• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 2013

Many plant species in subalpine regions are under threat of extinction as a result of climate change. In this study, the genetic diversity and geographic differentiation of three regions and six populations of Primula farinosa subsp. modesta (Bisset & Moore) Pax in Korea were assessed using the ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) marker. The average genetic diversity (P = 60.62, SI = 0.299, h = 0.190) was relatively lower than that of other long-lived perennials, even though it is a self-incompatible species. AMOVA analysis showed that 50% of the total genetic diversity was partitioned among regions and Bayesian cluster analysis showed some remarkable geographic trends that were structured into 2 or 3 regions, suggesting limited gene flow among regions. Considering the population fragmentation, low level genetic diversity, and high genetic differentiation, it is essential to establish in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for P. farinosa subsp. modesta.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.231-244
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic information for the rational management plan in construction and running of eco-forest by analyzing the vascular plant of the constructreserved site of eco-forest in Mt. Daeun, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The vascular plants were 280 taxa; 75 families, 179 genera, 245 species, 3 subspecies, 28 varieties and 4 forma. The Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa including Pseudostellaria coreana, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Primula modesta var. hannasanensis and so forth. The rare plants were Juniperus chinensis var.sargentii, Prunus yedoensis, Primula modesta var. hannasanensis, Chionanthus retusus and Scopolia japonica. The naturalized plants were 14 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium repens, Oenothera biennis, Veronica persica and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Rumex acetosella and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Specific plant species by floristic region were total 24 taxa; Prunus yedoensis and Primula modesta var. hannasanensis in class V, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii and Acer pictum subsp. mono in class IV, 5 taxa including Dryopteris bissentiana, Scolopolia japonica and so forth in class III, Pseudostellaria coreana, Potentilla dickinsii and Chionanthus retusus in class II, 12 taxa including Acotinum jaluense, Clematis patens and so forth in class I.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

This study has been conducted to find out the possibility of the winter production for pot cultured plants, such as P. sieboldii, P. modesta var. fauriae and D. smilacinum in highland, 800 meter above sea level by early breaking dormancy. Low temperatures for breaking dormancy were treated for 300, 500, 700 and 900 hours under $5^{\circ}C$ in incubators and, then these plants were moved to greenhouse controlled at $10^{\circ}C$ of night temperature. Results showed that P. modesta var. fauriae and D. smilacinum, and P. smilacinum required more than 500 hours and 700 hours of low temperature $5^{\circ}C$ for breaking dormancy, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2017

We conducted a total of 28 surveys from March to October 2016 in Gayasan National Park, to identify threatened plants for climate change, as well as for the effective management of biological organisms and resources against climate changes in Korea. Regarding threatened plants for climate change, we identified a total of 39 taxa, with 11 northern, 2 southern, and 26 taxa of concern. Among these taxa, 33 were identified as wild species. The species threatened by climate change located in the subalpine regions of Gayasan National Park were Abies holophylla Maxim., Abies koreana Wilson, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Betula ermanii Cham., Berberis amurensis Rupr., Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz., Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Thymus quinquecostatus Celak., Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L.Chen, and Lilium cernuum Kom. These species are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming, since they were confirmed to have a very narrow vertical distribution range. Moreover, although the following species are not included in the list of plants threatened by climate change, it is assumed that the endemic species that grow at the summit, and Grade V floristics special plants, such as Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus., Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N. Tamura, Aletris glabra Bureau & Franch, and Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich., will also be extremely vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, we believe that measures for the conservation of these species are urgently needed, and also that the definition of species threatened by climate change should be broadened to include more objective and valid taxa through the long-term monitoring of species distributed around the summit area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2017

This research was performed to develop mass propagation method of Alpine modest primrose (Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz.) for improving the conservation and utilization of the species. Seeds were collected on August 2011 in Jeju-city and well-selected seeds were dry-stored at $4{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$. Seed size ranged $0.44{\pm}0.07{\times}0.61{\pm}0.04mm$, and weight of 1,000 seeds was $51.78{\pm}0.021mg$. Thus the seed was classified as 'dwarf seeds'. As the result of dormancy characteristics, moisture content of freshly matured seeds increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment and seeds did not germinate at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks under the light condition. Therefore, seeds were estimated to have physiological dormancy. Germination conditions of dry-stored seeds were found to be $20^{\circ}C$ and light condition, and seeds did not germinated under dark condition regardless of all temperature regimes. Therefore, Alpine modest primrose seed was considered as photoblastic type. Percent germination (PG) and germination energy (GE) were greatly improved by soaking the seeds in $GA_3$ and kinetin for 24 hours. Especially, 200~500 mg/L $GA_3$ treatment resulted in the highest PG (95.5%) and GE (98.3%). So, chemical treatment such as $GA_3$ was thought to be a useful method for raising seedling uniformly.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2005

This study aims to investigate the flora of Mt. Gaya National Park, especially focused on the forested wetland vegetation of Danji-bong area. The flora of Mt. Gaya was investigated from April in 2003 to October in 2004. Vascular plants of this area consist of total 465 taxa, 4 hybrids, 12 forma, 75 varieties, 1 subspecies, 373 species, 268 genera, 91 families. It corresponds to 11.4% of totally 4,071 taxa appeared in Korea. Korean endemic plants were composed 11 families, 15 genera, 14 species, 1 variety and totaling 15 taxa. And also actual vegetation structures were analyzed the newly founded forested wetland and natural population Ajuga spectabilis on the Danji-bong area using the vegetation and the species composition by tree layer.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.264-288
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• 2017

In order to organize a new checklist for endemic vascular plants of the Korean Peninsula, 358 taxa of the Korea Forest Service and 375 taxa of the National Institute of Biological Resources were reviewed. In addition, the names of previously published endemic plants above the rank of variety were checked up to 2016. From the two lists, a total of 444 taxa were identified. Among them, 289 taxa were common on the two lists, but 69 and 86 taxa were listed only by the Korea Forest Service and by the National Institute of Biological Resources, respectively. Taxonomic documents including journal papers and dissertations were examined with regard to the 444 taxa. In some cases, opinions of Korean experts in this field were also reflected. From the results, 312 taxa in total were recognized as plants endemic to the Korean Peninsula, while 132 taxa could not be included on the endemic list. On the other hand, 48 taxa, none of which existed on the two lists, were newly listed. In conclusion, the new checklist of vascular plants endemic to Korea was confirmed, with a total of 360 taxa consisting of 64 families, 172 genera, 297 species, 4 subspecies, 51 varieties and 8 hybrids. The new common name Halla-seol-aeng-cho is given to Primula farinosa L. subsp. modesta (Bisset & S. Moore) Pax var. hannasanensis (T. Yamaz.) T. Yamaz. Sillaphyton Pimenov (Deok-u-gi-reum-na-mul-sok) is newly identified as a genus endemic to Korea. However, Pentactina Nakai could not be included on the list of Korean vascular endemic genera.