• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.293-303
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• 1987

A $C_{1}$ enriched cellulase fraction was separated from culture filtrate of anaerobic Clostridium thermocellum by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The separated fraction showed strong synergistic action with $C_{x}$ component (endo-$\beta$-1, 4-glucanase) in digestion of crystalline cellulose, similar to the other aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. Unlike the $C_{x}$ component the $C_{1}$ enriched fraction was rapidly inactivated by oxidation at the atmospheric condition. The enzyme activity was significantly enhanced by the addition of reducing agents, especially $\beta$-mercaptoethanol, which indicates that a $C_{1}$ component has a lot of sulfhydryl groups essential for the enzyme activity. The effect of metal ions on $C_{1}$ activity was also investigated. The $C_{1}$ fraction was found to be thermally stable compare to endo-$\beta$-1,4-glucanase. Optimal temperature and pH were found to be $60^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 1992

사일리지의 사양가치에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인은 사초의 종류에 기인되는 화학조성분이며 사일리지를 적기에 제조하므로 단위면적당 최고의 양분수량을 거둘 수 있다. 유기산의 생성량이 많고 낙산이나 암모니아태질소의 함량이 많으면 사일리지의 품질이 떨어지고 섭취량이 감소되므로 사일리지 품질 증진을 위한 연구방향은 발효를 감소시키고 단백질의 분해를 막는 것이다. 사일리지의 발효에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로는 사초의 화학조성분인 수분, 수용성탄수화물 등과 제조기술에 크게 좌우되는 공기(산소)혼입량이다. 재료의 수분함량은 사일리지 발효품질에 큰 영향을 미치며 수분이 많은 재료는 적당히 예건되면 젖산발효는 덜 제한되는 반면 불필요한 발효가 줄어들고 낙산발효를 억제할 수 있어 품질이 향상되고 기호성이 증진된다. 또한 사초를 알맞은 길이로 절단하므로 답압이 잘되어 공기 배출이 양호해 혐기상태의 유지가 가능하게 되고 사일리지의 취급또한 편리해 진다. 사일리지 첨가제는 재료를 적절히 예건하지 못할 때 필요하고 또한 특별한 조건하에서는 권장되고 있다. 이와같이 사일리지 발효에 도움을 준다는 가능성에도 불구하고 첨가제의 잇점은 양질 사일리지 제조를 위한 제반 처리를 대신할 수 없다. 양건 건초제조에 소요되는 기간은 기후에 크게 영향을 받게 된다. 건초제조 과정 중 포장에서 생기는 건물손실은 외기에 오랫동안 노출되면 잎이나 연한 줄기 부분이 부서지고 카로틴이 파괴된다. 또한 말리는 과정에 비를 맞힐 경우 양분이 용해되어 소화되기 쉬운 영양소와 건물 손실이 증가되며 섬유소함량이 증가되어 소화율과 섭취량이 감소된다. 그러므로 일기 예보에 따라 좋은 날씨가 $3\sim4$일 계속되는 시기를 택하여 적기 수확하고, 줄기의 압쇄(condition), 건조시 풀의 두께를 얇게, 뒤집기, 적절한 수분함량일 때 거둬들이는 조치가 필요하다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. Analysis of forage quality by NIRS usually involves dry ground samples. Costs might be reduced if samples could be analyzed without drying or grinding. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of sample preparations and spectral math treatments on prediction ability of chemical composition for corn silage by NIRS. A population of 112 corn silage representing a wide range in chemical parameters were used in this investigation. Samples of com silage were scanned at 2nm intervals over the wavelength range 400-2500nm and the optical data recorded as log l/Reflectance(log l/R) and scanned in overt-dried grinding(ODG), liquid nitrogen grinding(LNG) or intact fresh(IF) condition. Samples were analysed for neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), acid detergent lignin(ADL), crude protein(CP) and crude ash content were expressed on a dry-matter(DM) basis. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using modified partial least squares(MPLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with four spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation(SECV). The results of this study show that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy(the correlation coefficient of cross validation$(R^2cv)$ range from $0.70{\sim}0.95$) in ODG. The optimum equations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of prediction(SEP). The Optimum sample preparation methods and spectral math treatment were for ADF, the ODG method using 2,10,5 math treatment(SEP = 0.99, $R^2v=0.93$), and for CP, the ODG method using 1,4,4 math treatment(SEP = 0.29. $R^2v=0.91$).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.133-140
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• 1984

Some properties of cellulolytic enzymes produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju JAFM 1017 during its growth in synthetic medium were investigated. The optimum pH of avicelase, CMCase, and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was pH 5.5, pH 4.5 and pH 6.0, respectively. Avicelase and CMCase were stable within pH 5.0 to 6.0 and 4.0 to 6.0, respectively, and ,${\beta}-glucosidase$ was within pH 5.5 to 6.5. The optimum temperature of avicelase, CMCase and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was the same of $40^{\circ}C$. The enzymes were stable below the optimum temperature, but the enzymes were unstable over the temperature of $50^{\circ}C$, and avicelase was losing about 91.7% of activity at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The enzyme activity of avicelase and CMCase was increased in proportion to the substrate concentration within 1% and 0.7%, respectively, and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was within 0.1%. The Michaelis constants (Km) of avicelase and CMCase were 30.77mg avicel/ml and 14.64m Na-CMC/ml, respectively and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was 5. 13mg salicin/ml. The reducing sugar production of avicelase was proportionaly increased until 120 min. and CMCase and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ were until 60min. The activity of three cellulolytic enzymes were increased by $Ca^{2+}$ at the concentration of $10^{-2}M$, but were inhibited by $Hg^{2+}$, $Ag^+$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1985

The aim of this investigation was to resolve the contradiction between the results of Sternberg and Mandels (1980, 1982)and those of Nisizawa et al., (1971) in cellulase induction by sophorose, and furthermore to study the conditional effects in sophorose-induced cellulase induction in Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Sophorose could induce the synthesis of CMCase and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ simultaneously. Optimal induction medium by sophorose had the potassium citrate buffer solution of pH 3.0-4.0 for CMCase, but one of pH 5.0-6.0 for ${\beta}-glucosidase$. At this time, two different types of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ could be induced by sophorose: one was extracellular and had maximum at pH 5.0, the other was intracellular and had maximum activity at pH6.5. Induction study showed that $methyl-{\beta}-glucoside$ was not a true inducer of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and that large ${\beta}-glucosidase$ induction could be obtained only by the addition of sophorose into the induction medium. Glucose repressed the induction of cellulase by sophorose. The repression of glucose could not be overcome by the addition of cyclic AMP into the induction medium.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.99-105
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• 1969

The yield of cellulase derived from Trichoderma $(O_2-1)$ was remarkably varied with various concentration of ethanol and acetone in purification of the enzyme. In the purification with ethanol of ${\beta}-glucosidase$, the best result was obtained in the concentration of 60% and, of CMCase and of filter paper disintegrating enzyme 80%. And in the purification with acetone of ${\beta}-glucosidase$, filter paper disintegrating enzyme, and CMCase, in the concentration of 60%, 80%, and 90% respectively, was shown the best yield. The activities of crude Cellulase preparation could be seperated into few of fractions by column chromatography with Silica gel, Cellulose powder, and gauze. Most of CMCase, avicelase, and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ were eluted, but most of filter paper disintegrating enzyme and the rest of enzymes mentioned the above were absorbed, and were eluted with water. Therefore, it was considered that CMCase is different from filter paper disintegrating enzyme in properties. The relative activity of CMCase was different from that of avicelase in the peak of elusion part. And it was considered that filter paper disintegrating enzyme and cellulose powder saccharifying enzyme was seperated respectively as absorption part and non absorption part. The auther came to the conclusion that at least there were more than three sorts of cellulase in Trichoderma $(O_2-1)$ cellulase preparation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1971-1978
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• 2009

This study investigated the adsorption of safflower yellow dye on wool protein fiber and the optimum dyeing conditions to test color reproducibility. In addition, the effects of mordants on dye adsorption, color, fastness, and photofading rate were also studied. The prepared dye in powder form was characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectrometric analysis. The color of dyed fabrics was characterized by CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ coordinates, H V/C, and K/S values. The color reproducibility of the dyed wool fabrics was examined. The amount of dye adsorption increased and also, the shade of the dyed wool fabrics became deeper and more saturated with increasing temperature, time, and dye concentration. The maximum color strength was obtained at pH 3.0. The shade of dyed wool fabrics ranged from light yellow to dark mustard yellow as the pH of the dye bath shifted from alkaline to acidic. Color reproducibility was reliable with color differences in the range of 0.53~1.75. Fastness to dry cleaning was relatively good at 4/5 rating irrespective of mordanting. Fe and Cu mordants showed the least color change of the dyed wool fabrics after exposure to light. Mordants did not contribute to improve dye uptake and color fastness, although they made variations in color tone. Safflower yellow dye can be used satisfactorily without mordants and will not cause damage to the environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 1994.07a
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• pp.23-24
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• 1994

본 연구는 성숙과의 저장중에 세포벽분해효소가 세포벽을 분해해서 물성의 변화를 유발함으로 일어나는 과실의 연과가 품질과 저장성의 저하 뿐만 아니라 영양적, 경제적 손실을 초래한다는 점을 고려하여 대추의 성숙중에 일어나는 연화현상을 연구하고자 성숙에 따른 경도, 세포벽분해효소의 활성, 세포벽 다당류 pectin질, 비섬유성 중성당 및 조직의 변화를 조사하였다. 경도는 대추의 숙성에 따라 감소하였고, polygalacturonase와 $\beta$-galactosidase의 활성은 각각 변색기와 완숙기에 나타난 이후 급격히 증가하였다. 세포벽 다당류인 pectin질과 알칼리 지용성 hemicellulose는 완숙기가지 증가햐였으나 cellulose는 완숙기에 산가용성 hemicellulose와 cellulose를 제외한 세포벽 다당류의 함량은 다소 감소하였다. 대추의 세포벽 비섬유성 중성당으로 rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose가 동정되었고, 성숙동안에 pectin질에서는 arabinose, mannose, galactose와 총 비섬유성 중성당의 함량이 감소하였고, 산가용성 hemicellulose에서는 xylose와 mannose가 뚜렸하게 증가하였으나 중성당은 변화없었으며, 알칼리 가용성 hemicellulose에서는 성숙에 따른 변화가 거의 없었다. pectin질의 경우 수용성 pectin, EDTA 용해성 pectin 및 총 pectin은 성숙중에 증가하는 경향이있으나 불용성 pectin은 감소하는 경향이였으며 과숙기에는 불용성 psctin EDTA용해성 pectin 및 총 pectin의 함량은 모두 현저히 감소하였다. 대추의 성숙중 조직에서는 pectin질로 구성된 중충의 붕괴현상이 뚜렸하게 나타났다.발이 절실히 필요한 실정이다. 이러한 배경으로 본 강연에서는 효소적갈변 저해제의 개발과 그들의 식품가공에의 적용 현환 및 화장품, 의약품으로의 응용에 대해 설명하고자 한다.L주에 비해 S주는 수정후 용과가 더 심하다. 9) 화분관의 행동은 수정력과 완전히 일치된다. 즉 L-selfing, $L{\times}L$, S-selfing, $S{\times}S$등의 부적법 수분에서는 화분관은 화주의 미중에서 정지되지만 $L{\times}S$, $S{\times}L$,에서는 수분 약 40-50분 후이면 화분관은 자방까지 도달된다. 10) S주는 웅본으로 오인되어 있지만 인위적법수분을 하면 수정력이나 화분관의 행동은 L주에서와 동일하다. 11) S화분은 완전하지만 L화분은 약 70%가 내용공허한 Adortive pollen 이다. 12) L화분중 나머지 30%도 S화분에 비해서 염색도가 낮은것이 많고 S화분 같이 농염되는 것은 극히 소수이다. 13) 본장물은 분화가 고도로 진행된 전형적인 이형예작물이여 마치 Dimorphism 에서 Dioecious 에로 이행되는 수가 있다는 것을 표시하는 증거가 되는 것 같다. 다소 높은 산소농도 3%~5% 이산화탄소 농도 5~8%에서 저장하는 것이 효과적일 것으로 판단되었다.철쭉군목으로 대표되나 군단이 하의 군목들은 다소 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 중간상인이론의 수정이 필요하다고 본다.가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다. 즉, [+wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 동일한 구성요 소를 지닌 병렬적 합성어([

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.805-811
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• 2017

In the previous paper, we isolated a bacterium that can hydrolyze various organic materials from soybean paste, including cellulose, lipids, starch, and protein. The activity and chemical properties of the crude enzymes produced by the isolate Bacillus subtilis CK-2 were further investigated. Cellulase showed the highest activity at pH 5.0 and $55^{\circ}C$. The stability of cellulase was maintained within the ranges of pH 5.0~10.0 and $20{\sim}50^{\circ}C$. Cellulolytic enzymes were activated by a $Co^{2+}$ ion, demonstrating the highest activity at a 0.45%(w/v) concentration of $Co^{2+}$. The optimal conditions for amylase were pH 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$. The activity of amylase was stable within the ranges of pH 4.0~5.0 and $20{\sim}50^{\circ}C$. The $Co^{2+}$ ion was also necessary for amylase activity, which was the highest at a 0.2%(w/v) concentration of $Co^{2+}$. The optimal pH and temperature conditions of protease were pH 8.0 and $50^{\circ}C$. The activity of protease was stable within the ranges of pH 7.0~8.5 and $20{\sim}50^{\circ}C$. Protease activity was catalyzed by $Mn^{2+}$, which was the highest at a 0.125%(w/v) concentration of $Mn^{2+}$. The isolate B. subtilis CK-2 demonstrated a high activity of autolysin. Based on these results, we identified and suggested the optimal pH, temperature, and metal ion concentration in the use of the hydrolytic enzymes of B. subtilis CK-2 for industrial purposes.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1985

From Aspergillus nidulans FGSC 168, mutant strains (TCD27, NCN14, and ACN3) were obtained by NTG and 4-NQO treatments. These four mutant strains were unable to grow on medium supplemented with CMC as a sole carbon source and showed lower levels of CMCase activity in comparison with FGSC168. Some characteristics of these four mutant strains in CMCase production were examined. It was appeared that the permeases for CMCase inducer in all the four mutants were not affected. Two mutants, TCD27 and NCN2, might have some defects in regulatory gene for CMCase production. Analyses of enzyme components of CMCase showed that ACN14 might by defective in structural gene for CMCase.