysis, 7 patients were early pre-B CALLA (+) and 5 patients were T-cell ALL. Two patients of intermediate risk group had relapsed and died. Three patients had family history of breast cancer. Four patients died and overall survival rates were $53.5{\pm}18.7%$. Conclusion : Loss of p16 protein is supposed to be an independent risk factor of childhood ALL associated with poor outcomes. In clinical setting, the clinician must take into account p16 status, not only at the genomic but also at the protein level. Further clinical experience on thoroughly investigated cases will help a better understanding between p16 status and clinical outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.424-429
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• 2008

To investigate the acid tolerance characteristics of the acid-resistant mutant, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides P-200, as a kimchi starter, this study examine proton permeability, ATPase activity, glycolysis activity, $Mg^{2+}$ release, and membrane fatty acid composition, and compared the data to that of its wild-type, L. paramesenteroides LP-W. In the proton permeability experiment, the LP-W and P-200 strains' average maximum half-time $(t_{1/2})$ values for pH equilibration through the cell membrane were approximately 5.7 and 9.3 min in 150mM KCl solution, and 4.2 and 8.3 min in 3% NaCl solution, respectively. Their values and pH levels for maximal specific ATPase activity showed that P-200 had greater activity than LPW. And the results of pH-dependent glycolysis activity showed that P-200 had greater activity than LP-W. Furthermore, after 2 hr at pH 4.0, LP-W and P-200 had percent magnesium release values of approximately 12% and 34%, respectively. A comparison of their membrane fatty acid compositions indicated that C18 and cyclo-C19 were the major different fatty acids between the two strains, and their contents of C18 and cyclo-C19 were 2.5% and not detected, respectively, in LP-W, and 6.4% and 11.4%, respectively, in P-200. These results indicate that the P-200 strain has significantly improved acid tolerance as compared to its wild type, LP-W.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2003

Background: The research sought to identify the clinical features of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung generally known as a rare subtype in accordance with the lung cancer classification done in 1999 by WHO. Material and Method: 250 cases of surgically resected lung cancers were collected in this hospital from January 1992 to December 2001. This study included 42 cases of pleomorphic carcinoma diagnosed through light microscope and immunohistochemistry. Result: Out of 42 cases, males represented 31, and females 11, the age ranged from 26 to 77. Main clinical symptoms included coughing, hemoptysis, sputum. Diagnoses disclosed the stage as stage la in 3 cases (7%), Ib in 16 (38%), IIa in 1 (2%), IIb in 8 (19%), IIIa in 15 (35%), and IIIb in 1 (2%). Out of these, no lymph node metastasis was represented in 23 cases (54%), while N1 and N2 involving lymph node metastasis was shown 19 cases (46%). A total of 19 patients developed metastasis, comprising the brain in 5 cases (26%), bone in 4 (21%), muscle in 4 (21%), Lymph node in 2 (10%), and 1 liver, ovary, contralateral lung, and adrenal gland, respectively. The size of the tumor ranged from 1 cm to 11 cm, averaging 5.85 cm. Out of the 42 patients, the total two-year and five-year survival rates in accordance with the Kaplan-Meier method represented 26% and 13%, respectively, These figures compared to the corresponding 44% and 34% in cases other than pleomorphic carcinoma from the survey target of 256 cases, proved to be significantly low (p<0.002). No significant difference was found in the survival rates compared between age and tumor size, between stage I and above stage II, and between N0 and above N1. Patients who developed postoperative metastasis all died, and showed significantly low survival rates (p<0.002) compared to those patients without metastasis. Conclusion: With the new diagnosis method of f999 WHO's lung cancer classification applied, pleomorphic carcinoma showed a higher prevalence rate than under previous classifications, their postoperative survival rate was significantly low compared to histologic type of non small cell lung carcinomas.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.992-998
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• 2004

Background: The decision of staging of esophageal cancer have great effect on the resectability of the lesion and estimation of the patient's prognosis. Today, CT is one of the most popular modality for staging of esophageal cancer. However, it has some limitations because of false-positive or false-negative findings on cancer staging. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of CT in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer. Material and Method: We retrospectively analysed the difference of staging of esophageal cancer between CT and histopathological findings for the 114 patients with histologically proven esophageal cancer who underwent operation at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Chonnam national university hospital, between January 1999 and June 2003. We evaluated the efficacy of chest CT in the staging of esophageal cancer compared to postoperative histopathologic findings by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility of chest CT to detect abnormality. Result: The reproducibilities between chest CT and histopathologic findings were 0.32 (p<0.01) for primary tumor (T), 0.36 (p<0.01) for lymph node invasion (N), and 0.62 (p<0.01) for distant metastasis (M). The reproducibilities between chest CT and histopathologic findings for lymph node invasion (N) and distant metastasis (M) were superior to that of primary tumor (T). The accuracy of primary tumor (T) was 65.8% and 98.2% in group III and IV, which was significantly higher than that of group I and II (78.9% and 62.3%). In general, specificity of chest CT for TNM staging was superior to sensitivity. Conclusion: In conclusion, preoperative CT scanning can provide important information on lymph node invasion and metastasis of lesion than primary tumor invasion.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 1998

Based on the differential growth response to exogenous gibberellic acid ($GA_{3}$) between semi-dwarf wheat(Triticum aestivum) and wild oat(Avena fatua), we examined the possibility of improving the selective performance of several herbicides by $GA_{3}$ application and the physiological background of $GA_{3}$-induced increase in herbicidal activity. Growth of wild oat was 4 to 5 times higher than that of wheat by $GA_{3}$ treatment. Pretreatment of wild oat seed with 300 ppm $GA_{3}$ increased the herbicidal activities of trifluralin and isoproturon by soil-surface application, but not of alachor and metsulfuron-methyl. $GA_{3}$ applied simultaneously with post-emergence herbicides resulted in a significant or moderate improvement of the efficacy of such herbicides as tralkoxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, metribuzine and isoproturon, but not in the mixtures of oxyfluorfen or paraquat with $GA_{3}$. In the sequencial treatment of tralkoxydim and $GA_{3}$ at interval of one-day, $GA_{3}$ applied prior to tralkoxydim significantly increased a chlorosis and desiccation of leaf without affecting the growth inhibition by tralkoxydim. Tralkoxydim followed by $GA_{3}$ application had lower herbicidal activity than that of $GA_{3}$ followed by tralkoxydim treatment. Electrolyte leakage response of $GA_{3}$-pretreated or $GA_{3}$-untreated wild oat leaf against several compounds inducing membrane. peroxidation was compared. Differencial responses were observed in oxyfluorfen and isoproturon treatments with an increased electrolyte leakage in $GA_{3}$-pretreated tissue, but not in paraquat and rose bengal treatments. These results suggest that $GA_{3}$-induced increase in herbicidal activity is likely to be dependent on a herbicide type and may be due to activation of a metabolic ability related with herbicidal reponse as well as an increase in the herbicide absorbtion and translocation, rather than due to membrane and cell wall extention induced by $GA_{3}$, which in turn makes the herbicides easily enter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.153-154
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• 2003

운동여부와 운동횟수 그리고 어체 크기에 대한 양식산 어종의 품질판정을 위한 지표를 검색하기 위하여 효소적 방법 즉 ATP 관련화합물과 양식산 활어의 건강한 상태와 칼슘의 노출, 염도의 감소, 산소의 부족, 궁핍 등과 같은 스트레스를 받은 상태를 판단하는 adenylate energy charge (AEC)를 근육의 품질판정을 위한 지표로써 조사하였다. 운동사육구와 비운동사육구에서의 참돔육에 대한 ATP 관련화합물의 변화는 운동 0일에는 ATP함량은 8.62 μmol/g이었지만 20일차에는 8.59 μmol/g으로 운동기간이 길어짐에 따라 ATP의 함량은 약간의 감소를 보였다. 이는 운동이라는 자극요인으로 인하여 ATP의 소모가 촉진되었을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 운동 0일차의 ADP함량은 0.72 μmo1/g이었지만 20일차에는 0.93μmol/g로 ATP의 소모만큼 약간의 증가를 보이고 있다. 반면, 비운동사육구에서 0일차의 ATP함량은 5.78 μmol/g이었지만 20일차에서는 6.31 μmol/g로 운동사육구와 대조적으로 기간이 길어짐에 따라 ATP함량이 약간의 증가를 보여주고 있다. 생리적으로 동물에 가혹한 환경에 두거나 스트레스를 가하면 adenylate energy charge (AEC)가 영향을 받아 변화게 된다. AEC는 (ATP ＋ ½ ADP)/(ATP ＋ ADP + AMP)의 비율로 정의되는데, AEC의 범위는 0∼1사이로써 0은 ATP 관련화합물이 AMP로 전환된 상태를 말하며, 1은 모든 ATP 관련 화합물이 ATP로 존재하는 것을 의미한다. 그러므로, 이들결합의 상관적인 정도는 개개의 세포에서 에너지의 효용성을 측정하는 것으로 이용되고 있다. AEC 수치는 운동수조에서 0.91∼0.92 건강상태가 좋았지만 비운동수조는 0.87∼0.88로 운동수조에 비해 값이 낮게 나왔다. 운동횟수에 관계없이 운동시킨 어육의 AEC는 0.90∼0.91로 건강한 상태였다. 어체크기에 따른 ATP 관련화합물의 변화는 0.7∼0.9kg의 크기를 가진 참돔에서는 ATP 함량이 7.88 μmole/g, 1.5∼l,7kg의 크기를 가진 참돔에서는 ATP함량이 9.61μmole/g로 많았고 다른 크기에서는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 그리고 ADP함량은 어체의 크기가 증가할수록 함량은 감소하였다. 그러나, 어체의 크기에 따른 ATP관련화합물의 변화는 거의 없었다. 건강도의 지표인 AEC는 0.89∼0.94로 전체적으로 건강상태로 나타났다. 하루 2회 운동시킨 육에서의 ATP함량은 0일차에 8.75 μmole/g, 10일차에 8.46 μmole/g, 20일차에 8.51μmole/g로 약간의 감소를 보여준다. ADP함량은 일까지는 증가하지만 그 이후에는 큰 변화를 보이지 않는다. 6시간 운동시킨 그룹의 ATP함량은 0일차에 8.63 μmole/g, 5일차에 8.52 μmole/g, 10일차에 8.4μmole/g, 20일차에 8.51 μmole/g로 10일까지는 감소하지만 그 이후에는 큰 변화를 보이지 않는다. ADP함량은 0일차에 0.72 μmole/g, 10일차 0.84 μmole/g, 20일차에 0.83 μmole/g으로 10일차까지는 약간 증가하지만 그 이후에는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 참돔의 근원섬유에 있어서 Ca/sup 2+/이 존재할 때 Mg/sup 2+/-ATPase 활성의 변화는 운동시킨 참돔 근원섬유의 Mg/sup 2+/-ATPase 활성은 0.35μmol Pi/minㆍmg였으며, 비운동구에서 0.34μmol Pi/minㆍmg으로 운동시킨 참돔의 육에서 ATPase 활성이 약간 높은 것으로 나타났다. 운동사육시킨 참돔은 운동기간이 증가할수록 ATPase활성이 증가하여 운동 20일에는 0.42μmo1 Pi/minㆍmg의 함량을 나타내었으나, 비운동사육에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않고 있다. 근원섬유의 Ca/sup 2+/가 첨가되지 않았을때의 Mg/sup 2+/-ATPase 활성을 나타내었다. 운동시키전에는 각각 0.10μmol Pi/minㆍmg, 0.14μmol Pi/minㆍmg 나타나 비운동구가 운동구에 비하여 Mg/sup 2+/(-Ca/sup 2+/)-ATPase 활성이 높았으며 사육기간동안 활성이 서서히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. Ca/sup 2+/-ATPase의 활성 또한 사육기간 동안 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 그러므로, 참돔의 운동여부에 따라서 ATPase활성을 살펴본 결과, 운동기간에 따른 약간의 차이는 보이고 있으나, 품질지표로써 사용하기가 어렵다고 판단된다. 효소적인 방법을 이용한 양식산 활어의 품질지표로써 ATP 관련화합물, ATPase 활성은 운동여부, 크기에 따라 객관적인 지표로써의 사용이 어려우므로, 건강도를 측정할 수 있는 AEC의 수치를 적용하는 것이 적합하다고 판단된다. 즉, 양식산 참돔의 AEC 수치가 1∼0.9의 범위에서는 건강한 활어로 상급의 등급을, 0.8∼0.7의 AEC 수치는 중급의 등급으로, 그 이하의 수치에서는 하급으로 적용가능 하다고 판단된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.672-677
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• 2012

Lipids in microalgal biomass were recovered by using pyrolysis method. The pyrolysis experiments of two Chlorella sp. KR-1 samples, which have triglyceride contents of 10.8% and 36.5%, respectively were carried out at $600^{\circ}C$ to investigate the effects of lipid contents in the cells on the reaction characteristics. The conversion and liquid yield of the lipid-rich sample were higher than those of the lipid-lean sample since its carbon to hydrogen ratio was low. There were low molecular weight organic acids, ketones, aldehydes and alcohols in the liquid products from both KR-1 samples, but the pyrolysis oil of the lipid-rich sample was abundant in free fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid while the content of nitrogen containing organic compounds was low. The microalgal pyrolysis oil had two layers composed of the light hydrophobic fraction and the heavy hydrophilic fraction. The light fraction might be originated from triglycerides and the heavy fraction might be from carbohydrates and proteins. In the light fraction of the liquid products, there were considerable linear alkanes such as pentadecane and heptadecane as well as free fatty acids, implying that deoxygenation reaction including decarboxylation was occurred during the pyrolysis. The yield of the liquid products from the pyrolysis of the KR-1 sample having triglyceride content of 36.5% was 56.9% and the light fraction in the liquid products was 68.2%. Also more than 80% of the light fraction was free fatty acids and pure hydrocarbons, thus showing that most triglycerides could be extracted in the form of suitable raw materials for biofuels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of amides as a cryoprotectant for semen cryopreservation in Korean Jeju Black Bull. The semen was cryopreserved with extenders containing 5% dimethyl acetamide (DMA), 5% dimethyl formamide (DMF), 5% methyl formamide (MF) or 7% glycerol. Post-thawed sperm were evaluated for sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity and membrane integrity. Post-thawed sperm motility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF ($64.00%{\pm}9.62$ and $59.00%{\pm}5.48$, respectively) than DMA and MF ($50.00%{\pm}3.24$ and $44.00%{\pm}4.18$, respectively). Sperm viability wassignificantly higher (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF ($58.25%{\pm}7.35$ and $53.05%{\pm}3.77$, respectively) than others. However, for sperm motility and viability, there were no differences among glycerol and DMF. Also, swelling sperm ratio by hypo-osmetic selling test (HOST) was significantly increased (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF treatments ($45.12%{\pm}25.08$ and $44.95%{\pm}8.58$, respectively). The percentage of capacitated sperm assessed by CTC staining, F pattern was lower (p<0.05) in DMF than others. B pattern was increased (p<0.05) in DMA, DMF and MF when compared with glycerol. AR pattern ratio was decreased (p<0.05) in glycerol and DMF when compared with DMA and MF. These results suggested that amides performed better and could be used as a cryoprotectant for semen freezing of Korean Jeju Black Bull.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2007

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate a new rapid diagnostic kit (BIOLINE $RSV^{TM}$; Standard Diagnostics Inc., Yongin, Korea), a lateral-flow immunoassay, in the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from the nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) of children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in comparison with other diagnostic methods. Methods : Three hundred and nineteen NPAs were selected from a large pool of NPAs that had been obtained from children with LRTIs. All specimens had already been tested for RSV by culture and immunofluorescent (IF) test, and had been kept frozen. Tests with BIOLINE $RSV^{TM}$ were performed at least twice. All who conducted the experiments or interpreted the test results were blinded to the results of both culture and IF tests. Results : One hundred seven (97.3%) of 110 specimens that were positive for RSV by both culture and IF test, 29 (87.9%) of 33 that were positive by IF test only, 20 (76.9%) of 26 that were positive by culture only, and 140 (93.3%) of 150 that were negative by both methods were negative for RSV by BIOLINE $RSV^{TM}$. By combining the above results, the following 5 diagnostic values of BIOLINE $RSV^{TM}$ were determined in comparison with viral culture or IF test; sensitivity, 92.3% (156/169, 95% confidence interval [CI], 87.1-97.5%); specificity, 93.3% (140/150, 95% CI, 88.4-98.2%); positive predictive value, 94.0% (156/166, 95% CI, 89.5-98.5%); negative predictive value, 91.5% (140/143, 95% CI, 86.0-97.0%); and agreement, 95.9% (306/319, 95% CI, 92.1-99.7%), respectively. Conclusion : This study revealed that BIOLINE $RSV^{TM}$ demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of RSV antigen from NPAs of children with LRTIs. Because of simple methods and quick results, this test may be useful for the diagnosis of RSV infection during the epidemic periods.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2020

Single crystal of fully dehydrated and partially Ca²⁺-exchanged zeolites A (|Ca₄Na₄|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA) was brought into contact with Se in fine pyrex capillary at 523 K for 5 days. Crystal structure of Se-sorbed |Ca₄Na₄|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques at 294 K in the cubic space group $Pm{\bar{3}}m$ (a = 12.2787(13) Å). The crystal structure of yellow |Ca₄Na₄Se₄|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA has been refined to the final error indices of R₁/wR₂ = 0.0960/0.3483 with 327 reflections for which F_o > 4s(F_o). In this structure, 4 Na⁺ and 4 Ca²⁺ ions fill every 6-ring site: These ions are all found at three crystallographic positions, on 3-fold axes equipoints of opposite 6-rings. Selenium atoms are found at three crystallographically distinct positions: 2 Se atoms per unit cell at Se(1) are located opposite 6-rings in the sodalite cavity (Se(1)-Na(1) = 2.53(5) Å) and 1 at Se(2) opposite 4-rings (Se(2)-O(1) = 2.76(10) Å) and 1 at Se(3) opposite 6-rings in the large cavity (Se(3)-Na(1) = 2.48(5) Å). Two molecular of Se₂ (Se(1)-Se(1) = 2.37(7) or 2.90(8) Å and Se(2)-Se(3) = 2.91(5) ) Å) are found in all sodalite cavity and large cavity. Other clusters such as Se₄ and Se₈ could be existed in large cavity. The inter-selenium distances turned out to be longer that of gases Se₂ molecule.