• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1265-1273
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the BMI, intake of snacks, and perceptions and use of food and nutrition labels by middle school students (144 boys and 189 girls) in Chuncheon area. The average height and weight of boys were $171.0{\pm}6.4$ cm and $61.0{\pm}11.4$ kg, respectively, whereas those of girls were $160.0{\pm}4.8$ cm and $50.8{\pm}6.6$ kg, respectively. Average body mass index (BMI) of boys and girls were $20.8{\pm}3.3$ and $19.8{\pm}2.4$, respectively (p<0.01). Dietary intake attitude score of girls ($34.39{\pm}5.66$) was higher than that of boys ($33.92{\pm}5.40$) (p<0.05). Subjects bought and ate snacks 1 to 3 times per week (40.2%) by themselves, and most consumed snacks were cookies (23.1%), instant noodles (16.2%), ice cream (13.2%), and candy and chocolates (13.2%). The most important factor in purchasing of snacks was 'taste' ($4.49{\pm}0.67$). When subjects bought processed foods, the rates of reading food labels was 86.6%. The most important factor of the food labels was 'expiration date' (42.9%). The degree of reading food labels on processed foods by girls ($22.70{\pm}5.72$) was higher than that of boys ($20.96{\pm}5.35$) (p<0.01). Of the 13.2% of subjects that did not read food labels, the reason why was that they were not interested (50.0%). Of the 78.4% of subjects that read nutrition labels, the most important component of the nutrition labels was 'calories' (75.9%). The main reason for reading nutrition labels was 'to control weight' (45.6%). In general, use of food labels correlated positively with dietary intake attitude score (p<0.05) and use of nutrition labels (p<0.01). Using multiple regression analysis, we found that 'usefulness of dietary life' was the most significant variable that affects the importance of food and nutrition labels. Therefore, development of an educational program on food and nutrition labels for adolescents will be effective in improving dietary life.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.91-104
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine a questionnaire survey on nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors and the evaluation of nutrient intakes in regard to frequency of eating breakfast for a total 383 high school female students in Chuncheon area. The subjects were categorized into 3 groups according to frequency of breakfast : eating breakfast group (6-7 times/week, 49.1%), sometimes eating breakfast group (3-5 times/week, 22.2%), skipping breakfast group (${\leq}2$ times/week, 28.7%). The eating breakfast group and sometimes eating breakfast group have better grades on nutrition knowledge related to breakfast than the skipping breakfast group. The skipping breakfast group have a smattering of nutrition knowledge like, the importance of having breakfast, maintaining calories, and the brain's energy resource. There was a strong correlation between the frequency of breakfast and dietary behavior grades. The students who skip breakfast have irregular eating habits and their eating speed was improper. Also, their frequency of taking in cereals, proteins, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was poor. The results of the survey on nutrition intake show that while, students who eat breakfast are consuming only folate, calcium and iron at a less than recommend intake, the students who skip breakfast are consuming vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin $B_1$ as well as folate, calcium, and also iron at a less than recommended intake. Based on these results, it is necessary to develop an awareness program that emphasizes the importance of breakfast and accurate nutrition knowledge for students.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.3 s.37
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• pp.35-52
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• 2005

To assess the food habits, the nutrient intakes and diet quality of high school students living in Chuncheon area. a dietary survey using a questionnaire and 24hr recall method was conducted with 318 subjects. $30.8\%$ of the subjects often skipped breakfast and $28.0\%$ had snacks over once per day. Mean daily energy intake was $1740\pm712kca1\;with\;61.1\%$ of energy supplied by carbohydrate, $16.0\%$ by protein and $23.1\%$ by fat. As well as insufficiencies in calcium and iron intakes, the bioavailability of calcium and iron consumed is considered to be low because most of them came from plant origins. For calcium, iron and riboflavin, the proportions of subjects with intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA were all over $68\%$. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality was 0.79 for males and 0.78 for females. The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except 3 nutrients: 0.67 of calcium, 0.82 of iron, 0.90 of riboflavin. Nutrient intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA may be appropriate as a criteria for insufficiency of nutrient intakes. Based on these results, it is evident that some of high school students in Chuncheon area did not consume enough nutrients, especially calcium, iron and riboflavin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.904-910
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the eating behavior and nutritional status of subjects according to their purpose of exercise. A total of 214 subjects, 20 to 30 years of age, who visited fitness centers in Seoul were enrolled. Anthropometrics, exercise habits, nutritional knowledge, and eating behaviors were analyzed using a questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed by serial 24 h recalls. The subjects were divided into two groups based on their purpose of exercise: increasing muscle (Muscle growth, n=107) or losing body weight (Weight loss, n=107). The Muscle growth group contained a higher percentage of men, whereas the Weight loss group contained a higher percentage of women. The Muscle growth group showed significantly higher scores of nutritional knowledge and eating behaviors compared to the Weight loss group. The Muscle growth group also had a significantly higher intake of energy and protein compared to the Weight loss group. In fact, the intake of energy in the Weight loss group was lower than the estimated energy requirement (EER) for both men and women subjects. The intake of protein in the Muscle growth group was twice as much as the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). The intake of calcium in both groups was less than the RNI. In conclusion, those who exercised with the aim of increasing muscle took excess dietary protein and those who exercised with the aim of weight loss had a lower energy intake than the EER.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1073-1074
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• 2003

본 연구는 고학력 중년 여성을 대상으로 취업 여부에 따른 영양섭취 상태의 차이를 분석하여 고학력 중년 여성의 영양 및 건강관리를 위한 대책 마련의 기초자료로 활용하고자 시행되었다. 연구 대상자의 선정은 유의추출 방법으로 전업 여성은 고학력자 비율이 높은 대전시의 일정 지역에 거주하는 기혼여성으로 하였고, 취업여성은 여러 직업의 특성으로 인한 교란(confounding)을 줄이기 위하여 고학력 여성의 비율이 높은 기혼의 교사로 한정하였다. 연령에 의한 교란을 방지하기 위하여 연령대별로 동일 비율로 무작위 추출하여 전업여성 250명, 취업여성 236명을 대상으로, 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 조사 전일 하루동안의 식이 섭취 내용을 개별 면담으로 조사하였다. 1일 영양소 섭취 조사 결과 취업여성은 전업여성에 비해 인, 비타민 B$_1$, B$_2$를, 전업여성은 취업여성에 비해 지방 및 동물성 지방, 나트륨, 비타민 C, 엽산을 많이 섭취하고 있었다. P/M/S비는 전업여성 1/1.19/1.05, 취업여성 l/l.05/0.87로 나타나 취업여성이 전업여성에 비해서, 그리고 한국인 영양권장량의 기준(1/1/1)에 비해서 포화지방의 비가 낮았다. 또한 지방 에너지 구성비도 전업여성(24.38%)이 취업여성(23.29%)에 비해 높았고, 총 열량에 대한 동물성 지방의 섭취비율이 전업여성 12.44%, 취업여성 11.46%으로 나타나 전업여성이 취업여성에 비해 동물성 지방, 포화지방비, 지방에너지 구성비가 모두 높았다. 영양권장량에 대한 영양소 섭취 백분율에서 전업여성과 취업여성 모두 칼슘과 아연을 권장량에 비해 낮게 섭취하고 있었고, 질적 영양지수(INQ)도 두 군 모두에서 칼슘이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 인의 영양밀도(Nutrient Density)가 취업주부에서 높았던 점 외에는 영양밀도와 영양소 적정섭취비(NAR) 모두에서 비타민 B$_1$, B$_2$가 전업여성에 비해 취업여성이, 비타민 C가 취업여성에 비해 전업여성이 더 높았다. 한편 두 군 모두 INQ가 가장 높은 영양소는 인이었고, INQ가 가장 낮은 영양소는 칼슘으로 나타났으며, INQ가 1 미만인 영양소는 칼슘과 함께 철분으로 나타났다. 이는 1998년도 국민건강영양조사 결과에서 45세 이상 여성의 경우 관절염, 요통.좌골통, 디스크 등 근골격계질환 유병률이 남자보다 3배정도 높게 나타난 결과에 비추어볼 때 이들 관련 영양소에 대한 섭취 방안 지도의 필요성을 제시하고 있다. 결론적으로 고학력 중년 여성중 전업여성에 대해서는 지방 특히 동물성 지방 식품 섭취에 대한 적절한 영양교육과 식사관리 지도가 요구된다 하겠다. 또한 고학력 중년 여성은 취업 여부에 관계없이 칼슘과 철분이 많이 함유된 식품으로 식사량을 증가시켜 주는 영양 지도 및 영양 보강 대책이 요구되며, 칼슘과 인의 적정섭취비가 되도록 인의 섭취를 낮추는 식생활 지도가 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.461-469
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• 2013

This study was conducted in order to investigate body awareness and dietary life according to gender. Subjects of the study were 120 men and 127 women aged 20 to 30 years, who exercise regularly at a fitness center in Seoul. The subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire on body awareness, reason for regular exercise, dietary behaviors, and nutrition knowledge. The percentage of overweight and obesity was 69.2% in men, and 25.2% in women. The percentage of subjects who considered themselves as overweight was 38.3% in men and 59.8% in women. Intake of protein in men was higher than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). Intake of energy in women was lower than the estimated energy requirement (EER). Men who considered themselves as overweight showed lower energy intake than men who considered their body weight as under and normal, whereas no difference in energy intake was observed between women who considered themselves as overweight and women who considered their body weight as under and normal.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

This study was performed to analyze education contents related to milk in current home economics textbooks of middle school, and to investigate intake status, consumption behaviors, perception and nutritional knowledge of milk and dairy products among 364 middle school students in Gongju for improvement of milk education in home economics subjects and milk intake of adolescents. As a result, education contents of milk and dairy products in home economics textbooks currently applied in middle school were major nutrients, consumption method for balanced diet, and selection and storage of milk and dairy products, thus it tended not to match current food trend. Only 30.5% of subjects met 2 cups of milk a day, the recommended level. The main reason for drinking milk was to 'be taller' and 'to quench thirst' and there was a difference by gender(p<0.01). The rate of not participating in school milk program was 23.1% of total and its satisfaction was moderate. The most popular dairy products by subjects were ice cream, followed by yogurt and cheese, and the choice of milk was focused on 'taste' or 'expiration date'. The rate of knowing certification mark of K-MILK was low at 28.8%, and most subjects knew as 'domestic milk use'. In home economics class, experience-based learning such as cow ranch experience was the most preferred instruction method for milk followed by laboratory practice and lecture, and there was a difference by gender(p<0.001). Perception degree of milk and dairy products was moderate and male subjects were more positively perceived than female subjects(p<0.01). Nutritional knowledge level of milk and dairy products was moderate and female subjects were higher than male subjects(p<0.01). Therefore, education contents of milk and dairy products of home economics textbooks of middle school should be centered on real life in accordance with food trend, and applied student participation-based instruction methods such as experience-based learning. In addition, it is necessary to enhance taste and merchandise of milk and to provide them with preferred milk and dairy products in school milk program for improvement of milk intake of adolescents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.223-233
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dietary habits and perception of vegetable intake of elementary students in Gwangju and Jeonnam Gokseong county. Data collection was conducted from 5th and 6th grade students of elementary schools in Gwangju and Jeonnam Gokseong county using a structured questionnaire survey. The SPSS program was used for statistics processing and data analysis. The chi-square test was also conducted. In terms of dietary intake habits, female students consumed their meals slower than male students. Information on dietary habits and nutrition was commonly obtained from family, including the mother or father who commonly prepared meals at home. Snacks were commonly consumed less than twice daily, with the Gwangju area having a higher frequency of snacks than the Jeonnam area. Elementary students indicated that vegetables were their least favorite food, with female students having a higher interest in vegetables than male students. The pattern and perception of vegetable intake came when the students (that did not eat vegetables) were lectured by their parents on the nutritive value of vegetables. Most students understood the important nutritional ingredients of vegetables. In the case of an interest in vegetables, the Gwangju area showed significantly more comprehension than the Jeonnam area on the definition and role of dietary fiber, the dental benefits of dietary fiber, and the identification of the environment-friendly certification mark.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.547-559
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• 2021

Purpose: This study compares the snacking pattern, diet, lifestyle, and food preference of children by evaluating the most frequently eaten snacks. Methods: The survey enrolled 435 students from three elementary schools in Gyeonggi. Based on the most frequently eaten snacks, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: fruits and milk/dairy products for natural snacks (NS, n = 114); noodles, snack foods and fast foods for meal-like snacks (MS, n = 74); cookies, beverages and bread as sweet snacks (SS, n = 247). Results: Compared to the MS group, preferences of the NS group were significantly higher for jabgokbap (cooked rice with multi-grains, p < 0.05) and saengchae (seasoned raw vegetables, p < 0.01), and significantly lower for gogitwigim (deep-fried meat, p < 0.05). Taste preference of the NS group was considered to be more desirable; the taste preference of more subjects was 'sweet taste' in the SS group, 'spicy taste' in the MS group, 'salty taste' in the MS and SS groups, and 'sour taste' and 'bland taste' in the NS group than the other groups. Compared to the MS and SS groups, the NS group was determined to exercise more frequently; exercising for more than 30 minutes/day was determined to be 76.3% in the NS group and 58.1% and 57.9% in the other groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, a higher proportion of subjects in the MS group tended to answer 'not hungry' as the reason for leaving school meals, as compared to other groups (p = 0.055), thereby suggesting that inappropriate snacking habits interfere with regular meals. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that healthy snacking habits, which include natural snacks such as milk/dairy products and fruits, are important for children during the elementary school years, since these habits are associated with healthier diet, lifestyle, and food and taste preferences. These results provide basic information for developing nutritional education materials for elementary school children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.587-593
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• 1994

A nutrition survey of 152 children , in the kindergarten attached to a proivate elimentary school of Pusan, was undertaken between Dec. 1 and Dec.14, 1993, to investigate dietary intake and nutrition status. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Compared with the Korean child development standard, their development conditions showed 113.1% , 102.2% , 103.3%, 101.75 in weight, height, head and chest, respectively. 2) By the standard of WLI(Weight Length Index) , proper to the children between age 4 and 6 , there proved to be 25% overweight and 4% obesity, 25% overweight and 19% obesity , 28 overweight and 26% obesity in 4-year-old, 5 year-old, and 6 -year-old children, respectively. 3) The children between age 4 and 6 averaged 37.6% in hematocrit and 12.4-12.8 5 in hemoglobin. these values were higher than those of the Korea child development standard. but the numbers of erythocyte, leucocyte and platelets were normal . Only a single child was considered suffering from aenmia . The 8% of them were over 200mg/이 in cholesterol, dangerously approaching the atherosclerosis. The 31% averaged 120mg/이 in triglyceride . And the 6% proved 100mg/이 in blood glucose when hung교. So it came out that not a few children had some factors dangers to diabetes, atherosclerosis and heart diseases : complications arising from obesity. 4) The intake of nutrients , except the 4-year-old children , ranged 108.4% to 2665 from the recommended value. The rates of carbohydrate, fat and protein to be much correlation among total intake of nutrients, development , results of blood test and WLI. The degree of obesity was proportionate to the intake of nutrients.