• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1078-1082
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• 2010

The substantial trace mineral usabilities of seven seaweeds for nutrient evaluation have been studied. As the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) bound trace minerals have been known to be indigestible, these contents were excluded in the digestible trace mineral contents evaluation. Therefore, those four trace mineral contents in seven seaweeds and their NDF-bound contents were estimated. Consequently, the NDF-bound Zn, Cu and Mn contents, except Fe, in seven seaweeds were between 10 and 20% of total trace mineral contents, thus 80~90% of seaweeds trace minerals were observed to be substantially digestible. Although the average estimated availability of Fe in the seaweeds were relatively low, those Zn, Cu and Mn were high in relative to those total contents. Thus, even with consideration of their digestibility, seaweeds could be one of good sources of trace minerals for human nutrition because of their high availabilities of Zn, Cu and Mn.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.565-568
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• 2003

The antibacterial activity for S. mutans by using 5 kinds of vinegar was researched. As a result it was the highest at persimmon vinegar and then grape, apple, high calcium brown rice, brown rice vinegar in order. The antibacterial effect was shown at 1.5% of persimmon vinegar concentration and the growth was fully repressed at 4% of concentration. As an observation result with a transmission electron microscope(TEM), the growth was obstructed by destroying the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. As a research result of the total phenol contents for each vinegar, the persimmon vinegar was the highest as 237.49 mg% and the antibacterial activity was increased when the total phenol contents were high.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 1996

Target parameters such as water solubility index (WSI), intrinsic viscosity (IV), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and microstructure were investigated on three different screw configurations during twin-screw extrusion of wheat bran. WSI of raw wheat bran (RWB) was 13.7%, while that of extrudates ranged $16.3{\sim}23.2%$ when extruded using screw configurations with 5 reverse screw elements (RSE). It was found that the moisture content of RWB greatly affected WSI of extrudates. IV of wheat bran extrudates increased from 10.6 ml/g of RWB to $37.86{\sim}44.37\;ml/g$ of extrudates extruded using 3, 4 and 5 RSE, whose trend was highly related to the moisture content of RWB and the extrusion pressure. Multiplication of IV and soluble solid (SS) content exhibited good correlation $(R^2=0.85)$ with specific mechanical energy (SME). The results suggested that SS and molecular size are an important factor governed by the SME in solubilization of wheat bran. WHC increased with increasing feed rate and moisture content, while OHC decreased. SDF increased from 2.68% of RWB to $4.32{\sim}6.48%$ of extruded wheat bran, indicating the significant breakdown of cell wall components. Microstructure of the extrudates showed the distinct patterns of degradation and solubilization of cell wall structure, depending on the moisture content of RWB.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2002

The ultrastructural characteristics of epidermis isolated from healthy and rusty ginseng roots(Panax ginseng) were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the distribution profiles of inorganic elements were also examined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The epidermis of rusty ginseng was thick and cell walls were also severely disrupted whereas the epidermal image of healthy ginseng showed relatively thin, clear and rectangular structure. A high amount of rod-shaped bacteria was found in rusty ginseng and cells near bacteria were degraded. The bacterial density in epidermis of rusty ginseng was ranged from 2.9$\times$10$^{6}$ to 3.5 $\times$ 10$^{7}$ CFU/g fresh weight, while that of healthy ones was from 4.7$\times$10$^2$ to 1.2$\times$10$^3$CFU/g. Artificial inoculation of bacteria isolated from rusty ginseng induced similar symptom like rusty ginseng. The mineral contents inculding Al, Si and Fe were Higher in the epidermis of rusty ginseng, but K content was lower compared to healthy ones.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.345-356
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• 2012

We investigated the changes of fruit quality parameters, polysaccharide contents and cell wall components during maturation and ripening of two Korean pear cultivar 'Hanareum' and 'Manpungbae' compared with 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) which showed different physiological maturity based on days after full bloom (DAFB). Flesh firmness decreased continuously with fruit development and maturation, reaching a final level of 29.4, 33.5, and 27.4N at maturity in 'Hanareum' (127 DAFB), 'Manpungbae' (163 DAFB), and 'Niitaka' (170 DAFB), respectively. The level of ethylene production was very low in early season 'Hanareum' pear which showed at most 0.39 ${\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at maturity and no ethylene was detected in 'Manpungbae' and 'Niitaka' at maturity. Fructose was the most abundant soluble sugar during fruit maturation in the pears tested and an increase of sucrose was observed during fruit ripening in the Asian pears commonly. Ethanol insoluble solids (EIS) content decreased gradually with different levels among the pear cultivars as fruit ripens consisted of 10.79, 12.72, and 12.75 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ FW. The amount of total soluble polyuronides was higher in early season cultivars 'Hanareum' than those of mid-season cultivar 'Manpungbae' and 'Niitaka'. In 'Niitaka' which harvested most late season, the level of 4% KOH soluble hemicelluloses was lower than 'Hanareum' and 'Manpungbae' and maintained constantly during fruit ripening period. Cellulosic residues were determined high level in 'Niitaka' which showed 612.33 ${\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$ EIS at maturity when compared with 'Hanareum' (408.0 ${\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$ EIS) and 'Manpungbae' (538.67 ${\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$ EIS). The main constituents of cell wall neutral sugars which consisted of arabinose, xylose, galactose, and glucose were decreased gradually with onset of fruit ripening regardless of cultivar. Arabinose which was predominant in 'Hanareum' pear decreased at the last stage of ripening, but the changes of cell wall neutral sugar during ripening were not occurred in 'Niitaka' pear. The change of molecular mass distribution in water soluble pectin observed dominantly at the early stage of fruit development. Depolymerization of 4% KOH-soluble hemicelluloses and degradation of xyloglucan showed in early-season cultivar 'Hanareum' during fruit maturation, and degradation of those fractions were detected only at the early stage fruit development in mid-season cultivar 'Manpungbae' and 'Niitaka'. The molecular mass profile of CDTA soluble pectin, $Na_2CO_3$-SP and 24% KOH soluble hemicelluloses showed no significant change during fruit maturation regardless of cultivar.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.138-146
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• 2008

The chemical compositions, cell wall biopolymers and non-isothermal behavior of the stem biomass of Nicotiana Tabacum originated from tobacco industry were investigated in depth. On a weight basis, the contents of total ash and total sugar are 19.1% and 20.7% respectively. Lignin content was around 3% of tobacco stem biomass while pectin was over 7%. The holo-cellulose content in cell wall biopolymer was around 13% and the $\alpha$-cellulose constitutes 60% of the total holo-cellulose. The thermal behavior of stem biomass showed different patterns depending on either inert (nitrogen) or oxidizing (air) atmospheric condition. In the air atmosphere, the rapid thermal decompositions at around $473^{\circ}C$ and $581^{\circ}C$ were recorded as the peaks in DTG curve, while the peaks were not shown in the nitrogen atmosphere condition. The thermal analysis of the freeze dried soluble obtained from hot water extraction of tobacco stem biomass showed that the rapid thermal decomposition at around $581^{\circ}C$ in the air atmosphere was due to the residual char originated from the soluble fraction. The distinct difference in thermal decomposition between hemicellulose and cellulose were easily found in the DTG curve obtained in the nitrogen atmosphere.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1088-1092
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine an estimated value and change in TDF (total dietary fiber) binding major minerals (Ca, P, K Mg) of soybean sprouts depending on cultivation periods of 1, 3 or 5 days, and parts of cotyledon and hypocotyl. The compositions of TDF binding major minerals in soybean sprouts were evaluated by the enzymatic-gravimetric method developed by Prosky and adopted by AOAC. The content of TDF binding P ranged between 915.28 mg and 1037.82 mg per 100 g cotyledon. Average contents of Ca, K, and Mg in cotyledon ranged between 541.67 mg and 634.34 mg, 180.91 mg and 253.98 mg, 231.90 mg and 301.01 mg, respectively, on dry matter basis. The average contents of TDF binding Ca in hypocotyl per 100 g were between 454.36 mg and 540.33 mg, and other major minerals contents were between 149.24 mg and 186.21 mg for P, 164.17 mg and 182.78 mg for K, and 152.53 mg and 161.22 mg for Mg, respectively. The proportional changes of Ca, an estimated value in cotyledon, ranged between 5.58% and 30.98%, 47.18% and 59.10% for P, 95.24% and 95.50% for K, and 58.45% and 68.64% for Mg, respectively, based on dry matter. An estimated value of Ca, P, K, and Mg in hypocotyl ranged between 6.71% and 13.52%, 91.03% and 91.76%, 96.91% and 98.92%, and 61.03% and 66.37%, respectively, on dry matter basis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.560-566
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• 1998

The bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus sp. GM7311 showed strong inhibitory activity against the growth of three Gram positive bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. When the bacteriocin was added to the culture at different phases, viable cells of all of the tested strains were decreased, although the most inhibited phase was different. Thereby, when the bacteriocin $(100\;Bu/m{\ell})$ was added to exponential and stationary phase of L. monocytogenes, the rapid reduction of viable cell counts occured. And, in the case of B. subtilis, the highest inhibitory effect occured at lag phase and mid-exponential phase by the addition of the bacteriocin under same condition as mentioned above. Also, we can observe the accelerated reduction of survivors counts for the all of the phase except stationary phase in the S. auresus. Transmission electron microscopic observation of L. monocrogenes and B. subtilis treated with bacteriocin revealed apparent Iysis of the cell wall and excretion of the cell contents, indicating bacteriolysis. Also, the amino acids and fatty acids compositions were different from controls. However, the Iysis of cell wall didn't occur in S. aureus, though the cytoplasmic materials were reduced. This result indicates that the bacteriocin inhibits the synthesis of nuclear materials such as DNA, RNA and proteins.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.241-248
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• 2000

포도는 전세계에서 널리 소비되는 과실로 포도 과피에 존재하는 천연색소인 flavonoid는 혈중 콜레스테롤 함량 저하, 항알러지성, 항암성, 항바이러스성, 항염성의 생리적 기능이 있다고 알려져 있다. 최근에 들어와 이들 과실주스 가공에 열처리를 최소화하는 살균방법으로 자연 그대로의 영양성분, 맛과 향기 개선을 위한 초고압 처리에 관한 연구가 폭넓게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 주스에서 문제가 되고 있는 ethanolic spoilage 균주인 S. cerevisiae의 초고압 살균 효과와 세포 구조적 형태를 연구하였다. 1.2$\times$$10^{6}$ cfu/ml의 S. cerevisiae를 포도주스에 접종하고 24시간 배양하여 멸균한 high barrier주머니에 20m1씩 넣고 2$0^{\circ}C$ 에서 200-600 MPa 조건으로 0-20분 동안 초고압 장치로 실시하였다. 생균수는 YM agar로 poured 방법으로 실시하였으며 200 MPa에서 5, 10, 15, 20분 후의 생균수는 각각 2.2$\times$$10^{7}$ , 4.5$\times$$10^4$, 2.8$\times$$10^4$, 9.8$\times$$10^3$, 9.5$\times$$10^3$cfu/ml로 tailing 현상을 관찰하였고, 400 MPa에서 5분 후 급격하게 감소하였다. S. cerevisiae의 사멸속도는 초고압 처리가 높을수록 증가했으며 세포 손상도는 압력과 처리시간이 길수록 증가하였다. 이들 조건에 따른 효모 세포의 구조적 관찰을 scanning electron microscopy와 electron microscopy로 하였다. S. cerevisiae 세포는 압력에 의한 pinhole, surface roughening을 발견하였고, 세포 내부의 세포질, 액포, 핵 손상과 세포질 물질들이 압력에 의하여 세포벽으로 이동하여 내부가 비어있는 현상을 관찰하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.299-302
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• 2012

Yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) was treated on leaves and roots of pepper seedlings at the dosage of 4 mg/mL and salicylic acid (SA) production in pepper was detected by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The SA production in pepper stem was induced by YCWE. SA was produced at the highest level of 20.29 ${\mu}g/g$ after 48 hrs of foliar spray with YCWE, which is 3.7 times higher than that of root perfusion with YCWM. SA production was gradually reduced after 72 hrs of YCWE treatment.