• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.491-496
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• 2013

Finite element simulations of tensile tests were performed to determine the equivalent stress - equivalent plastic strain curves, critical equivalent stresses, and critical equivalent plastic strains. Then, the curves were used as inputs to finite element simulations of fracture toughness tests to determine the plane strain fracture toughness. The critical COD was taken as the COD when the equivalent plastic strain at the crack tip reached a critical value, and it was used as a crack growth criterion. The relationship between the critical COD and the critical equivalent plastic strain or the reduction of area was found. The relationship between the plane strain fracture toughness and the product of the critical equivalent stress and the critical equivalent plastic strain was also found.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.72-85
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• 2000

Rock is a very complex and heterogeneous material, containing structural flaws due to geologic generation process. Because of those structural flaws, deformation and failure of rock when subjected to differential compressive stresses is non-linear. To simulate the non-linear behavior of rock, mechanical crack models, that is, sliding and shear crack models have been used in several studies. In those studies, non-linear stress-strain curves and various behaviors of rock including the changes of effective elastic moduli ($E_1$, $E_2$, ${\nu}_1$, ${\nu}_2$, $G_2$) due to crack growth were simulated (Kemeny, 1993; Jeon, 1996, 1998). Most of the studies have mainly focused on the verification of the mechanical crack model with relatively less attempt to apply it to practical purposes such as numerical analysis for underground and/or slope design. In this study, the validity of mechanical crack model was checked out by simulating the non-linear behavior of rock and consequently it was applied to a practical numerical analysis, finite element analysis commonly used.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.215-215
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• 2010

실리콘 산화막 ($SiO_2$)의 성장 과정에서 발생하는 $SiO_2$ 층에 포획된 전자-정공, Si-$SiO_2$ 계면 영역의 산화물 고정 전하와 Si-$SiO_2$ 계면의 표면 준위에 포획된 전하와 같은 $SiO_2$ 의 결점에 의해 전계효과 트랜지스터 소자의 전기적 특성을 저하하여 신뢰성을 높이는데 한계점이 발생한다. $SiO_2$ 의 결점에 의한 전계효과 트랜지스터 소자의 전기적 특성 변화에 대한 연구는 활발히 진행되었으나, 전계효과 트랜지스터 소자에서 셀 사이즈가 감소함에 따라 전기적 특성에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 산화나 산화 후 열처리 과정 동안에 생기는 Si-$SiO_2$ 계면에서의 산화물 고정 전하의 위치에 따른 전계효과 트랜지스터 소자의 전기적 특성 변화를 TCAD 시뮬레이션 툴인 Sentaurus를 사용하여 관찰하였다. Si-$SiO_2$ 계면 근처의 실리콘 산화물내에 위치시킨 양전하를 산화물 고정 전하로 가정하여 시뮬레이션 하였다. 또한 40 nm의 전계효과 트랜지스터 소자에서 산화물 고정 전하의 위치를 실리콘 산화 막의 가장자리부터 중심으로 10 nm씩 각각 차이를 두고 비교해 본 결과, $SiO_2$의 가장 자리보다 $SiO_2$의 한 가운데에 산화물 고정 전하가 고정되었을 때 전류-전압 특성 곡선에서 문턱전압의 변화가 더 뚜렷함을 알 수 있었다. 산화물 고정 전하를 Si-$SiO_2$ 계면으로부터 1~5 nm 에 각각 위치시켜 계산한 결과 산화물 고정 전하에 의해 문턱 전압이 전류-전압 특성 곡선에서 낮은 전압쪽으로 이동하였고, 산화물 고정 전하가 Si-$SiO_2$ 계면에 가까울수록 문턱 전압의 변화가 커졌다. 이는 전계효과 트랜지스터 소자에서 Si-$SiO_2$ 계면의 산화물 고정 전하에 의해 실리콘의 전위가 영향을 받기 때문이며, 양의 계면전하는 반도체의 표면에서의 에너지 밴드를 아래로 휘게 만들어 문턱전압을 감소하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.265-265
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• 2011

자발형성법으로 InP (001) 기판에 성장한 InAs/InAlGaAs 양자점(QDs: quantum dots)의 광학적 특성을 PL (photoluminescence)와 TRPL (time-resolved PL)을 이용하여 분석하였다. InAs QDs 시료는 single layer InAs QDs (QD1)과 7-stacked InAs QDs (QD2)를 사용하였다. 두 시료 모두 저온 (10 K)에서 1,320 nm에서 PL 피크가 나타나고, 온도가 증가함에 따라 PL 피크는 적색편이 (red-shift)를 보였다. 양자점의 온도를 10 K에서 300 K까지 증가하였을 때 QD1은 178 nm 적색편이 하였으며, PL 스펙트럼 폭은 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 그러나 QD2는 264 nm 적색편이를 보였으며 PL 스펙트럼의 폭은 QD1 시료와 반대로 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. QD2의 아주 넓은 PL 스펙트럼 폭과 매우 큰 적색편이는 InAs 양자점 크기의 변화가 QD1에 비해 훨씬 크기 때문이다. QD2의 경우 InAs 층수(layer number)가 증가함에 따라 InAs QD의 크기가 점차 증가하므로 QD 크기의 변화가 single layer인 QD1 시료보다 훨씬 크다. QD1의 PL 소멸은 파장이 증가함에 따라 점차 느려지다가 PL 피크 근처에서 가장 느린 소멸 곡선을 보이고, 파장이 더 증가하였을 때 PL 소멸은 점차 빠르게 소멸하였다. 그러나 QD2의 PL 소멸곡선은 파장이 증가함에 따라 점차 빠르게 소멸하였다. 이것은 QD2는 양자점 크기의 변화가 매우 크기 때문에 (lateral size=18~29 nm, height=2.8~5.9 nm) 방출파장이 증가함에 따라 양자점 사이의 파동함수의 겹침이 증가하여 캐리어의 이완이 증가하기 때문으로 설명된다. 온도에 따른 TRPL 결과는 두 시료 모두 10 K에서 150 K 까지는 소멸시간이 증가하였고, 150 K 이후부터는 소멸시간이 감소하였다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 소멸시간이 증가하는 것은 양자점에서 장벽과 WL (wetting layer)로 운반자(carrier)의 이동, 양자점들 사이에 열에 의해 유도된 운반자의 재분배 등으로 인한 발광 재결합으로 설명할 수 있다. 150 K 이상에서 소멸시간이 감소하는 것은 열적효과에 의한 비발광 재결합 과정에 의한 운반자의 소멸이 증가하기 때문이다. 온도에 따른 TRPL 결과는 두 시료 모두 150 K까지는 발광재결합이 우세하고, 150 K 이상에서 비발광재겹합이 우세하게 나타났다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.376-385
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• 1987

In this study, the plane stress fracture toughness and Tearing modulus are investigated for various crack ratios using the J integral. To evaluate the J integral and Tearing modulus, both experiments and estimation are used. The thickness of the low carbon steel specimens that is used in the experiments is 3mm. The type of specimen that is considered in the study is center-cracked-tension one. The measurements of crack length are performed by unloading compliance method. In the estimation of crack parameters such as the J integral and load line displacement, the Ramberg and Osgood stress strain law is assumed. Then simple formulas are given for estimating the crack parameters from contained yielding to fully plastic solutions. Obtained results are as follows; (1) When the crack ratio is in the range of 0.500 - 0.701, the plane stress fracture toughness is almost constant regardless of crack ratios. (2) The fracture toughness (J$\_$c/) and Tearing modulus (T) obtained are J$\_$c/=28.51kgf/mm, T=677.7 for base metal, J$\_$c/=31.85kgf/mm, T=742.0 for annealed metal. (3) Simpson's and McCabe's formulas which consider crack growth in estimating J integral are shown more conservative J and lower T than Rice's and Sumpter's. (4) Comparison of the prediction with the actual experimental measurements by Simpson's formula shows good agreement.

• Journal of Information Technology Application
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.91-106
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• 2001

We propose a software-reliability growth model incoporating the amount of uniform and Weibull testing efforts during the software testing phase in this paper. The time-dependent behavior of testing effort is described by uniform and Weibull curves. Assuming that the error detection rate to the amount of testing effort spent during the testing phase is proportional to the current error content, the model is formulated by a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Using this model the method the data analysis for software reliability measurement is developed. The optimum release time is determined by considering how the initial reliability R($\chi$ 0) would be. The conditions are ($R\chi$ 0)＞$R_{o}$ , $P_{o}$ ＞R($\chi$ 0)＞ $R_{o}$ $^{d}$ and R($\chi$ 0)＜$R_{o}$ $^{d}$ for uniform testing efforts. deal case is $P_{o}$ ＞($R\chi$ 0)＞ $R_{o}$ $^{d}$ Likewise, it is ($R\chi$ 0)$\geq$$R_{o}$ , $R_{o}$ ＞($R\chi$ 0)＞R(eqation omitted) and ($R\chi$ 0)＜R(eqation omitted)for Weibull testing efforts. Ideal case is $R_{o}$ ＞ R($\chi$ 0)＞ R(eqation omitted).

• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2022

Composite materials have been used in aerospace industry and many applications because of many advantages such as specific strength and stiffness and corrosion resistance etc. However, it is vulnerable to impacts, these impact lead to formation of cracks in composite laminate and failure of structures. In this paper, we analyzed Mode I fracture toughness of Carbon/Epoxy laminates using acoustic emission signal. DCB test was carried out to analyze Mode I failure characterization of Carbon/Epoxy laminates, and AE sensor was attached to measure AE signal induced by failure of specimen. Fracture toughness was calculated using cumulative AE energy and measured crack length using camera. The calculated fracture toughness was applied in FE model and the result of FE analysis compared with DCB test results. The results show good agreement with between FEM and DCB test results.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.193-212
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• 2022

The Bass Diffusion Model is one of the most successful models in marketing research, and management science in general. Since its publication in 1969, it has guided marketing research on diffusion. This paper illustrates the usage of the Bass diffusion model, using mobile cellular subscription diffusion as a context. We fit the bass diffusion model to three large developed markets, South Korea, Japan, and China, and the emerging markets of Vietnam, Thailand, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia. We estimate the parameters of the bass diffusion model using the nonlinear least square method. The diffusion of mobile cellular subscriptions does follow an S-curve in every case. After acquiring m, p, and q parameters we use k-Means Cluster Analysis for grouping countries into three groups. By clustering countries, we suggest that diffusion rates and patterns are similar, where countries with emerging markets can follow in the footsteps of countries with developed markets. The purpose was to predict the timing and the magnitude of the market maturity and to determine whether the data follow the typical diffusion curve of innovations from the Bass model.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.619-629
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• 2023

Fertilizers are crucial for increasing crop yield, but using too much of them without taking into account the nutrients that the crops need can increase costs for farm management and have a negative impact on the environment. Through smart agriculture, fertilizers can be applied as needed at the right time to reflect the growth characteristics of crops, reducing the burden of fertilizer losses and providing economical nutrient management. In this study, we use the total dry weight of field-cultivated red pepper and green onion grown in various growing environments to fit a nonlinear model-based crop growth model using different growth curves (logistic, Gompertz, Richards, and double logistic curve), and we propose a fertilizer distributed algorithm based on crop growth rate.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.31-39
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• 2014

It has been a long time since cars had become important means of transportation in human life. Since 1970s, cars have been increasing steadily because of rising individual income and changing lifestyle toward leisure and convenience. The number of cars is just 1.8 per thousand populations in 1970s, however, in 2012, it has increased to 291.15. Forecasting the demand for cars would be useful to plan, construction or management in the field of motor industry, road building and establishing facilities. Our study predicts the demand of cars through estimating the growth curve model. Especially, we include ageing variables to forecasting identifying the effect of ageing on the demand of cars. The main findings are as follows. In 2045, the number of cars is expected to reach 486.8 per thousand populations with passing a primary saturation point at early 2020s. Also, due to effect of ageing, the predicted demand of cars is about 10% lower than in case of which if ageing effect not exist.